Freakonomics Radio
Hosted by Stephen J. Dubner
The "beauty premium" is real, for everyone from babies to NFL quarterbacks.
5,063 words · 13 speakers
Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.
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Dave Barry is a sports economist. He recently had a Skype chat with Susie Lechtenberg, a producer on Freakonomics Radio.
Let's look at Russell Wilson here.
I'm going to look him up at the same time.
So he's at 99.4.
There's a computer program called Sim Meter, a lot of plastic surgeons use it, where you can upload a photograph and it will tell you, on a scale of 100, just how attractive you are. As the name implies, the Sim Meter score is based on how symmetrical your features are. So the average human being rates about a 92. So at 99.4, Russell Wilson, quarterback of the Seattle Seahawks, is doing all right.
So is he good-looking or not?
Yeah, he's cute. He is cute. He's very symmetrical.
He is very-- that is the key, to be symmetrical.
Mm-hmm.
I think he works out.
I think he does, too.
Barry and some colleagues were looking into the relationship between physical attractiveness and salary for NFL quarterbacks. This is the kind of thing economists have been doing for years.
There's this whole literature in economics on how beauty affects the evaluation of workers.
So Barry and his colleagues fed photographs of 194 NFL quarterbacks, past and present, into the program. Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons is a 99.8.
So he's very attractive by quarterback standards.
There's also, of course, Mr. Boonchen.
Tom Brady, who's at 98.98, or virtually 99.
Peyton Manning did much better than I would have thought, no offense to Peyton Manning, a 98.97.
A little bit below Tom Brady.
Colin Kaepernick from the 49ers is a 98.7. Then there's the Chicago Bears quarterback.
Jay Cutler?
Uh, let's see, where is Jay Cutler on our list?
Cutler does OK.
There he is, 98.76. He's about average for a quarterback.
So what did these researchers learn about the relationship between quarterback looks and pay? Well, first, we should point out the obvious and say that looks are very, very, very secondary to quarterback ability.
It's not as if you go get Brad Pitt and you put him in a football uniform, then he's now a $20 million quarterback.
OK, caveat noted. So what did they find?
What we found is that a standard deviation change in symmetry, which was a 3.2 difference in the symmetry score, results in about a 12% increase in salary. And that worked out to be $378,000 in additional pay. So being a more attractive quarterback led to, by the standards of the NFL, a small bump in pay.
From WNYC, this is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.
On today's show, we're talking about looks. Good looks and bad looks and why it matters.
All right, so Dan, at birth, cuter baby, ugly baby, does a cuter baby have an advantage at that moment in the way that's going to be accepted and raised?
Gets cuddled more by mama, probably, and certainly gets ood and aod over by onlookers, grandmas, grandpas, and friends.
That's Dan Hamermes. He's an economist at the University of Texas. OK, a kid in, let's say, grade school, ugly kid, gets penalized, how and how long does that last?
I don't know how long it lasts, but in a lot of studies by social psychologists, showing that, in fact, better-looking kids in grade schools have more friends. Uglier ones are shunned, to a larger extent, on the playground, et cetera.
And what about how the teachers treat a kid in grade school or high school?
No question about it. They react more strongly, more positively to better-looking kids, tend to grade them easier, and so on.
Within economics, Hammermesh is the eminence grease of looks, especially what's called the beauty premium. So what does he look like?
I think on a five to one scale, I put myself in the middle as a three.
Okay.
The problem with that, of course, is on The Daily Show when I did that, the interviewer, Jason Jones, said three out of 10.
According to University of Texas economist Daniel Hammermesh, one part of society is still suffering in ways we never imagined.
Ugly people.
And you know all this because you are ugly?
An economist. No, an economist. I'm a professor of economics who has done a lot of research on this.
I would think I'm average.
So as a cold, hard factual number, you would consider yourself a...
Three.
Three out of 10.
I would be a three out of five.
Three out of five?
Yeah.
Whatever you can say to Dan Hammermesh about his looks and how it relates to his work, he's heard it before.
I've been doing research in economics for well, almost 50 years now on a whole variety of topics in the field of labor markets and labor issues. One of them, which I've been pursuing for almost 20 years, has been the impact of looks on various markets and thinking about looks and how it affects our life in a whole variety of ways.
Great. Now, Dan, you were among the first, if not the first economist, to do this kind of work on how your looks affect your outcomes in life?
There were a few papers that did very, very short studies of specific instances of looks affecting wages. And what I and my co-author Jeff Biddle of Michigan State did was do that in a very comprehensive way on random samples of people and then started thinking more and more about what the cause is, what's going on here, how markets can be affected by looks. And so it led to a whole variety of research and the general effect of looks and economic outcomes.
What interested you from the start?
That was not a loaded question. You took it as if it was loaded.
No, not at all. It's just embarrassing because I happened to see in a totally different context in a data set that I was using, a question on looks. And I wondered, gee, how does that affect economic outcomes and particular wages? And that got me started on this. And I've now published seven different papers plus a book on this topic.
Okay, so give us a thumbnail. What have you found? What does the data tell us about the earnings, let's say, of ugly people?
Well, it depends on the country you use. But there's now been studies of effects of beauty on earnings in large random cross-sections in about six different countries. And the evidence is overwhelming that there is an effect. In the US, I'd say for men, it'd be maybe for the ugliest, if I may use that word, sixth or seventh, it'd be a loss of earnings. Everything else the same, all else equal, between eight and 10% perhaps. For women, a shade less of a negative effect. That'd be in the US. It's a bit less elsewhere because, of course, like every dimension here, we have more inequality in wages than most any other rich country.
When you found that men are penalized more in the labor market for being ugly than women, were you surprised?
I was surprised, and that's the result of all the results we've gotten over the years that drives people crazy when it was first publicized, which is now almost exactly 20 years ago. It caused a furor in the Wall Street Journal. I remember giving a talk at Brigham Young University and making the comment that women get penalized less and therefore ugly women tend to stay at home. And since Mormon women stay at home a lot, they took this as my implying that Mormon women are bad-looking, which it doesn't at all. It caused a furor. I thought I was going to be egged on the stage. That result, more than anything else, is surprising, but it's easily explicable by the fact that there is a selection issue there. Guys mostly work. Women don't work as much. And if you're
a bad-looking woman and it's penalized in the labor market, you're more likely to stay at home. So we select out bad-looking women from the labor market.
So it's not a comment necessarily on how the labor market is more generous toward less good-looking women. It's a selection.
No, not at all.
It's a selection answer.
It's a selection issue.
Oh, interesting.
It's a positive selection into work based on looks.
Okay, so you're saying that bad-looking people earn less money. How much money are we talking about over the course of a lifetime?
Well, let's say the average person's going to earn 1.6 million undiscounted over his lifetime. That's about the average 40-year earnings today. We're talking there for a couple of hundred thousand for people who are in the bottom, men who are in the bottom six of earnings. These are pretty bad-looking people. I mean, I don't think everybody would classify somebody in that category. But for somebody who's classified in the bottom 12, really near the bottom, people would agree that person's pretty bad-looking.
Now, tell me this. Is that very, okay, so you're talking about a very, very significant wage penalty, a couple hundred thousand dollars in less in earnings over the course of a lifetime. Tell me, is that, how do we know that's because of their looks and not just because of the professions that they get sorted into, which may be because of their looks, but may not be?
Certainly, the professions into which you sort, looks do matter. But there are so many other things that matter. People choose occupations based upon all the advantages they see. No question, looks affect the sorting. But huge numbers of studies now have done not just what we did in random cross-sections of the entire population, but have looked at, if I may pardon say this, have looked at looks within large numbers of different occupations. And except for one example, in every one of these occupations, ranging from NFL quarterback to God-helpless professors as well, professors of economics even, being better-looking helps you, being worse-looking hurts you.
And what was the exception?
Armed robbers. Robbers, it turned out to be negative because, and it makes sense, because you can do better as an armed robber. If you don't have to shoot people, you can just scare them by being ugly as hell.
When I started working on this paper, I started looking at, you know, mug shots on the internet.
That's Erdol Tekin. He's an economist at Georgia State. He and a colleague, Najee Majan, wrote a paper called "Ugly Criminals." Tekin remembers what got him interested in the topic. It was about 10 years ago.
I was on a plane trip from Boston to Atlanta, and I was reading a newspaper. And I saw this quote where a bank robber got my attention. And exactly, you know, the quote was that, "I am too ugly to get a job." And that was his statement after he gets caught in a bank robbery in 2003. And the idea was to see if there is a relationship between physical attractiveness and criminal propensities.
So is there a relationship between ugliness and crime?
Yes. Being very unattractive increases the individual's propensity for criminal activity for a number of crimes, ranging from burglary to theft to selling illicit drugs. And the effects are anywhere from half a percentage point to 1 and 1/2 percentage point. So to the extent that crime is a rare activity to begin with, these are not trivial effects.
Here's how Tekin and Majan summarize their finding. Unattractive individuals commit more crime in comparison to average-looking ones, and very attractive individuals commit less crime in comparison to those who are average-looking. Now, why might this be? Well, as Dan Hamermes told us, the worse you look, the more you're penalized in the labor market, the legitimate labor market, which might give you an incentive, maybe even an advantage, in the criminal world. So, coming up on Freakonomics Radio, if the ugly penalty is so big, can't you just change the way you look?
The only thing that would really do it, in my own case, is if somebody put me under, completely broke all the bones in my face, and rearranged them to make them better.
Also, faces made for radio, public radio.
When I'm shaving in the morning, looking at the mirror, I'm just stunned. I see Cary Grant. Apart from the height, the hair, the teeth, the looks, whatever, I think I see Cary Grant.
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From WNYC, this is Freakonomics Radio. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.
So if bad-looking people do worse than good-looking people in the job market, do they do worse in other places as well? Here's Dan Hamermes again, the University of Texas economist.
Sure, the marriage market, which is just as important. Looks matter also. Essentially, looks are traded like everything else in a match of a husband and a wife. And the evidence is very clear on this, that guys' looks just don't matter very much when they match up. I call it the Aristotle and Assis Jackie Kennedy effect. Good example of that. Women's looks matter a lot. Women's looks are paid a higher premium in the marriage market. And yes, they matter a lot. And that's true. It's been shown now in studies I did for the US and China. I've now seen a study in Germany that does the same thing and makes exactly the same point. So the marriage market, certainly. The market for loans, there's a series of three papers written, all within about a
year of each other, using unsecured loans off of something called prosper.com, where they looked at the terms and the defaults of different people based upon their looks. And the worst-looking people were less likely to get the loan, they had to pay a higher price, and yet nonetheless, they were less likely to default. So they were really discriminated against.
Interesting. You know, so this all makes sense, I think, to most of us who hear your research. And it's also kind of depressing and sad, although probably not so surprising, that people who are ugly earn less over their lifetime. But I could think of a scenario where, if you hadn't told me this research, that I might think the opposite would be true. In other words, if I'm not a good-looking person, and let's say I'm in high school in college, when a lot of people are investing a lot of time and effort and resources in social stuff, developing your dating life, et cetera, et cetera, that if you're You're ugly, then maybe you kind of say, you know what, instead of investing in all that kind of human social capital stuff, I'm going to invest in, you know, other stuff,
writing, computer programming, studying, becoming a scientist, et cetera, et cetera. Do you have any evidence that that kind of, you know, inverse happens?
It's very hard to get evidence in that kind of investment. I expect it goes on. I like to think in my own case, I did some of that. But nonetheless, I mean, a lot of the stuff we've done is other things equal, which means that's held constant. Even without that, though, just taking people by looks just raw, there still is that negative effect of bad looks, positive of good looks. So I'm sure some of this goes on, and to some extent, that mitigates the impacts of looks on labor market and other outcomes. But it's not sufficient to wipe it out completely.
What can you tell us about the relationship between ugliness and, let's say, self-esteem or happiness?
They're two different issues. Self-esteem is a very well-defined concept with a series of questions. There's no question they're positively related, but they're nowhere near perfectly correlated. Indeed, if you adjust for self-esteem in the equations describing wages or other outcomes, the effect of beauty is still there and is hardly attenuated at all. In terms of happiness, this is my most recent, and I believe my final, study of the scientific nature on this. You know, you always think, oh gee, the poor, good-looking person, they must be unhappy. When I was a kid, we read the poem Richard Cory about this incredibly good-looking guy who went home and killed himself. He was just a guy in town. And yet, that's just nonsense. There's no question. We had six different data sets for four different countries, looking at the impact of beauty and happiness.
And there's no doubt the effect is positive. Better-looking people are happier, all else the same. What is really cool about that study, I really like that paper, is that the mechanisms through which beauty impacts happiness differ between men and women. And this is a crucial point, and it solved my problem with this research that I've had for the last 20 years. For men, the impact is indirect. They earn more and they're happier because the beauty makes them earn more. For women, that's much less important. It's just purely the direct effect of feeling happy because you're good-looking. And that's why I think women think this is more of a women's issue, because it's more direct for them than it is for men.
Now, Dan, you've actually argued for civil rights protection for ugly people. You've written that ugliness, I'll quote you to yourself, ugliness could be protected generally in the United States by small extensions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Ugly people could be allowed to seek help from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and other agencies in overcoming the effects of discrimination. We could even have affirmative action programs for the ugly. So, really? This is an argument that you mean to be taken seriously? And if so, where does the argument stand?
Okay. Do I mean it to be taken seriously? Yes. Am I in favor of those programs? Most emphatically not, because we only have, especially these days, only have a certain amount of energy for doing protection. And I don't view the so-called looks-challenged as being as meritorious and deserving of aid as other groups.
What other groups, for instance?
Racial minorities, women, et cetera, et cetera.
Okay, all right. Well, let me ask you this. While affirmative action for ugly people might be hard for people to handle, maybe the inverse would be easier, which is a beauty tax. Should really good-looking people pay extra tax since their wages are being inflated?
That's been proposed, too. And I find that, again, this is funny, I personally find that less onerous, less objectionable, than affirmative action for the ugly. But, you know, none of these things in this country at this time are going to happen. I mean, it's fun to talk about. I think the main point, the reason I raised this initially, which I've been talking about 15 years, is insofar as beauty cannot be easily changed, how is it logically that different from race?
Or gender. That's the point. Logically, there's very little difference. It's a question of where we put our political values.
But when you say beauty can't be changed, I would think there are a lot of things one can do to make oneself better-looking or less ugly, right? You can have teeth fixed, you can have scars fixed, you can have hair done, you can sleep more and look better, you can get your skin cleaned up, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. So why is that the same type of issue?
Doesn't help very much. All those things you mentioned, and there have been studies of this that I did on clothing and cosmetics and hair for China, for women. There's a very nice study of plastic surgery for Korea. These things do improve your beauty, but not very much. The only thing that would really do it, in my own case, is if somebody put me under, completely broke all the bones in my face, and rearranged them to make them better, okay? The movie Face Off with John Travolta is the example of that. But that ain't happening, and I'm not sure anybody wants to even do that, because the pain and suffering and all the dollar costs involved in it. So I don't think it is as changeable as people seem to think.
All right. So finally, just something I'm curious about that we didn't get to earlier. There are obviously some careers that good-looking people go into because of their looks, modeling and acting, for example. What else can you tell us about looks and the professions that people sort into or get sorted into?
I think we have some evidence for attorneys, that in fact, people will self-select into sectors where you have to get clients. So for example, we showed not just that lawyers in the private sector were better-looking, but those who started in the public sector or who are among the better-looking public-sector lawyers would switch over during their careers to the private sector. And vice versa for bad-looking lawyers starting off in the private sector. They're more likely to switch. So anything that involves customer contact, the more contact with people you have. But the crucial point is, every job we do, you have contact with people. Maybe not customers, then employers. If not employers, then fellow employees. We deal with people all the time, and looks affect our interactions with them.
What are particularly good professions for the ugly?
Probably radio. Probably radio.
Thank you so much, Professor Hammermesh.
There's a famous line, which I heard when I started this, "A beautiful face for radio."
Yeah, I know that line.
Let me just say for the record, if I had to choose all over again between a life of crime and radio, even public radio, yeah, I'd make the same decision. So would these people, for sure.
Hi, this is Robert Siegel, but when I'm shaving in the morning, looking at the mirror, I'm just stunned. I see Cary Grant, apart from the height, the hair, the teeth, the looks, whatever. I think I see Cary Grant. My wife, Jane, can attest. I'm stunning, aren't I?
Absolutely. Mostly.
Hi, it's Kai Rizdal. You know, I'm not a bad-looking guy. I'm fine for radio. But, you know, my wife likes to sort of keep my ego in check, so she Googles me every now and then. And a couple of years ago, she pulled up this site of this woman, and her blog post said, basically, "I used to be such a huge Kai Rizdal fan, but then I Googled him, and I saw what he looks like." Ouch, right?
I'm Brooke Gladstone, co-host and managing editor of On the Media. It is true. It's good for the less attractive, and also for those who don't have a very good wardrobe. I once did an interview with Weekend All Things Considered about Chechnya in a towel. You know, no one's going to know. I could wear pajamas every day. But I see myself pretty much on the trajectory somewhere between The Youngest Taylor and Whoopi Goldberg.
This is Jad from Radiolab. And look, you want to know why I work in radio? It's to protect you from this face, the blinding beauty of this face. I'm just not sure you can handle it. So that's why I keep it hidden, to do you a favor. And look, you don't believe me? Call Ryan Gosling. How do you think he got those abs? Why do you think he keeps calling me at all hours of the night for workout tips? Because beautiful faces for radio are sometimes on the radio because they're just too beautiful. You ever thought about that?
Hey, podcast listeners. Next week on the show, what would an economist never, ever, ever, ever put on his own online dating profile? And what might an economist lie about?
In some of the questions it asks you how into deep conversations with your mate and cuddling and things like that you are, I may have made myself seem a bit more accessible in those dimensions than an honest person would say.
How to build the best ever online dating profile. That's next time on Freakonomics Radio.
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