Space Force: A New Domain with Maj. Gen. DeAnna Burt, Charles Liu, and Moriba Jah

Why do we need a Space Force? Neil deGrasse Tyson & co-host Chuck Nice break down the newest branch of the US military, The Space Force, with Charles Liu, Major General DeAnna Burt and Dr. Moriba Jah. How much of your life is touched by space?

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome to StarTalk. Your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now. This is StarTalk. Neil deGrasse Tyson here, your personal astrophysicist. I serve as the director of the Hayden Planetarium, right here in New York City, at the American Museum of Natural History. And today's episode, we're gonna talk about the science in the Space Force. Space Force! Of course, I got my co-host Chuck Nice. Chuck?

• 0:37Chuck Nice?

  Hey. Just a reminder to everybody, I serve as the director of my town home, here in Jersey.

• 0:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay. There you go. There you go. And one of our old-time favorites here on StarTalk, to help us navigate the Space Force, we've got my friend and colleague and geek-in-chief, Charles New. Charles?

• 0:56Charles Liu?

  Hi. So good to see you. And I'll just tell you that I'm the director of absolutely nothing.

• 1:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay. That means you're getting work done, you see?

• 1:04Charles Liu?

  I hope.

• 1:06Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah. You can be productive or you can be creative, but you can't be both. So, I don't know. So, what we're gonna talk about is the Space Force. Allow me to remind everyone that Charles is a professor at the City University of New York on Staten Island, and he's an associate in our Department of Astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History. So, I get my dose of Charles whenever I want.

• 1:29Charles Liu?

  And I get a dose of you whenever I want, Neil. It works out great.

• 1:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're talking about the Space Force, and later in this program, we're gonna bring on Major General Deanna Burke. She's a general in the US Space Force. Yes, this is real. And in our third segment, we're gonna talk about space junk with the general, and we're gonna bring in an aerospace engineer who specializes in space junk. Yes. Maury Bajaj, who's a friend of StarTalk. He's been on before. So, let's get started here. So, I don't know how many people, you know, read my 600,000-page book.

• 2:08Charles Liu?

  Which one, Neil, which one?

• 2:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It was called Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military. It's all in there. It's what role being an expert on the universe has, what that has to do with any kind of military operation, military hegemony, domination, whatever people were doing in the history of civilization, there was an astronomer right there because the sky enabled people to navigate. And Charles, what is the greatest navigation system ever devised?

• 2:46Charles Liu?

  What? You mean the sky and navigation? You mean GPS?

• 2:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  GPS, thank you.

• 2:53Charles Liu?

  Oh, that's the one you're looking for. Okay.

• 2:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  GPS?

• 2:57Charles Liu?

  Satellite-based.

• 2:58Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You can find directions to grandma's house. So, all this is pivots on navigation, and there's always some kind of astronomer, astrophysicist in the mix. And so, if anyone is interested in sort of the deep history of that relationship, it's all in the book. Or you can just listen to this show and not buy the book, okay? You can do either.

• 3:22Chuck Nice?

  Let me just tell you, I got a little note from your publisher here. Neil, shut up.

• 3:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Keep pushing the book, Neil, keep pushing the book.

• 3:32Chuck Nice?

  You're the only guy I know who actually promotes this book by going, "Hey, you know, you don't have to get it."

• 3:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No, because I can't, I'm not making people spend any money at all.

• 3:41Chuck Nice?

  You can listen to this show and just don't get the book.

• 3:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just don't get the book, yeah.

• 3:45Chuck Nice?

  No, get the book, people.

• 3:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, we had a StarTalk on National Geographic episode where we sort of introduced the concept of a space force before it was formally designated as such. And we showed some footage of me visiting the Tulley Air Force Base in Greenland.

• 4:04Chuck Nice?

  Greenland.

• 4:04Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, my gosh.

• 4:05Chuck Nice?

  Which is not green at all.

• 4:07Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's not, it's cold. That's all I'm talking about.

• 4:09Chuck Nice?

  What I liked about that episode was Neil got off the plane in the beginning of the episode, he had on like a jacket, it was kind of open.

• 4:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I was cool. Yeah, yeah, I was kind of cool.

• 4:19Chuck Nice?

  That little scarf on, he said, "Hey, what's happening, Greenland? What's going on?"

• 4:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I got this, I got this.

• 4:24Chuck Nice?

  By the end of the episode, Neil, you couldn't see his face. He had on four Parkers.

• 4:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Chuck, I don't think you could resist the statement, why there are no black people in Greenland.

• 4:41Chuck Nice?

  Let me tell you something, there was not one brother, not one brother in Greenland. And they had, and Neil showed up and they were like, oh wow, what are you doing here?

• 4:53Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, at that Tuil Air Force Base in the top of the world, they monitor satellites and missile threats and anything from space that could be coming over the pole. And now that is under the auspices of the Space Force. And we're going to find out more about how that works from General Burt later in the show. But right now, Charles, I want to get some physics out of the way before we break into that second segment. You know, we can think of ways you might destroy a satellite if there's any kind of military conflict on orbit. And something that shows up in a lot of sci-fi stories, even movies that are not sci-fi, just fi, okay? Is the EMP.

• 5:37Charles Liu?

  Ah, yes, electromagnetic pulse.

• 5:39Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  The electromagnetic pulse. Now, that made a cameo in Ocean's Eleven, you might remember that, okay? It was an EMP that took out the power grid in Las Vegas when they robbed the safe. Also, there was an EMP in The Matrix.

• 5:58Chuck Nice?

  The Matrix.

• 5:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Of course, okay.

• 6:00Chuck Nice?

  The Nebuchadnezzar.

• 6:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  The Nebuchadnezzar, and all the Sentinels were coming at them. And they can't attack them one by one, but an EMP can take them all out. That's exactly what they showed. So, Charles, my fellow physicist, tell me about EMPs. What are they and why do they destroy machines and not people?

• 6:21Charles Liu?

  Oh, it's very simple. Electromagnetic pulse is a burst of radiation. It could also contain electrons, but mostly it's high-energy radiation that will disrupt electronics. Think about it, if you're ever listening to radio and a lightning strike, a lightning bolt hits nearby, for a moment, your radio goes. Brief bit of static. The bottom line is, and we'll keep this super short. The electromagnetic pulse can simply be created by detonating a very large nuclear device. Maybe a few tens or maybe a few hundred miles up from the earth's surface. And if it's a powerful enough burst, it will blast so much pulse out into the environment

• 7:04Charles Liu?

  that it will fry any electronic devices, communication systems, or power grids in its vicinity.

• 7:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So you're not talking about the blast, the physical blast. You're talking about the electromagnetic blast that's associated with those bombs as well?

• 7:20Charles Liu?

  That's right. The physical blast is bad enough, but there were some nightmare scenarios back in the eighties where maybe an enemy could take a huge bomb, put it a couple hundred miles up above the continental United States, detonate it, create electromagnetic pulse from coast to coast, and wipe out all communications and command and control of the United States before a single shot was fired.

• 7:43Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Electromagnetic pulse. Ooh. So can we protect against electromagnetic pulses?

• 7:50Charles Liu?

  Yes, to some extent. The military knows how to harden things to protect it from electromagnetic pulse. For example-

• 7:58Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That was hardened in quotes. I like the way you uttered that, Charles. That was a Charles, this word is in quotes utterance.

• 8:05Charles Liu?

  Yeah. Air Force One, for example, is hardened against EMP. But unfortunately, you can only do so much before you will be overwhelmed. If the blast is too close or too powerful-

• 8:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So is this the famous Faraday cage you can stick it in?

• 8:20Charles Liu?

  You can help. That will help, yes, when you surround something with metal.

• 8:24Chuck Nice?

  And also, don't forget tin foil hats.

• 8:29Charles Liu?

  That's a different kind of pulse. That's a different kind of pulse. Yeah, absolutely.

• 8:33Chuck Nice?

  Very effective.

• 8:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, right, so if you surround something with a metallic frame, then the electromagnetic energy gets stopped at that outer surface.

• 8:43Charles Liu?

  Right. It circles around the outside. Something called the skin effect.

• 8:46Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  The skin effect, yeah. Very cool. Very cool. So if you want satellites to survive an enemy attack, not by missiles, but by an EMP, you'd want to harden them in this way? Yes, for example. So, in all the examples of this that you have seen in film, have they done it right? Like, how about in Ocean's Eleven? I mean, that wasn't a bomb, it was just something that made the pure electromagnetic pulse. And apparently, this high-energy radiation is not melting the flesh off of the people who detonate the switch. Unfortunately.

• 9:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You're a morbid dude. Have you gotten this checked out?

• 9:28Chuck Nice?

  No, I haven't.

• 9:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's still rampant within you.

• 9:33Chuck Nice?

  It's just happening, man. I can't help it.

• 9:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay. So, how is it that you can have a pulse that doesn't then harm the people who engage the pulse?

• 9:43Charles Liu?

  A pulse is electromagnetic, and therefore generally passes through the human body. If it's strong enough, it can scramble you, cause you injury the way like a radiation burn might. But generally speaking, it takes much less to damage an electronic system than it does to damage us.

• 10:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay. All right, all right. I can get that. And so, plus, I presume if you design an EMP detonator, you could tune the frequencies to be just what would be most damaging to a circuit, and not to whatever might be the electrochemistry of the human body.

• 10:20Charles Liu?

  It's possible, but it's a little harder to do that, though. When you have a bomb going off, especially a nuke, a lot of radiation goes out from a lot of ranges. That's just the way it goes. Yeah, you just take it. And so, yeah, human beings are under threat, but a human being at a certain distance will wind up being damaged less than an electronic device at that same distance.

• 10:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Or even at a greater distance. Right, right, right. Okay, all right. All right, cool. Well, we gotta take a quick break, and when we come back, Charles, you can stay with us, and we're gonna bring on Major General Deanna Burt, who's in the Space Force.

• 10:56Charles Liu?

  (singing) We're in Space Force.

• 11:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Wait, wait, there's a song?

• 11:01Charles Liu?

  (singing) We're the force that deals with space. Well, the Air Force has designated a march, which is based on a piece by John Philip Sousa called "The Invincible Eagle." However, no lyrics have yet been written.

• 11:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh. Okay, so this is waiting for the moment. Waiting for Charles to utter the lyrics.

• 11:21Chuck Nice?

  Da-da-da-da. Oh, sorry. That's much better than mine, which was just, "Space Force, nothing but Space Force." Yes, we are Space Force.

• 11:30Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Space Force.

• 11:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Where have I heard that before? All right, guys, we take a break. We're gonna come back with an actual member of the actual US Space Force.

• 11:51Speaker 03

  Hey, I'm Roy Hill Percival, and I support StarTalk on Patreon, bringing the universe down to earth. This is StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson.

• 12:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're back, StarTalk. We're talking about the Space Force. Space Force, and I got my co-host, Chuck Nice. Chuck.

• 12:20Chuck Nice?

  Hey, hey, hey.

• 12:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Chuck, you're still going to Chuck Nice Comic.

• 12:23Chuck Nice?

  Thank you, sir. Yes, I am.

• 12:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You are, indeed. And our resident geek-in-chief for a return visit, his nth return visit, we say mathematically, because we've lost count. Charles Liu.

• 12:35Chuck Nice?

  Plus one.

• 12:38Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Charles Liu, always good to have you back here, Charles.

• 12:40Chuck Nice?

  Pleasure. Thanks so much.

• 12:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're talking about the Space Force, and for this segment, we are bringing in an actual, physical, human-being person who's part of the Space Force. Major General Deanna Burt. Deanna, welcome, welcome, General. Welcome to StarTalk.

• 12:55Speaker 04

  Thanks, Dr. Tyson. It's a pleasure to be here with you guys today.

• 12:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Excellent, and I've got your whole...

• 13:00Chuck Nice?

  Now that we're just using our actual titles, please, I am Lord Nice.

• 13:05Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, Lord Nice.

• 13:08Speaker 04

  Absolutely.

• 13:09Chuck Nice?

  Your lordship. We got Dr. Lou, Dr. Tyson, Major General Bird, you know, and

• 13:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And Lord Nice, okay.

• 13:16Chuck Nice?

  And Lord Nice.

• 13:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, just some of your pedigree. I mean, you guys have these titles which are very precise in the military world, but they just sound so impressive just listening from the outside. So, as I have it written here, you're Commander of the Combined Force Space Component Command of the US Space Command. Did I get that right?

• 13:37Speaker 04

  Yes, sir.

• 13:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Cool. And you're also Vice Commander of Space Operations Command at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.

• 13:45Speaker 04

  Yes, sir.

• 13:46Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's different from the Commander of Vice. That's different from being Vice Commander.

• 13:51Chuck Nice?

  That was my former position. That's what I used to do.

• 13:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Different operations there. And you were formerly at Peterson Space Force Base. I knew it as Peterson Air Force Base, now Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado. I visited that when I served on the board of the Space Foundation. And, correct me, General, is that where they control GPS satellites?

• 14:15Speaker 04

  Yes, sir. Out at Shreveport Space Force Base. That's about 12 miles east of Peterson.

• 14:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, both in Colorado, for sure. There it is. So, tell us, what is your actual role as a Major General in the new US Space Force?

• 14:31Speaker 04

  So, thanks, Dr. Tyson. I think, again, we talked about that I have two hats. So, my first hat that you mentioned, I'm a Functional Component Command, working directly for General Dickinson, the US Space Command Commander. So, I command and control about 17,000 military and civilian personnel to provide combat space effects to the other combatant commands, the multi-domain fight, and our coalition partners and the nation. And my other-

• 14:54Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just to be clear, multi-domain means other branches of the Armed Forces, is that correct?

• 14:59Speaker 04

  Absolutely. So, again, space is not just done for space's sake. It's done to be able to provide those war-winning effects, both to the nation and to the other services, so they can fight and win the fights that they come against. On the service side, though, my other hat that you mentioned, and I'm a Vice Commander, I also work on the generate, sustain- And present for the Air Space Force and how do we put forces together? So I'm really, it's good that I have the two hats. And one way I'm looking at how do we make sure the forces are ready to be presented to as the vice commander, to then present to the combatant command in my joint hat to do that warfighting.

• 15:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So you have, do you have a degree in aerospace engineering? So what we, were you thinking back then, gee, I want to be general in the US Space Force that isn't invented yet? Like, what's, what's going through your head?

• 15:46Speaker 04

  Not even close. I, I am a first generation college student in my family and so that was a big deal. I went to college.

• 15:55Chuck Nice?

  You know, you, you could have done just a little less.

• 15:58Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, what a, what a slouch.

• 16:01Chuck Nice?

  Seriously.

• 16:02Speaker 04

  I know.

• 16:03Chuck Nice?

  You're the first to do it and you're, you're just like, I'm just gonna blow up the road behind me for everybody else. Like, you're just gonna be completely embarrassed if you try to follow in these footsteps. Yeah, I'm the first generation, I'm now a major general, I'm head of all space and uh, yeah, you know.

• 16:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And I got 17,000 people reporting to me.

• 16:24Speaker 04

  So your lordship, I want you to imagine you're my brother who's three years younger than me. Yeah, it doesn't go really well.

• 16:29Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, that's what I'm saying.

• 16:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Damn, damn. Okay, so what was, what was your brain transition from getting a quote, "simple engineering degree" to, to landing as an officer in the military?

• 16:40Speaker 04

  So I, I think I entered Dr. Tyson the same way many people come into the military, is for college. I mean, my parents couldn't afford to send me to college. The Air Force offered me a four-year degree if I was willing to pursue, pursue STEM, science, technology, engineering, or math. I took aeronautical engineering at Embry-Renault Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida. It was far enough away from home that I didn't see my parents every weekend, but I could go home to Jacksonville, Florida where my family was when I wanted to. I was a space coast baby, so space was always interesting to me growing up with the shuttle program.

• 17:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just remind people. Space Coast is the east coast of Florida, the northern section where we have Cape Canaveral. So I don't know how many people know that that's just called Space Coast, but it certainly is. And glad to hear that you had a little bit of space baptism from that exposure. Okay.

• 17:28Speaker 04

  But I thought, you know, I was gonna do my fore and done, uh, cause when you take a scholarship, you owe four years back to the military. Uh, but I fell in love with the people and the mission. Uh, and here I am 29 years later. So, uh, it's been really good to me and I've learned a ton. And now I've crossed over three months ago from the Air Force to the Space Force. Uh, and it's just been amazing, amazing ride.

• 17:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So here, uh, I just wanna ask very quickly because it's a, just a bit of an aside, just a bit of a digression. Who came up with the name Space Force? Because I'm just gonna say it's, it's so very clever.

• 18:00Speaker 04

  No, I think the, the name United States Space Force identifies the domain that we work in. And it's a warfighting domain and then the force that executes, just like you have the United States Air Force, the United States Army. Uh, again, they typically associate with the domain that they operate in.

• 18:13Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, now, so we, we've gotta get to brass tacks here because there's some percent of the public. I don't think it's the majority, but it's enough of them for me to bring the question to you. Uh, they're concerned that Space Force is sort of the escalation of military tensions in the world. And that it's, it's just, we're just gonna have, uh, laser fights and, and, and bombs in space. And I don't think people see this as a positive step. As opposed to being either neutral or a peaceful step for the future of the security of the world. Could you just react to that?

• 18:49Speaker 04

  No, I, I, I totally understand and understand as a military member, I don't wanna see a war that extends into space. That's not good for anyone. That's not good for our coalition partners, commercial industry, anybody. So, uh, we don't wanna see that. But like any other, uh, department, we have to be ready to fight and win our nation's wars wherever they go. So again, our enemies are showing and the threats have evolved. General Raymond and General Dickinson have both testified to many things that are on orbit today by our strategic adversaries or competitors, China and Russia, that exist as we speak right now. So it's not that the threats are coming, the threats are on orbit and we have to be prepared to respond and react and protect our assets.

• 19:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And for those who are into our archives, we actually have General Raymond as a guest on an earlier episode of StarTalk, so you can dig that out of our files.

• 19:37Chuck Nice?

  When you say threat, what exactly are you referring to as a threat when it comes to our low Earth orbit positions?

• 19:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  For any, any Earth orbit.

• 19:49Chuck Nice?

  Or any Earth orbit, exactly.

• 19:50Speaker 04

  So you have direct descent anti-satellite munitions, so ASATs for both low Earth orbit and beyond, and that's been proven by the Chinese in 2007. They launched an ASAT and killed one of their own, hit one of their own dead weatherbirds in 2007, blew it into thousands of pieces. We are still tracking to this day and will be for generations to come. So that created long-lived debris that will affect everyone in the domain, not just the Department of Defense.

• 20:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And it'll affect China as well, right? That's like peeing in your own bathtub.

• 20:23Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, I mean, what were they doing? Is that like a guy who starts a fight by punching himself in the face? You know, just like, "I'll show you how tough I am." What the heck?

• 20:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  What we'll do is, we've got Moriba Ja coming in in the third segment, and that's his total expertise. So let's, that's a nice seed planted for that. So let's keep going on. What other threats do we see?

• 20:47Speaker 04

  So the other options that are out there, again, General Raymond and General Dickinson in their congressional testimonies talked about both of these. One is a Chinese robotic arm. So they have a robotic arm in geosynchronous orbit that they are doing testing with. So if you've seen the show Space Force, one of my favorites. In the second episode, you see the satellite.

• 21:06Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just to be clear, that's a comedy, right? With Steve Carell. Okay, good.

• 21:10Speaker 04

  And when you see them cut the solar panel off of the satellite, funny haha, but when you talk about today on orbit, the Chinese have a robotic arm. That's exactly what they could do. They could rip off a piece of a satellite or hurt it in some way, throw it into an unusable orbit. So again, that robotic arm is very scary in a very high interest orbit for communications, missile warning, and all the capabilities that we depend on to protect and communicate with our forces. The second one, again, is what we call the Russian nesting doll. So the Russians launched into low Earth orbit, a Russian nesting doll. So it was a primary vehicle, launched an orbital engagement system that came out of that satellite. And then from that satellite came a kinetic kill vehicle. It shadowed one of our high value assets

• 21:55Speaker 04

  in low Earth orbit for a period of time that, again, to us was not appropriate because they were testing that capability. And instead of testing against their own capabilities, they were shadowing and testing near one of our high value assets. So again, not, not good. Happening every day and on orbit, and their capabilities continue to grow. And again, those are all at the unclass level. We've recognized that security is important for us. But at the same time, how do we portray to the American people? What are the threats on orbit? It's really hard to understand because satellites don't have moms, right? No one can understand what the threats are on orbit because you don't see them every day as you do in the other domains and you get pictures up. So it's really hard to communicate to the American people what this is. And the show is really important to doing that.

• 22:41Speaker 04

  And so I appreciate that you do these because it, it makes it real to folks. It helps them understand some very complex things. As the boss says, space is hard. How, how do you translate that to the American people? And the taxpayer?

• 22:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So the, interesting, very perceptive point that satellites don't have family that you can then get them to plea for their safety. But satellites do have financial value, not only in the value of the hardware itself, but in the marketplace that it enables, be it Uber or Tinder or bank records or anything else. Is there some clear way? And is it your job to communicate?

• 23:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  How deep that threat can be to our way of life?

• 23:23Speaker 04

  Oh, absolutely.

• 23:24Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Or is there some other agency that whose job that is?

• 23:26Speaker 04

  No, that's absolutely ours. I mean, we, there is a threat to the American way of life and the American way of war if we lose these capabilities. I mean, GPS, I'm a former GPS squadron commander. I mean, one of the things we talk about with all the time with GPS is not only the navigation signal, which we all use every day to travel the world, but also the timing signal. The timing signal is used to stick many of our cell towers and communication networks that you use every day, as well as the New York Stock Exchange. So imagine if that timing signal is gone. What does that do to trade? What does that do to commerce? I mean, those are things that happen every day. General, one of General Dickinson as the US Space Command Commander's slogans is "Never a day without space." So again, absolutely, his wheelhouse is the US Space Command Commander to defend and protect all those capabilities.

• 24:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And most people don't even know. I mean, I try, really, I try, but they don't know how much of your everyday life is touched by space assets, even beyond simple GPS. I mean, I don't think people appreciate that. And so I think there, there's a task ahead of us all in this to try to communicate the value of what you are doing.

• 24:36Chuck Nice?

  And do these satellites that you guys are responsible for, for lack of a better term, do they include private sector property?

• 24:46Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, that's a good, good question, yeah.

• 24:47Speaker 04

  No.

• 24:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Or just government satellites?

• 24:49Speaker 04

  Your lordship, great question. So...

• 24:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  She's sticking with that title.

• 24:55Chuck Nice?

  You know what? See, but this is the difference between civilians and people in the military. People in military like, "Oh, you want to be that? I'm gonna make you regret that."

• 25:06Speaker 04

  No.

• 25:06Chuck Nice?

  No, I'm joking.

• 25:07Charles Liu?

  Chuck, you're gonna have to change your Twitter handle.

• 25:12Speaker 04

  I think "Lordship Nice" has a great ring to it. I would...

• 25:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It does. It actually, I hate to admit it, but it does.

• 25:18Chuck Nice?

  It does.

• 25:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah.

• 25:18Speaker 04

  No, what, that's a great question. So what I would say is, we track 32,000 pieces on orbit. Of that 32,000, about 5,000 are active satellites or active objects. And from that, then about 10%-ish of those are government resources for the United States of America, whether that be Department of Defense or other agencies, but government capability. When you guys did this interview with General Raymond in 2019, we had about 1,800 objects that were live on orbit, and that was quoted in that podcast. Today, think 5,000. We've almost tripled. And you might say, well, why did we triple? That's not government. Because I'm only 10%, we're only 10% of that. The triple has happened in the commercial market.

• 26:02Speaker 04

  The cost of launch has reduced, based on the number of folks who are bringing that capability to bear and reducing launch costs. And now you see companies engaging and building satellites. SpaceX with Starlink, getting ready to launch 100 at a throw to get 5G in low orbit. OneWeb. I mean, there are many companies now that are launching satellites, and we only see that continuing to explode. So to your point...

• 26:26Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And by the way, Charles and I are co-authors on papers that use data from the Hubble Space Telescope, which is a honking satellite up there. You know, not enough people think of it as a satellite. It's a satellite, but it's a big one, the size of a Greyhound bus. You know, I'd like to think that some major portion of your responsibility is protecting that telescope. I'm just saying, between you and me.

• 26:46Speaker 04

  Absolutely. And we do that day in and day out to ensure nothing, from a debris perspective or another active payload, would con junk or hit you. Also, as any of those objects re-enter Earth's atmosphere, we're tracking those and reporting those, working with State Department if we predict a landing in another country, or how that would happen through US Space Command. So those are happening day in and day out, and that's our bread and butter, our job. I think what will change here shortly, which we really need to normalize the domain, and this is all space traffic management, right? How do we operate on orbit, satellite to satellite, and it's free and fair for all, is the Department of Commerce. So there's an NDAA, a National Defense Authorization Act, that says the Department of Commerce will be the lead for space traffic management.

• 27:31Speaker 04

  We have been doing that as the government, because the government had the lion's share of capability on orbit due to the cost of entry. But as I said earlier, you can see now, it's tripled. It's more commercial.

• 27:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just in the old days. Yeah, the old days. Yeah, yeah. And of course, I was reminded, I'm reminded that NOAA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is a branch of the Department of Commerce. And so here we are, monitoring climate and weather, recognizing its direct impact on the economic security of the nation. So Charles, do you have a question? Do you have a question for us?

• 28:04Charles Liu?

  Yes, it would be great, thank you. I have two very short questions, if that's okay. First of all...

• 28:10Charles Liu?

  You mentioned domain, right? As we know, the United States generally considers space as being 50 miles on up. So I presume that your domain certainly starts at 50 miles, perhaps before then. But how far up does it go? Does it go past the moon? Does it go to the moon lunar orbit? Does it go to Mars? In other words, is Space Force really the force for the domain of the universe itself? Or just a little bit less?

• 28:35Speaker 04

  No, that's a great.

• 28:36Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, General, he wants you to protect from here to the edge of the cosmic horizon. That's what that sounds like.

• 28:42Speaker 04

  So what I would say is, as the US Space Command Unified Command Plan, so when you're a combatant commander, you have a unified command plan that defines what your area of responsibility is. Every geographic combatant commander has that. So whether you're European Command, Pacific Command, you have a defined area of responsibility. For General Dickinson, as the US Space Command Commander, the Unified Command Plan, signed by the SecDef and the President, states that he is responsible for 100 kilometers above the Earth's surface to infinity.

• 29:12Charles Liu?

  Oh, and beyond. And beyond. That completely answers my question.

• 29:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  General, go back to that document and you have to put in and beyond.

• 29:23Speaker 04

  I know.

• 29:24Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You have to go, please do that.

• 29:25Chuck Nice?

  And by the way, you have to stretch it out in tight, you know, and beyond.

• 29:31Speaker 04

  And in all seriousness, to Dr. Liu's question is, I would say to you day to day, Dr. Liu, we are concerned mostly with geo and in. So 22,500 miles and in to that 100 kilometer area is where we focus day to day.

• 29:46Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Geo is code for geosynchronization.

• 29:48Speaker 04

  When you talk about the moon and you talk about where we're going in 2024 by putting astronauts on the moon to stay, where Elon Musk is in his adventure to get to Mars, you can see, though, that in the next five to 10 years, it will become geo and out. And how far out is appropriate? Uh, one of the discussions we've had is about geo times 14. And you might say, hey, Deanna, Dr. Lou may know this answer, but geo times 14 is where you have a three-body problem between the Earth, the moon, and the sun. And so we're trying to define requirements in the military of how far out do we want to start looking for the future to then build requirements and build systems and and do budget requests, et cetera, for all of that.

• 30:32Charles Liu?

  That's right.

• 30:32Chuck Nice?

  Wow. That sounds like the La Grange point, I guess.

• 30:35Charles Liu?

  Right. You have to start, yes, you have to start paying very close attention to La Grange surfaces and and Lise Joux figures and things like that.

• 30:41Chuck Nice?

  Right, right. Okay, now, I've heard of La Grange. What is, you can't just drop in like you're on a French cooking show. Lise Joux in La Grange.

• 30:51Charles Liu?

  Look it up, look it up. No, no, I have, no, no, I really, I would love to ask one more question, and this is actually from my educator's hat, if that's okay, General Burke. Um, first, let me just thank you on behalf of so many of us, uh, for your service to the country, to keeping us safe, to making sure that our lives are as good as they are. So thank you so much for that. Now, there are people, young men and women and, uh, young people all over who are looking at you and saying, how can I be General Burke? Not just education-wise, but like your opinions, your thoughts. When a young person comes to me and and says, how can I become someone on the Space Force? How can I become a guardian? Um, they're going to be looking to you and because, you know, what would you tell them?

• 31:33Charles Liu?

  As, uh, completely unironically, you are indeed the very model of a modern major general.

• 31:40Chuck Nice?

  Good one. That was a long walk around the block to get to that, Chuck. To land on Gilbert and Sullivan.

• 31:52Charles Liu?

  Worth the payload, right? Worth the effort, right?

• 31:55Chuck Nice?

  Okay, it was worth it. It was good. It was good.

• 31:57Charles Liu?

  But the question is serious, actually.

• 31:59Speaker 04

  I agree. And that was a long way, but that is awesome. I like that. No, what I would say is, again, to join the Space Force, we see ourselves as a digital service. So I'm looking for young folks who have innovative minds, who want to ask why. I love three-year-olds. Ask why. Why do we do things the way we do? It's a new service. We have a clean slate. We can do anything we want in any way we want. We value artificial intelligence, machine-to-machine communication. Obviously, the whole exploration of space and where this is going to go. And if I were to meet a young 21-year-old graduating college or a young 18-year-old entering college, I would say, hey, the sky is not the limit. It's endless. And there's opportunity that in their generation,

• 32:41Speaker 04

  they will be operating and living in space in their lifetime. And how do we go to that new frontier? So I think it's very exciting. I think we're looking for educated folks with STEM degrees. Again, obviously, what we do is very difficult and complex. So we're looking for that academic rigor and background to get out there and get after it. But innovation and asking why are the two key things. And I think this generation is stocked full of it and ready to come hard in the Space Force. And we have not had a recruiting problem. It's been, we're very small and lean, purposely focused on mission. But we have not, we've seen, again, beaten the door down in every aspect to join the Space Force, whether that be as officers or as enlisted members.

• 33:24Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I need you to confirm, are the new recruits actually called space cadets?

• 33:29Speaker 04

  No.

• 33:30Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just to be clear.

• 33:30Speaker 04

  Guardians. Guardians.

• 33:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Guardians. Oh, guardian.

• 33:34Chuck Nice?

  Sweet.

• 33:36Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Guardians.

• 33:37Chuck Nice?

  Oh, man, now I want to join. Now I could be Star Lord Nice.

• 33:42Speaker 04

  Absolutely.

• 33:43Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Let me ask you. Charles, do you think the first person to walk on Mars is alive now in elementary school?

• 33:50Charles Liu?

  Absolutely.

• 33:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, okay.

• 33:51Charles Liu?

  Maybe not in elementary school. Maybe even in college.

• 33:53Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah. Whoa.

• 33:54Chuck Nice?

  Wow.

• 33:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Very cool.

• 33:57Chuck Nice?

  Pretty cool.

• 33:58Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right, we got to take a quick break. We're going to lose Charles, Dr. Charles Lu. Thanks. I know, but yeah, but we got more coming in, Chuck. I got, we're not going to leave you hanging here.

• 34:07Charles Liu?

  Call me anytime. I'll be around.

• 34:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Charles, you will have been, are and will ever, always be our geek in chief.

• 34:17Chuck Nice?

  Yes. Long and proud.

• 34:19Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We'll be right back with the general and Lord Nice when StarTalk returns.

• 34:55Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're back, StarTalk. We're talking about the Space Force. What is it? What's going on? What are they up to? What are their priorities? And how is it protecting all that we care and love about our modern lives? Got my co-host Chuck Nice. Chuck?

• 35:09Chuck Nice?

  Hey, hey, hey. Great to be here.

• 35:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And my special guest is US Space Force Major General Deanna Burt. General Burt, welcome. This is your second segment with us and thanks for hanging on and giving us this much time. We're also gonna bring in, in a couple of minutes, someone who is now, I get to call him a veteran of StarTalk. We have Professor Moriba Ja. He's an Associate Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at UT Austin. And I would think, in terms of what he specializes in, we get to call him an astrodynamicsist and space environmentalist. Sounds like we're gonna need some more of those going forward.

• 35:54Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  If environmentalism movement moves from the surface of the Earth to space itself. But we'll get to his expertise in a minute. I just wanna work our way into that and ask, General?

• 36:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  When we think of space warfare, we're not always thinking of sort of machines that would like turn off the switch of a satellite or redirect it. We're thinking of weapons that destroy. And you mentioned in the second segment, was it 2007? The Chinese sort of did a kinetic kill on one of their own satellites. I think we did shortly after that as well. So what is that? What does that mean for the present and future of the space environment?

• 36:40Speaker 04

  Well, I think it's, again, as I said earlier, no one wants a war that extends into space because those types of weapons, particularly anti-satellite weapons that we talked about, create huge debris fields that affect everyone. And so, again, not, not good. So what we have to prevent against is how do we work in a multi-domain, so thinking all of our other service partners? How would we keep that anti-satellite munition from launching left of launch? I don't want that to launch. We don't want to see that debris. So how would we work with all the other services in a joint fight to make sure that that didn't launch and use other capabilities? So a fight that could extend into space doesn't necessarily mean it has a space answer. It could have a land or a cyber or special ops or another element

• 37:24Speaker 04

  that helps us take away that threat, particularly ground-based threats.

• 37:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And so while that satellite, while that anti-satellite weapon is en route, a big part of that is through Earth's atmosphere. So you might expect the Air Force to have something to say about that and want to jump in and, and help protect you on the bottom end.

• 37:41Speaker 04

  It could be. I, I think the other piece is how do we also make ourselves resilient on orbit? How do I make myself a hard target? How do I get those indications and warning that if, in fact, it does launch, how do I confuse the seeker or the end game to hit me so that there's a miss?

• 37:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So you want to duck, is what you're saying?

• 38:02Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 38:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You want to duck and cover? We've heard that one before, many decades ago. One more question before we bring in our astrodynamicsist. Is the, when we took out our own satellite, if I remember, if memory serves, it was relatively lower in orbit, so that most, if not all, of the debris that we created has already fallen out of orbit, whereas the Chinese satellite was much higher up, with as much less air resistance to drag it down and burn up. Am I remembering this correctly?

• 38:36Speaker 04

  No, absolutely. As you will recall, the satellite that we shot down was a large, dead satellite that was re-entering, and it was such a size and the amount of fuel that was on it, we were worried about it re-entering intact and hurting the population. So, again, hit it at a much lower orbit, as you said, such that the debris and gravity would work for us and bring it all in or burn it up in smaller pieces. So that's exactly what we did. The Chinese, again, did that more at a higher orbit, in low Earth orbit, and it then pushed debris up into other regimes, as well as into low Earth orbit. And as I said earlier, we're still tracking debris from that, and will be for decades to come.

• 39:13Chuck Nice?

  See, now, what you just explained there, I believe is called "American exceptionalism."

• 39:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay.

• 39:21Chuck Nice?

  Thank you very much!

• 39:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Even when we blow stuff up, we're cleaner about it.

• 39:24Chuck Nice?

  That's right.

• 39:27Chuck Nice?

  It's also called "thinking ahead," so I just don't even understand how the Chinese could do something like that, but...

• 39:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So let's bring in Professor Jot. Just so you know, Professor, the good general here has bestowed a new title on our comedian. So Chuck Nice is now "Lord Nice," and she refers him as "the lordship." We will require that of you for this remaining segment, just so you know.

• 39:53Speaker 05

  Absolutely, I'm here to serve the lord.

• 39:57Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, Dr. Ja, how many satellites are in orbit, approximately? Dead and living?

• 40:02Speaker 05

  Yeah, but, okay, well, so, so, so if we talk about dead and living, look, we're, we're talking upwards of like, you know, six, six to 10,000 of these things, dead, dead, dead and living. Uh, but the living is 4,000. But if we include the dead stuff, then, you know, 10,000 or so. Um, total stuff is like 30,000 things, but most of the 30,000 things aren't complete satellites. They're fragments and that sort of stuff.

• 40:28Chuck Nice?

  So, wait, are you telling me we're tracking, and this is for both of you, Major General and Dr. Ja, are we tracking? And how far down can we track in terms of size? These, some of this has to be debris, some of it has, as you say, uh, uh, the dead things. Uh, what can we track?

• 40:48Speaker 05

  Yeah, so, look, I mean, the, so the largest thing clearly is the space station, right? So we don't have an issue with that. Um, but when we go on the smaller stuff-

• 40:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  But just to be clear, the space station is the size of a football field, so-

• 41:00Speaker 05

  Yes. So, so, so, so goodness, goodness to sake, we can, we can track that, but-

• 41:06Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's good to hear.

• 41:06Speaker 05

  Yeah, yeah, yeah. Right, if we can't do that, we're, we're in big trouble, we're in big trouble.

• 41:11Chuck Nice?

  I, I think I could track that with a pair of binoculars.

• 41:13Speaker 05

  Well, you know, I could, exactly.

• 41:15Chuck Nice?

  With a pair of binoculars from my roof.

• 41:18Speaker 05

  So, so, so this is what I'm calling, it's not even low hanging fruit, Chuck. This is like fruit on the ground turning rancid, right? Is your ability to like, yeah. But, uh, yeah, the smaller stuff really, we're talking about softball size-

• 41:29Chuck Nice?

  Oh, God.

• 41:30Speaker 05

  Is, is, is really, is really kind of the smaller stuff. And, um, people clearly want to be able to get to like, uh, you know, golf ball sized things, but that's really hard to do. So I would say softball size is kind of on the smaller range of things.

• 41:44Chuck Nice?

  So I'll ask you, wait, wait, I'm sorry, Neil. Uh, cause now I'm scared to death from what you just said. Softball sized things traveling at 17,000 miles an hour, that's crazy. So, uh-

• 41:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Wait, wait, Chuck, anything traveling- Chuck, anything traveling at 17,000 miles? I don't want to get hit by a softball or a golf ball.

• 42:05Chuck Nice?

  That's true, exactly. I got a feeling you won't be taking a base.

• 42:13Chuck Nice?

  But here's what scares me. What do you do when you track it and you find out that it might become injurious to something else? How did, what, then what? Okay, well, this is gonna hit whatever, now what?

• 42:27Speaker 04

  For the things we track, for the things we track, again, as he mentioned, softball size and lower, the only thing I would say is, again, I said earlier, 32,000 objects is what we're tracking today, roughly, and a 5,000 active. So when we talk about active versus inactive, so if it's two inactive objects, hey, we're watching crash up Derby occur, there's not much to do, we just have to watch the two objects, what we call conjunct, or hit each other, and we predict that and we watch that closely, because then that creates more debris, right, when they hit. If it's a live object and a dead object, obviously, we're contacting the owner-operator of the live object and giving them that information and asking them for consideration for move to protect their payload. This is called safety of flight operations that we do here every day at the Combined Space Operations Center.

• 43:12Speaker 04

  Even if it's another-

• 43:13Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We have to tell people, you gotta tell people, if I understand correctly, almost all satellites retain a little bit of reserve fuel to adjust their position, either to give themselves a new boost, because the atmosphere is dragging on them, or to avoid a collision, is that correct?

• 43:30Speaker 04

  Absolutely. So everyone has a certain amount of gas and what they can maneuver or not, and again, when we talk to those owner-operators of those active satellites, what kind of gas budget do they have and can they move? If it's two live objects, again, we make the notification to both owner-operators, and then the discussion is between the two of how they're going to move. We do this with both the Chinese, the Russians, commercial, our coalition partners, it doesn't matter who you are, that mission is done every day from the Combined Space Operations Center here at Vandenberg Space Force Base.

• 43:59Chuck Nice?

  Wow. That is insane.

• 44:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, so Professor Ja, we all saw the movie Gravity, okay? And that was a documentary, I'm told.

• 44:11Speaker 05

  Well, you know, anytime Sandra Bullock and Clooney are in that, for sure, it's gotta be educational.

• 44:19Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's educational. So, uh, my favorite is that he comes up to the spaceship and is knocking on the outside door, but she was imagining it, but that was just a funny little scene. So, uh, in that, they do, however, portray a very real effect. And I'm told it's called the Kessler effect. Could you just briefly tell us what that is?

• 44:40Speaker 05

  Yeah, so, look, there's, there's this gentleman, Don Kessler, worked for NASA for a long time, uh, came up with this hypothesis that, um, given, given the, the increase in crowding of things on orbit and things going bumping in, in the night, that there, there would be a tipping point, as it were, where even if you didn't launch anything else, the population is self-growing because things keep on colliding and you can't prevent those collisions from happening. So that's, I think loosely what people understand as this Kessler effect or, or Kessler syndrome.

• 45:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So that would mean that there's a catastrophic point where it's just a roller derby up there and everything, or, or a space derby. Everything is colliding, making more and more debris, colliding even more, and then all space assets gets completely wiped out.

• 45:31Chuck Nice?

  A never-ending chain reaction.

• 45:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Right, right. Isn't that kind of a chain reaction thing?

• 45:35Speaker 05

  Well, so, so this is where, uh, people that fully embrace the Kessler syndrome would say, yes, it's this chain reaction, never-ending. Um, I, I'm not a big believer in never-ending things, uh, so, so I, I would say that equilibrium at some point would be reached, but equilibrium can also mean orbits become unusable. So, so the end effect is an orbit becoming unusable and clearly we don't want to see that happen.

• 46:01Speaker 04

  I think that's only unusable, so I guess I'm not a, a fatalist in that it's all gonna be terrible. Yes, we care about this as the military, but I think, one, it's being an owner-operator and as you said, sir, having the gas to be able to control your satellite and do orbit and station keeping properly and when notified, being a, a, a good operator of your capability. Second is when you get to what we would call, uh, your min fuel to de-orbit or move to an unusable orbit, you're able to do that. And that's, you know, what we would say is that norms of behavior of how you should operate day-to-day, so it's free and fair for all. Lastly, I would say, we were just at space symposium last week and a lot of discussion about debris removal. So I think this Kessler discussion also...

• 46:43Speaker 04

  Posits that you wouldn't have any debris or trash truck capability to go pick up debris. I think that's absolutely a business case for industry and commercial. Because again, I go back to if the military were to do that, let's say I have an arm that goes and picks up trash or does things, it could be dual use. So you don't want that to come from a military perspective. You want that to come from industry and commercial to be the trash trucks or the pickup and to be fully transparent and they would be asked to service and go pick up things or put more gas on something that's capable of continuing mission, but has run out of something that's like a propellant that it needs more gas. So I think there's options here to not be so fatalistic. We just haven't produced the technologies yet to get there.

• 47:28Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So what about other things that could slam into satellites or even into Earth? Like asteroid threats? The Hubble telescope itself has a safe mode where the lid closes and it turns its underbelly, its sensitive underbelly towards Earth during meteor showers of high expectation. So that the micrometeoroids that come through and light up the sky would have a minimum lasting quote impact on the telescope if it hit. So in your portfolio of things to worry about beyond Russia, China, and possibly other adversaries,

• 48:09Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  is there, do you have natural disasters on your list?

• 48:14Speaker 04

  Oh, absolutely. Every day in the environment, as you know, Dr. Tyson, is the environment is very harsh from solar flares, various emissions from the sun that impact the satellites, as you mentioned, asteroids, those kinds of things. We work closely with NASA to be able to predict and talk to those meteor showers. Again, that's more in their wheelhouse of tracking and how they do deep space work. But that is shared with us. And again, we work to how do we protect our payloads? Just as you talked about flipping the Hubble, we would be looking at those same kind of options to limit any damage to our capabilities as well.

• 48:46Chuck Nice?

  Is there any kind of regulatory global commission that?

• 48:52Chuck Nice?

  Tells what countries what they can and cannot do. I remember China, they de-orbited a satellite or something. I don't know what it was, but they were like, oh yeah, by the way, we don't know where it's gonna come down.

• 49:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, I remember that.

• 49:04Chuck Nice?

  Remember that?

• 49:05Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Right, right.

• 49:06Chuck Nice?

  I mean, like, who, who, who's kinda watching this?

• 49:09Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No, no, no, it wasn't just that, it wasn't just that, Chuck. They launched the, the, the, the booster and, and, and

• 49:16Chuck Nice?

  Yes.

• 49:16Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Professor Jock, correct me if I'm wrong, they had a booster that did, did not contain the capacity to control its descent back to Earth and which leaves it kind of random. Uh, uh, Professor, did I get that right?

• 49:28Speaker 05

  Yeah, yeah, that, that, that's exactly right. And so, so look, I mean, we have international law codified in things like Outer Space Treaty and Conventions with the UN and all that other stuff. But, you know, the language is widely interpreted and the implementation is like, you know, ra- ra- randomly assessed.

• 49:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And isn't that from 1968 or something, that, that treaty?

• 49:48Speaker 05

  Yeah, 19, yeah, 1967, right.

• 49:50Chuck Nice?

  Wow.

• 49:51Speaker 04

  The only, the only other argument I would offer that other regulatory organizations that are involved, obviously you have the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission. So again, when we start talking about satellite communications, whether they be in low Earth orbit or geosynchronous orbit, the de-confliction of frequencies, so people aren't stepping on each other or, you know, interfering with each other intentionally as we work the design. The other one is the International Telecommunications Union, and that's who decides the, has the slots out at GEO. So every one degree out in the geosynchronous belt are, are slots that people can go out and register for and co-locate together. So there are multiple satellites that fly in that one degree box and basically station, keep and operate day in and day out together. So it can be done.

• 50:36Speaker 04

  I, I think some of the concerns moving forward is the proliferation of, of low Earth orbit. Uh, like we talked about Starlink and OneWeb and on the order of, uh, I think Starlink, I heard yesterday their new satellite registry that they're trying to do with the FCC is 25,000 satellites in low Earth orbit. That's a lot.

• 50:55Speaker 05

  Yeah, that's, that's, that's

• 50:56Speaker 04

  So how do you regulate how they operate in that, in that domain? And again, that station keeping and so we don't get this Kessler effect you we talked about earlier. So again, how do, how do you regulate that? This is some of the part I talked about earlier, Dr. Tyson, about why the Department of Commerce and being the owner of space traffic management and getting them on board will be important. The Department of Defense has played that role and, and will continue to do so and partner with the Department of Commerce as they stand up. But you can see the value that we needed. There's a regulatory requirement and even international regulatory element, kind of like the FAA is for air. We need that same thing for space.

• 51:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You need those, you need those, yeah.

• 51:34Speaker 05

  Yeah, but the, the, I think getting to, to the lordship's point, there is no, there is no global, you know, Star Trek Federation that's going to do this. It's all up to individual countries. So the countries actually have to get together and say, we are the bottleneck to all this stuff and we, we, we are the ones that are responsible for providing authorization and continuing supervision of all these folks. Let's agree to a set of standards, norms of behavior that we can then hold our people, you know, accountable to. And I think on the one point that the general made really quick on the dual use type stuff. Look, when you go with commercial people that have the grappling arms, that's also dual use technology. So I think that the main thing is, when I was a security policeman guarding nukes at Mounstrum,

• 52:19Speaker 05

  I was taught a threat required intent, opportunity and capability. So, so the thing that really separates hazard from threat is the intent piece. So what kind of behaviors can we put in place to basically put away this threat stuff? So we don't assume that everything is out to get us necessarily. Because the capability and opportunity for harm are always going to be present with dual use technologies.

• 52:41Speaker 04

  So Dr. Ja brings up a great point. It's, it's understanding space domain awareness, not just space traffic management. Space domain awareness is more ISR, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance in space. What is your pattern of life? How do you normally operate? Is this unusual for you? Is this your norm? How do you typically station keep? All of those things play into that space domain awareness over the domain. for all the players that are there and when something is nefarious or doesn't seem as it should be then that's when this discussion of norms of behavior having defined what is good now if we see something that is bad how are we going to respond? and does it rise to the occasion of that it needs a military diplomatic or any of the instruments of power that the nation can bring

• 53:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  that's really cool very important facts there that yeah uh just the existence of what could could be a threat if there's no intent we have to that is a conversation that's an analysis and that's where I don't trust AI I think people have to be in that equation AI is stupid I mean AI is about as smart as an earthworm SI stupid intelligence uh we got that's a whole other show by the way we're gonna have to call it quits there we ran over uh Professor Jock great to have you on again thank you and and and General Burt a delight to meet you for the first time and I hope this is not the the last time we see you yeah we will we will have continuing questions about this domain and what it means to Earth to

• 54:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  to Americans to and and to the future of space exploration can I tell people that I know a two-star general now is that okay with you?

• 54:15Speaker 04

  absolutely and that a 50 cents I'll get you a cup of coffee

• 54:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  all right and Chuck you just gotta earn this she was describing uh one degree boxes out there on on in the geosynchronous so how many boxes are there?

• 54:29Chuck Nice?

  um well it's round so it's gotta be 360 right?

• 54:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  very good you got it okay just checking I knew I I knew he was leading Chuck you got one that you you earn your you earn your lordship today

• 54:41Speaker 04

  yes he earned Star Lord right there

• 54:43Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Star Lord I love it I love it all right that's we really gotta end it right there uh thank you all for making this work and making it informative and even fun Neil deGrasse Tyson here for StarTalk as always keep looking out