Inside the Fight Against Non-Consensual Deepfake Porn

Non-consensual deepfake pornography is on the rise. While celebrities were often the earliest targets, these AI-generated deepfakes are now spreading across communities and schools, and the law and tech platforms are struggling to catch up. Kara speaks with victims’ rights attorney Carrie Goldberg, tech journalist and Mostly Human Media CEO Laurie Segall and computer scientist V. S. Subrahmanian about how AI-generated explicit images are created, monetized and distributed. Segall details her investigation into Mr. Deepfakes, one of the internet's most notorious deepfake porn platforms. Goldberg explains her lawsuit against xAI over Grok-generated explicit images. And Subrahmanian breaks down the evolution of deepfake technology and why detection remains so difficult. Plus: why victims often have little recourse, what parents and schools can do and whether new laws like the Take It Down Act can make a difference. Questions? Comments? Email us at [email protected] or find us on YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, Threads, and Bluesky @onwithkaraswisher. Come see Kara live in DC. She is sitting down with Former Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo on July 16 at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg Center, and you can be in the room. ⁠Register now⁠. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

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• 0:00Kara Swisher?

  Hey folks, a word of warning before we begin. Today's episode discusses sexual violence, including rape, graphic sexual content, and suicide, so you might want to keep this in mind when you decide if and where to listen.

• 0:25Kara Swisher?

  Hi, everyone, from New York Magazine and the Vox Media Podcast Network. This is On with Kara Swisher, and I'm Kara Swisher. My guests today are attorney Carrie Goldberg, tech journalist and CEO of Mostly Human Media, Lori Siegel, and V. S. Subramanian, the Walter P. Murphy Professor of Computer Science at Northwestern University. We're talking about non-consensual deepfake pornography, or AI-generated explicit videos and images that use real people's likenesses without their consent. Celebrities were often the target of early pornographic deepfakes. Now, according to one survey, one in 18s personally knows someone who has been targeted. Nearly all deepfake porn depicts women.

• 1:06Kara Swisher?

  Despite laws and moderation efforts, pornographic deepfake websites and so-called "nudify" apps continue to multiply. And a recent analysis from Wired found that Elon Musk's Grok chatbot is still being used to generate and host non-consensual deepfakes. I am not surprised in the least. Carrie Goldberg is a victims' rights attorney. Her law firm specializes in fighting internet abuse and revenge porn. Journalist Lori Siegel recently released Searching for Mr. Deepfakes, an investigative docu-series created for TikTok in partnership with Paris Hilton. It follows an investigation to unmask the anonymous operator behind one of the internet's most notorious deepfake porn platforms.

• 1:49Kara Swisher?

  V. S. Subramanian is a top computer scientist and deepfake expert. He led the team that developed the global online deepfake detection system, a free platform to help journalists detect deepfakes. I think it's critically important to talk about this issue. When I started my career, pornography was at the heart of the problems with the early internet, and the use- abuses of it and the abuse of it was built into the system at the start. A lot of people were aware of it then and have had a very hard time dealing with it, even as technology has gotten better and better at being more and more abusive. So it's critical that we keep talking about it, we criminalize this, and we start to hold platforms, big platforms, responsible for the stuff that they distribute.

• 2:32Kara Swisher?

  Our expert question today comes from Wall Street Journal tech reporter Georgia Wells. This is an important conversation and one we will keep having, so stick around. And one more thing before we get started, if you're going to be in Washington DC on July 16th, please join us live at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg Center for a taping of On. I'll be talking to Gina Raimondo, Commerce Secretary under President Biden and former Rhode Island Governor, about what AI means for the American workforce. And as a special bonus, before that conversation, I'll be speaking with Johns Hopkins University President Ron Daniels and the University of Notre Dame President, Father Robert Downey, about how universities are approaching AI and workforce issues.

• 3:15Kara Swisher?

  You can get tickets and learn more at voxmedia.com/karoswisherlive. Support for this show comes from The Guardian and their new show, Stateside, where journalists Kai Wright and Carter Sherman use the entire independent reporting resources of The Guardian to slow down the news and wrestle with the questions we all have about what is actually happening in the world. Join Kai and Carter three times a week as they utilize all the reporting resources The Guardian has across news, international coverage, climate, culture, wellness, and more. And The Guardian's not owned by a billionaire, they fearlessly report the facts without interference.

• 3:56Kara Swisher?

  Go to theguardian.com/stateside to learn more and listen wherever you get your podcasts or watch on YouTube. That's theguardian.com/stateside.

• 4:09Speaker 01

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• 5:28Kara Swisher?

  Carrie, Lori, and VS, thanks for coming on ON.

• 5:31Speaker 03

  Good to be here. Thrilled to be here.

• 5:33Kara Swisher?

  Hello, hello. So I talked to experts back in January about the proliferation of sexualized, non-consensual AI deep fakes, including images of children on Elon Musk's X that were generated by its Grok chatbot. Obviously, AI-created deep fake porn hasn't gone away on Grok or elsewhere, and the technology continues to improve. But I'd like each of you to explain the current scope of the problem and how pervasive it is, and who it's affecting, and how technically advanced it is. We're going to get more into detail, so go high level here. Carrie, we'll start with you, then Lori, then VS.

• 6:09Speaker 04

  So I'm a plaintiff's attorney that sues tech companies. And generally, I see problems at the very early stages. So, you know, back probably seven years ago, we started getting situations where celebrities and really high level content creators were being deep faked. And then over the last, just I'd say, year or so, it started trickling down to middle schoolers getting deep faked. But all the apps involved were these pretty obscure things. But then everything totally changed when Elon started sending around, you know, pictures of toasters in bikinis. And it just unleashed this never before seen sort of situation where everyone was able

• 6:53Speaker 04

  to create deep fakes and then immediately publish them on the X platform.

• 6:58Kara Swisher?

  So that's where you saw it. Laurie?

• 7:00Speaker 01

  Yeah, when we started looking at this years ago, it was very much focused on celebrities. Oftentimes, women in power, politicians, it seemed like the first line of defense. And I remember thinking at the time, oh, no, you know, you might not care about these people. We should care about these people. But what this means is this is going to happen in our high schools. And unfortunately, that's what we're seeing happening. So I would just say it's rampant and it's happening in our communities. It's happening to women, to all sorts of folks. And unfortunately, it's something that teenagers are learning and it's becoming commonplace.

• 7:34Kara Swisher?

  Go ahead, Vias.

• 7:35Speaker 03

  Kara, I'm a technologist. And so I've spent a lot more time thinking about the technology. Over the last, you know, five, six years ago, the ability to create deep fakes was in its infancy. But over the last five years, and in particular, over the last year or two, it's really gotten to a stage where even experts like me on the detection of deep fakes have difficulty eyeballing something, listening to something, and telling if it's real or fake. So what we're seeing is something where you really need humans and AI to come together to work as some kind of partnership to try and figure this out. And, you know, until we can get that right, I don't see an end in sight.

• 8:20Kara Swisher?

  And how has the technology improved in the last year? Just ease of use?

• 8:25Speaker 03

  Ease of use has always been there. The improvement has been in the quality of the generator deep fakes. So today, for example, we're seeing things like face swapping. So I could record something of myself saying something thoroughly objectionable and then put, you know, replace my face with that of a celebrity. In the past, that was difficult to do. There were things around the edges of the face that would be noticeable. Today, much of that has been worked out.

• 8:55Kara Swisher?

  And ease of use for normal people to do so, correct?

• 8:58Speaker 03

  Indeed, absolutely, yeah.

• 9:00Kara Swisher?

  So Mr. Deep Fakes launched in 2018 and was once again the largest deep fake porn site online, getting 17 million visits a month at its peak. Laurie, talk about your investigation into Mr. Deep Fakes and how it began.

• 9:14Speaker 01

  It began a bit with an obsession, to be quite honest with you. I, I remember it was 2022, ChatGPT had launched. Everybody was talking about how AI was going to just do these incredible things. It's going to cure cancer. It's going to, you know, give us all this free time. And of course, I mean, Kara, you know this better than anyone. We're all kind of looking at this and saying, okay, there are a lot of unintended consequences and this is moving very quickly without the correct guardrails. And someone told me about Mr. Deep Fakes. I will never forget going to this site and opening it up and seeing thousands, thousands of highly sexually graphic images, deep fakes of women who did not consent and they were violent in nature.

• 9:57Speaker 01

  It was a website where a creator could say, you know, could go and make money and someone could go and say, I want this woman doing this and they could pay for it. So it was beyond just a website, it was a platform. And then what was even more concerning as we were digging into it was, you know, there was everything from training data of women's faces to create hyper realistic deep fake pornography. And then there were forums where people would exchange notes on here's the latest deep fake tools, here's how you can do this, you can pay a Premium and get a deep fake training manual. And so my initial thought was this isn't going to just be for these high profile women. And high profile, I would say, let's take it with a grain of salt. And I remember thinking at the time, well, it's not going to stop here. You know, this is just the beginning of it.

• 10:41Speaker 01

  And by the way, you're looking at these forums and you're seeing people say, is it wrong that I want to do this to my sister in law? And oh, this is so easy to do. And, and so it's almost creating entertainment around deep fake abuse. And so as I was looking at this, I thought, well, surely there's something these women can do to help themselves. And the reality was absolutely not. There was nothing they could do because the man behind it was anonymous and he'd been anonymous for six years. And, and even so, even if he wasn't anonymous, the laws hadn't caught up. And even when I went out and started talking about this, and by the way, you never want to be the person talking about deep fake porn at the dinner table, but turns out I was. People were like, well, the images aren't real that, and so it doesn't matter. And I'm sure everybody on here is kind of just shaking their head.

• 11:25Speaker 01

  So we also had a cultural problem. We needed people to realize that these are so hyper realistic. Actually, this causes deep, deep psychological abuse and it can be used to try to digitally abuse a woman. I say a woman, anyone. And so that was what was alarming. And so we decided we had to go find him and raise awareness. So that was the beginning of the investigation.

• 11:46Kara Swisher?

  Let's hear from Joanne Chu. She's an artist and actor, one of the women featured in Lori's investigation. She's talking about the moment when she realized her image had been used in porn on Mr. Deep Fakes.

• 11:57Speaker 05

  I was just bored one evening and I'm just going to Google my name and see what comes up. I kept scrolling down and then I said, what, what, what, what, what is this? Um, it's like my face on very disturbing and graphic, graphic content. It's, you know, uh, Joanne Chu. Or Joanne Chu. In the beginning, it was just a few listings. Mr. Deep Fakes came up, social media girls, e-porn. And then when I typed it in again, it multiplied. It's very much akin to physical assault. I have like, less than 3,000 followers. But it doesn't matter if you're famous or you're not. Just looking at Mr. Deep Fakes, it's like, they have a whole alphabetized database.

• 12:42Speaker 05

  At one point, when I typed in my name, my stuff wasn't coming up first anymore. It was all of this content.

• 12:48Kara Swisher?

  So she compares it to being physically assaulted. Carrie, does this reflect what you've heard from your clients? Because it sounds like perpetrators are telling themselves that it isn't real harm.

• 12:57Speaker 04

  Yeah, I remember this when I first started my firm back in 2014. And it was everyone's attitude about revenge porn. And how, you know, this is just an online problem. And, and back then, there were all these revenge porn websites. And people were searchable through Google, which would lead people to, to this search engine results. And it would just be pages and pages of nude images. Like, all the harm was really, really underestimated back then. And it took a huge, like, amount of advocacy to change the public opinion about the shame around being, you know, nude online. And, and we're just, we're seeing something really, really similar. The difference, though, is that back, you know, 10 years ago,

• 13:42Speaker 04

  women were being blamed for having shared an intimate image in the first place. And with deep fakes, I don't see that same kind of victim blaming. Because here, no one, no one consented to the, the image in the first place. But there is still a lot of, I think, marginalization and minimizing of the harm.

• 14:03Kara Swisher?

  That it's not physical assault, that it's...

• 14:06Speaker 04

  Yeah, I feel it is conceptually different than a physical assault. But that doesn't mean that it's not still... Really, really harmful and humiliating for victims. Especially like I see so many young people who are like victims and it's other young people's doing it to them, you know, like where it's peer on peer in junior high school and high school settings. And a lot of times the offenders just think that they're doing a prank. Or if, you know, and always the defense is, well, I barely shared it with anybody. I didn't post it online. But these things find a way to get published.

• 14:44Kara Swisher?

  So deep tech technology first emerged around 2015. V S, talk about the online communities that exist for sharing information, making so-called nudefied tools accessible. And how has it evolved over the past 10 years in terms of how it's used?

• 14:59Speaker 03

  So Kara, there are a number of mutification AI tools. So these are tools that are of various varieties. One, as I mentioned earlier, is face swapping, where you've got an individual who's nude performing some sex act and their face has been replaced with the face of somebody like Ms. Chu, who you alluded to a couple of minutes back. So that's one class of techniques. Another is to use massive databases of training data of existing nude individuals to create and generate new nudes of people who are hyper realistic, who are performing acts which the real individual portrayed never performed.

• 15:44Speaker 03

  So that's another class of techniques. And I don't want to go into the gory details of how that's done, but there are a number of techniques. These techniques have evolved better and better every single year. And so as a consequence, what we see is really a huge number of websites that can disseminate such stuff, not just the produced content, but also the tools that are used to create and disseminate this stuff. And that's typically done on the dark web through some kind of distribution network on the dark web.

• 16:17Kara Swisher?

  And what changed when Elon made it easy to do so? Because for all eyes in the dark web, you have to actually Make an attempt to go get it, right? It's like going to a porn store or going to a porn movie or something back in the old days. Talk a little bit about how that changed.

• 16:32Speaker 03

  Well, I can't speak specifically to Elon and what he did. But what I can say is that the more these tools are available through normal channels, the more the audience that gets access to them. And as soon as you have a big audience, you have a bigger audience of bad guys. Or as Carrie mentioned, just teenagers who don't know better and haven't been taught better, possibly because their teachers and their parents, however decent they may be, were not aware of the threat. And by the time they figured out, it was too late.

• 17:13Kara Swisher?

  Deep fakes and nudify apps are also a big problem in schools. As we mentioned earlier, a recent survey of roughly 550 US teens found that over half had created at least one image using nudification tools. Well, a third of the teens reported having their image created and shared non-consensually. I'm sure the numbers are higher, actually. Sites like Mr. Deep Fakes and apps like Grok have, as we noted, have normalized creating non-consensual, in some cases violent, sexual imagery, often of women. Lori, talk about the consequences for young people.

• 17:42Speaker 01

  Yeah. You know, I'll start. I always like to say, like, to try to make it a little bit personal. I'll never forget, and I'm going to take it here and I promise I'll get to young folks. But I'll never forget, I think it was 2023, when a group of technologists approached me and said, can we have AI attack you and see what it could find? And because I am a crazy person, I said, sure, let's see. And what they did was they had AI come up with an attack against me. And it took some true things, right? Like I've interviewed Mark Zuckerberg before, or I'm a technology journalist. And then it ended up, in front of an audience, it ended up creating, they created sexually explicit deep fakes of me. And I'll never forget, because this, I had consented, I didn't realize they were going to do that, but I had consented to this demo.

• 18:26Speaker 01

  And I'll never forget looking at the audience, look at these sexually explicit deep fakes of me. And I could, as a person who Generally form sentences for a living. I stopped being able to form sentences. I felt shame. I felt humiliation. I felt like the world had seen me naked, to be quite honest with you. And then I thought to myself, well, if that's how I feel and I know what this technology is, imagine what that's going to be like for an 11-year-old girl, you know? And I think that's what we started hearing. So I've spoken to a lot of parents, a lot of teenagers, who've had this happen to them. I spoke to one woman who said, and you know, she's in her early 20s. She said she, after this was happening and she went out and she tried to get this stopped and people said, there's nothing you can do.

• 19:08Speaker 01

  They blamed her, very similar to what Carrie is talking about, back when we were talking about non-consensual pornography. People didn't quite understand it. She told me she walked to the roof of her building and she considered jumping off. And you talk to a politician who describes this as digital rape. And so for me, it was really confusing because I was looking at this website that for me, this website represented this dystopian era where we lose consent in an AI era, where, you know, our most intimate qualities can be weaponized against us. And then externally, we were hearing, but it's not real, it doesn't matter. When it really impacts the way a young person, any person, walks through the world. We spoke to a woman named Molly, who was a mother who had this, her husband's best

• 19:52Speaker 01

  friend deep faked the whole neighborhood, 80 women in the, in the community, and created sexually explicit deep fakes. And she said it impacted how she would go on the bus and look at people and wonder if they'd seen this. And she had to go on a, she said, a porn hunt for her own face on the web. And I think it really impacts, from a human perspective, how you walk through the world and how you hold yourself, and it can have reputational harm.

• 20:19Kara Swisher?

  Right. So Carrie, your law firm and your word, Sue's, quote, "psychos, pervs, trolls, and toxic tech." In January, your firm filed a lawsuit against XAI on behalf of Ashley St. Clair, a conservative influencer who had a child with Elon Musk. She alleges that his company's chatbot was used to create and disseminate sexually explicit non-consensual images of her. Talk about the lawsuit and how is it representative of bigger legal issues around deep fake porn? When Grok suddenly had this new capability of being able to create

• 20:50Speaker 04

  Nudification images. This was the first time in history that a nudifying tool was integrated into a widely used social media platform, which combined the ability to just generate an image with the widespread dissemination network. And so suddenly, an image could just be viewable by millions and millions of people. But also, I mean, you know, X is for people 13 and up. And so children were also then consumers of the images, which is illegal. And we're also, there were children that were the victims of it. And the images posted were not just people in bikinis, but Grok would pose them in sexual positions.

• 21:34Speaker 04

  It would respond to prompts telling them to drench their body in blood and semen-like fluids, hold suggestive props, and just really vulgar and explicit images. And it seemed very clear that this was an intended rollout of a product that was known to be harmful. There were like something like 1.8 million posts of women and children being deep faked, which accounted for like 41% of all the images posted during this nine-day period. So Ashley St. Clair is somebody who is really demonized on the X platform because of some of the hostile things that Elon Musk has said about her, was a huge target of the

• 22:19Speaker 04

  deep fakes. And there were just so many images that Grok generated and published on her own page. And so we sued them. We first got, you know, attempted to get a temporary restraining order to stop Grok from deep faking her. And then we sued them for defective design and other sort of product liability types of lawsuits, negligence. And the claim that I like the best is that we sued them for public nuisance. There is just no reasonable, safe use of this product, but to harass people publicly.

• 22:53Kara Swisher?

  So that's where it stands now.

• 22:55Speaker 04

  Yeah, well, we had to give XAI statutory notice that we were filing for a temporary restraining order. And they immediately sued Ashley in Texas, claiming that she had breached the XAI Terms of Service by even threatening to sue them in her home state of New York. So now we are litigating the issue in two different venues. They're also trying to use the X Terms of Service to get the XAI case transferred to New York. And the judge initially last week said that XAI can rely on the X Terms of Service to transfer the case.

• 23:36Kara Swisher?

  To Texas, you mean, to Texas?

• 23:38Speaker 04

  Yeah, so even though X is not a defendant in our case, only XAI is, the judge still let them borrow from a different Elon company, which I think is really scary.

• 23:50Kara Swisher?

  So is that where it's going?

• 23:51Speaker 04

  Well, we filed an emergency petition for mandamus to try to get the stay held up. But I don't know, we don't have the outcome on that.

• 24:00Kara Swisher?

  We'll be back in a minute.

• 24:14Kara Swisher?

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• 24:57Kara Swisher?

  climate, culture, sports, lifestyle, fashion, and wellness. Plus, The Guardian wants to emphasize they're not billionaire-owned, meaning they're free to report the whole picture without interference. Go to theguardian.com/stateside to learn more and listen wherever you get your podcasts, or watch on YouTube starting May 13. Support for this show comes from Delete Me. Have you ever Googled yourself and found your home address, phone number, or the name of a family member? It's unsettling. Here's what you do to clean up your online data footprint. Go to joindelete.me/kara and enter the code Kara. You get 20% off Delete Me. Delete Me removes your personal information that's being sold online.

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• 27:38Kara Swisher?

  So let's get to the tech infrastructure that supports the creation and dissemination of deep fakes. Analysis from media outlet Indicator found that Nudify apps often use infrastructure from tech companies. VS, explain the relationship between deep fake porn sites, tech companies, and the social media platforms, and to what extent do these sites and Nudify apps rely on big tech infrastructure? This was an issue when I was interviewing people who were creating all manner of nonsense around the insurrection on January 6th. And companies moved quickly to take some of it down, but they were clearly the way people got to these different sites.

• 28:15Speaker 03

  That's a broad question, Cara. So let me try and break it down into pieces. The first is depending if you're generating deep fakes at scale. So think the kind of thing Lori was talking about with Mr. Deepfake. He's trying to generate thousands, millions of deep fakes. And so that requires computational hardware, what are called graphical computing units or GPUs, which today are pretty scarce and expensive. So, and that scarcity and price doesn't look like it's coming down very much anytime in the near future. Those resources are heavily supported by cloud infrastructure providers.

• 28:59Speaker 03

  Again, I'm not naming any specific companies, but there are a number of companies that offer cloud services. So. Part of the onus is placed on them if somebody is trying to use their service to generate this kind of stuff at scale. If somebody's trying to generate just a handful of deep fakes, they're probably not going to figure it out. But if somebody is generating millions and millions of them, or thousands and thousands of them, they may have some idea of what's going on. But that's not easy either, because, you know, there are many challenges for some of these firms in figuring out what's a deep fake and what's not. What's consensual, what's not?

• 29:44Speaker 03

  And so, as a first issue, you know, the bad guys are continuously evolving. So that means that the actors in question are changing, the technology used to generate this stuff is changing, and it turns out, having studied deep fake detectors quite a lot, and created some on my own with my lab, what we know is that small changes can make a big difference. So to give you an example, if I'm drinking this cup of coffee and there's a deep fake of me with part of my face obscured as I'm drinking that cup of coffee, it's harder in many cases for many detectors to figure out that video clip of me saying something

• 30:29Speaker 03

  which I probably never said is not true. Likewise, the definition, Carrie, I'm not speaking from a legal perspective, but for a normal person, what constitutes an act that's sexual in nature can vary a lot. A sexualized act versus an actual act of, you know, some kind of sex, very different. Also, the relative positions in which a sexual act is carried out, where certain body parts may be obscured, but other things may be clear, all that causes machine learning algorithms to detect deep fakes to have a lot of problems. So I think, you know, those are some of the challenges from a technical perspective

• 31:14Speaker 03

  in figuring these things out.

• 31:16Kara Swisher?

  So, one analyst has said that some deep fake sites now offer APIs to people creating non-consensual images and video generators. Explain what that means.

• 31:25Speaker 03

  So, when you go to a website, you're typing stuff in, a prompt or a query, or clicking on some buttons, and you get a response. An API is an application program interface, and it replaces you with a piece of computer code. And that piece of computer code is interacting in a different kind of language with the server behind the website you're going to. And so if somebody is using an API to generate deepfakes, that suggests that they are generating it at scale. That suggests that they have a piece of code that is shipping requests automatically through that piece of code to the server, and that server is sending back whatever they requested,

• 32:09Speaker 03

  in this case, some kind of sexualized image. That suggests somebody who's trying to do it at scale, who is, you know, who probably has his or her own databases of people they want to propose in these situations that they were never in to begin with.

• 32:28Kara Swisher?

  Indicators analysis also estimates that the Nudifier economy may be worth up to $36 million a year. Laurie, in your reporting on Mr. Deepfakes, you noted the financial incentives through the community members posting in the forum. Tell us about the incentives and talk about the money-making, Laurie, here, and for the platforms that host this content, too. Although, for people who don't realize, Google says it doesn't allow apps that contain sexual content. Apple says the company's App Store prohibits overtly sexual content. Both companies disabled searches for Nudify in their app stores. We'll get to the workarounds in a second, but talk a little bit about the incentives, the financial incentives.

• 33:07Speaker 01

  It's interesting, because when we were looking at this, this site, that wasn't a site, that was a platform. It was a whole ecosystem that enabled this site to exist. And that included platform liability from a lot of these different companies. So, for example, you know, the incentive was you can go on, not only can you view, you know, thousands of videos of sexually explicit deepfakes of your favorite celebrity, you can make your own. And this is why we believed Mr. Deepfakes was so dangerous. He was dangerous because he was creating an army of Mr. Deepfakes, because now there are all these creators on there, which is kind of pay-to-play. And there's a freemium model, and then there's this premium model where you can pay to have specialized deepfakes. Of public figures who didn't consent made. And so people were probably making more money than the guy behind Mr.

• 33:51Speaker 01

  Deep Fakes off of this platform. It was creating a whole ecosystem. But what else enabled that ecosystem? First, I would go from a regulatory standpoint. The laws just hadn't caught up. And we saw this with non-consensual pornography. Oftentimes, tech moves quickly when there aren't the correct guardrails. Women and and young folks are the first ones to feel that pain. But also, there were payment providers that were accepting payments on this platform. And so it was all of these things. And we talk about these small steps that actually helped enable this ecosystem to exist. And one of the coolest things we saw, because I think so many folks would say, well, it's a game of whack-a-mole. You go after this guy, and then there are all these other ones that are going to pop up. But actually, what ended up happening is we did go after this guy. We found out who he was.

• 34:36Speaker 01

  And and I think maybe most alarming was he wasn't a technical guy. This is a guy who was, I would say, in his 30s, worked at a pharmacist at a hospital helping people, was newly married, had a young child. And he had been able to create a website that enabled a whole new wave of deep fake abuse because he had an interest in technology and deep fakes. And he saw an opening because when Reddit banned sexually explicit deep fakes, we were able to track where his username was talking about seeing an opportunity that could be profitable and getting other people to build on this. And so all of these things together created, I would say, an ecosystem that allowed it.

• 35:19Speaker 01

  And all of these things also, once people started chipping away at this, once the laws started slowly but surely catching up, once Google de-ranked the platform, there were all sorts of small steps that actually created a friction that made it harder to exist.

• 35:35Kara Swisher?

  So let's shift to the current laws and regulations surrounding deep fake porn, including the Take It Down Act, the law that makes it a federal crime to publish non-consensual explicit deep fakes. The federal government began enforcing it in May. Carrie, in your pursuit of tech platform accountability, you've come up against Section 230, as have many, the law that protects platforms from being held legally liable for content that you You mentioned product liability law as a way to stop deep fake porn and get justice for victims. So talk about using product liability law.

• 36:05Speaker 04

  Section 230 was intended to basically just immunize platforms for content that third parties created and posted. But when it comes to deep fakes, especially like in the situation of Grok, we're saying that Grok was the one who created this material and also published it. And therefore, section 230 shouldn't apply at all. But even if it does, by suing them under product liability, we're suing them not for publishing the content, but for, you know, basically harming people through its defective design, defective manufacturing. These were all foreseeable uses. There's no reasonably safe use for

• 36:50Speaker 04

  a nudifying product. And so that's just like a second way to overcome section 230. Now, XAI, they haven't fully exposed what their defenses are going to be in our case. But when they were opposing the temporary restraining order, they were claiming that they wanted, I mean, so far, this would be the only AI product that is saying that section 230 should apply to it, and that they're not responsible for what people type in as prompts. But even more alarming is that they're claiming that they should have the First Amendment protections and that Grok should basically be protected under

• 37:32Speaker 04

  free speech, which is a pretty alarming idea, you know, that that AI and a chatbot would have free speech rights. They don't, you know, so far, we're not at a point where we're giving constitutional rights to a chatbot. But again, the arguments haven't yet hit the stage where they've been fully briefed yet.

• 37:53Kara Swisher?

  So, Vias, talk about workarounds, because a lot of these, these companies are very clever in terms of workarounds. Porn people have always been very clever. How easy is it to do workarounds here from a technological point of view?

• 38:06Speaker 03

  You know, I was thinking about this when Laurie was speaking earlier, Kara. You know, she talked about a website where somebody goes in and says, "I want to create a deep fake of such-and-such person doing such-and-such thing." And so that's a classic example of a place where that website is using the APIs that you asked about earlier to access a cloud provider where this code running to generate the nudefication of the sort desired by whoever asked the query. But now, think about it this way. Let's say the platform has the mechanism, let's say they have a perfect mechanism,

• 38:50Speaker 03

  that doesn't exist today, but suppose they did, to detect a deep fake video of some form of sexual activity. Then, the workarounds for the porn guys, there are some simple ones. So, one of the classic methods to generate deep fakes, regardless of whether it's for good or bad, is something called stable diffusion. So, in stable diffusion, what you do is you, let's say, throw in an image, I'll use an image rather than a video as my example, but you throw in an image of somebody, and that image gets converted to some very coarse representation. You know, think of this as something that's a very skeletal version of that image, and

• 39:31Speaker 03

  then, what ends up happening is that skeletal version goes through the nudefication process, but at the skeletal level. So, that skeletalized, nudefied image doesn't look anything like what a real nude might look like, and so you can think of it as some kind of computationally weird representation of, you know, a person who's about to be sexually abused via a deep fake. And then, they could do all this on platform, on a cloud. And then, without ever passing the source image, or the final image, they bring back this coarse

• 40:13Speaker 03

  representation of the nudeified image and perform the last step back on their own servers where it generates the final nude. So that's an example of one way in which somebody with, you know, just limited computer science knowledge, who's familiar with the code, who has access to all this code, can generate something while avoiding the guardrails of some of the platforms, even if those guardrails are close to perfect.

• 40:42Kara Swisher?

  We'll be back in a minute.

• 40:55Speaker 02

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• 43:38Kara Swisher?

  The Defiance Act, which is aimed at allowing victims of non-consensual deep fakes to sue for damages, passed in the Senate and is currently stalled in the House, even though some states have criminalized deep fakes, enforcement remains low. Lori, what extent are these laws effective when it comes to stopping or at least curbing the spread? It's happened before with credit card companies and certain businesses, you know, things tend to slow things down. But in this case, how important is it to have the Take It Down and the Defiance Act?

• 44:08Speaker 01

  I'll answer, and I'm curious for Carrie's response too, but I think it's incredibly important. You know, the Take It Down Act, you know, forced tech companies to pay attention and quicker, gives them 48 hours to take down non-consensual abuse. But oftentimes, when it comes to victims, it's really difficult to find recourse for this, you know? And so the Defiance Act would create civil penalties that would enable them to actually have the ability to go after the folks who have done this and have civil recourse, which I think makes a big difference. And when we started out on our search for Mr. Deep Fakes, which was, let's just be honest, really a search for asking, why is this allowed to happen? You know, there weren't a lot of state laws. And I will say, a lot of the state laws and a lot of the victims and survivors we spoke

• 44:51Speaker 01

  to, unfortunately, the onus, in many ways, becomes on these survivors to speak out about it and help change laws. And they did, in the state level, which, you know, the state laws changing, all of them varying in scope, civil, criminal penalties, actually were where a lot of these different victims initially had recourse, which is also scary to watch as folks go after regulation at the state level, because oftentimes, the federal government is just slow to move. I would say, I hope that the Defiance Act passes, it can get through. I think this is a bipartisan issue, because it's really a child safety issue as well.

• 45:25Kara Swisher?

  Right, which is how they're saying it. So, by the way, Wired investigation found that Grok is still being used for non-consensual explicit content. This is despite regulatory scrutiny and multiple lawsuits, and after Musk's XAI said it would add restrictions. In response to an NBC investigation, the X Safety account posted, "We strictly prohibit users from generating non-consensual explicit deep fakes and from using our tools to undress real people." Explain how some of these legal dynamics apply to XAI in that regard, since you're in a lawsuit with them, when it keeps showing up that they're doing the same thing you would accuse them of?

• 46:01Speaker 04

  Well, I mean, that statement that they say that it's against their regulations and they're basically passing the blame to users. There's nothing in that statement that suggests that they are modifying their product so that deepfakes are no longer easy to create. And the problem with things like the Take It Down Act, it's great, you know, suddenly now there's a 48-hour window of time that tech platforms are supposed to remove illegal content. But it has no teeth because victims can't enforce it. Victims can't sue the platform and say, hey, you know, it's now been 48 days and that content is still up. So the problem with all regulations and all these options is that the victims cannot

• 46:46Speaker 04

  enforce them. And so when we're talking about who's the bad guy, VS has talked about the bad guys in these situations. In my view, the worst guys are the platforms. And so until we have regulations that put the victims in the driver's seats to not just, you know, get criminal justice against the individuals, but to actually get justice against the platforms, you know, I think the only recourse we have is to use our courts and make these companies pay.

• 47:16Kara Swisher?

  So every episode, we get a question from an outside expert. Here's yours, and you're all going to answer it. So let's listen to it first.

• 47:23Speaker 02

  Hi, I'm Georgia Wells, a tech reporter for The Wall Street Journal. I just finished a deep dive into the issue of teens using deepfake nudes to harass each other. And so the big question I would ask is that now that the government has just started enforcing the Take It Down Act, how might this change the harassment landscape for young people today? Thank you.

• 47:43Kara Swisher?

  Laura, you go first, then Carrie, then VS.

• 47:46Speaker 01

  Yeah, I do agree a little bit with Carrie on saying, you know, there's only so much you can actually kind of enforce when the onus is on the victim. I do think from a cultural standpoint, it is very different than it was a couple of years ago of federal law, Take It Down Act. Again, state laws are at least sending this message that the stakes will be high and that young boys, young teenagers. Can get into real trouble for doing this and can get charged. I mean, I think that at least from a perspective of schools being able to speak to students, parents being able to speak to their children about this and having some structure will be helpful. Again, though, I'm not sure the Take It Down Act is going to be the thing that's going to actually change this.

• 48:29Speaker 01

  I also agree with Carrie on platform liability and creating higher stakes for the tech companies and the whole ecosystem that enables this to happen.

• 48:38Kara Swisher?

  Carrie?

• 48:39Speaker 04

  So I think they'll get the memo that this is illegal. I mean, having criminal laws was really, really effective when we were dealing with the scourge of image-based sexual abuse over the last decade. We went from having three states to having 50 states with those laws. And my firm saw such an enormous and quick plummet of offenders creating images like that. So that's great, but we still don't have an apparatus that targets the platforms themselves and prevents them from basically monetizing this kind of humiliation. And until we have laws that victims can enforce themselves, like, it's not really harming

• 49:23Speaker 04

  who I consider the true offenders.

• 49:25Kara Swisher?

  Right, which are the platforms themselves. All right, BS?

• 49:28Speaker 03

  You know, I have very mixed feelings about criminalizing a 13-year-old, all right? But at the same time, we need to protect perhaps other 13-year-olds or 14-year-olds or 10-year-olds from the consequences that accrue to them because of some 13-year-old putting out deepfake porn of that kid. So I think, you know, a first step has got to be something around education. A lot of our teachers in schools are simply not

• 50:03Speaker 03

  Teaching their kids about deep fakes. And it's one thing if kids are using deep fakes or generative AI to, you know, create reports for their class projects. I mean, that brings up a whole bunch of other ethical issues. But it's another thing if they use deep fakes to explicitly cause damage to a kid and one of their classmates. So I think the ethics around this has got to be clearly articulated in class and by schools. And some of our schools may have done a good job of this, others may not. And, you know, that education and the consequences of those actions in a school context are clear.

• 50:48Speaker 03

  I think it'll be challenging.

• 50:49Speaker 01

  You know, Vias, just to say, to respond, if it's helpful, just to respond to that. I think the frustration is so many times, I agree, how do we expect 13-year-old boys to know that this isn't okay when they're getting served up notification apps on social media? You know, I think it's, it is, it's an and, like, two things can be true. And so there's a huge gap between education and being able to educate folks on this and what the platforms are allowing and what they say they're allowing and what's coming through. It creates a really difficult environment.

• 51:20Speaker 03

  You know, I worry generally about the broad statement or the broad platforms moniker. I think there's a wide variety in what different platforms are doing. Some platforms are going to a great amount of trouble, spending a tremendous amount of money to try and perform the best innovation possible so they can put some of these problems to bed. And others are doing much, much less. So there's like a huge range of what platforms are doing, some doing relatively little, some making every effort to try and get there. Now, I want to add that, you know, again, even if platforms were doing their very best,

• 52:04Speaker 03

  there's a famous saying due to a statistician at the University of Wisconsin. All models are wrong, some are useful. All right. And so whatever models are being used by platforms to find these deep fakes, they're never going to be perfect. And so the question is, are they making the effort? Some are making what I would consider a very good fake effort. Some are simply doing a good job. I'd prefer to stay out of that, but I don't want to talk about specific platforms.

• 52:34Kara Swisher?

  Right. Yeah. So let's end by looking at what individuals can do as deep fake technology continues to evolve. Carrie, now that the Take It Down Act forces tech companies to remove deep fake nudes, how do you request a takedown if you're targeted?

• 52:47Speaker 04

  Well, part of what the Take Down Act required was that there be a flow for people to easily request content removal. And so that kind of infrastructure, I really appreciated that being incorporated into the laws. So ideally, you know, a victim within the platform itself can now report it, you know, whether it's through a URL or if it's like Instagram or Facebook, then the image itself would ideally have a method to request removal.

• 53:19Kara Swisher?

  When digital forensics professor and deep fake expert Hani Farid was on the podcast in January, he expressed concerns that agentic AI will supercharge the creation of deep fakes in the coming months. VS, how do we make sure the new laws and policies don't block positive uses of these tools?

• 53:36Speaker 03

  So I think, again, we don't want to block the technology. We want the technology to evolve because, again, as Lori said much earlier in the podcast today, you know, deep fakes do have the capacity to help do things like better understand disease. I'm not going to call this a deep fake, but the generative AI is being used to create new kinds of proteins that'll help cure diseases. Generative AI is being used to create materials that'll degrade and perform in ways that we would like, that would protect the environment and more. So I think what we have to do is to look at intent. You know, what is the intent of the individual who is creating a deep fake?

• 54:20Speaker 03

  And in the case of the 13-year-old boy or 14-year-old boy who's creating deep fakes of one of his classmates because he's pissed off about something, I think there...

• 54:33Speaker 03

  There's intent. Whereas if somebody, you know, there was this guy who created a deep fake of the Pope, Pope Francis, in puffy robes and a very dapper-looking version of him. You know, that, I think, is something that's laughable. And I find that, at least I find that somewhat entertaining. I doubt very much if the Pope was, you know, horribly offended. And so, you know, I think we want to allow artistic freedom and expression, scientific inquiry, but at the same time, regulate so that it's the users that are banned or that lead to...

• 55:09Kara Swisher?

  The individual intent one.

• 55:10Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 55:11Kara Swisher?

  Laurie, in the end, you tracked down Mr. Deep Fakes. What ultimately brought down the site? And where is he now?

• 55:17Speaker 01

  Great question. Where is he now? I would love to know. So eventually, we did track him down with the help of, you know, investigative journalists, the internet, and some of our cybersecurity friends who did some pro bono work for us because they have kids and they viewed this as a real threat. And we were able to track him down. And, you know, Carol, like, I'll never forget confronting him on his way into the office. And I do remember Carrie, who I've known because I've covered non-consensual pornography before, I called her before going to his parents' home to make sure that we did everything correct, just in case, you know, we didn't want to create any legal liabilities. But I will never forget him looking at me, he knew who I was, with so much disdain. And I know this is a delusional part of me, but there was a part of me that thought, maybe

• 56:01Speaker 01

  we would have tracked this guy down and we could show up and say, do you understand the real harm this site is causing? You're a father. And I remember he walked right into the hospital, he wouldn't say a word to me, and the doors closed. And I remember thinking at that point, well, we're going to have to go talk about this to everyone who will listen to us. And that has to change because we have to... To change culture as a part of this, this can't be where the story ends. He can't just take himself off social media, which he did, and continue running this site. And so a lot of things happened, which I think were really exciting. I mean, we, I think, were one of the first to show up and threaten his anonymity. Say, you cannot do this type of abuse and remain anonymous. So that was friction, that exposure was friction.

• 56:45Speaker 01

  A law started changing when, in the UK, they started talking about different types of laws that would make it harder for folks to access Mr. Deepfakes. They cut off access to folks in the UK. That created friction. A very valuable server went down for them. The Take It Down Act passed. The CBC published their investigation as well. Mr. Deepfakes finally went offline for good. And I think it was such a great lesson in all of these players that actually impact how we build out a better future. And the headline is friction. It just created more and more friction. Now, what's happened to him, I think, is actually, is just as important of a headline, which is nothing, really. I mean, he lost his job at the pharmacy.

• 57:28Speaker 01

  But we've talked to many folks, law enforcement. I actually spoke to a couple different folks in Canada from the law enforcement perspective. There's no open investigations into David Doe, that's his name. And there's thoughts that maybe he's left the country, but that's it. And I think that in and of itself tells its own story.

• 57:46Kara Swisher?

  Absolutely. So the last question, Deepfake porn obviously isn't going away. So what's the best possible outcome? Each of you, what is your most optimistic case for how it pans out in the next five years and how we get there? Carrie, you go first, and then VS and Laurie, you get the last word. Carrie?

• 58:03Speaker 04

  Okay. Well, it should probably come as no shock to you that my best case outcome is that the companies that unleashed these harms and profited significantly from them should have to pay, and there should be disgorgement and compensation for all the victims. And it should be financially penalizing for these companies.

• 58:24Kara Swisher?

  So that would be your best? And is that a possible outcome? Do you feel like that's a possible outcome?

• 58:31Speaker 04

  I mean, we're on that road with litigation. We'll see how it works. I also, you know, I do condemn the platforms like the App Store and Google Play, who for many, many years were offering and selling nudifying apps. And they just kind of were ostriches with their head in the sand, pretending like they didn't think these things were harmful. I'm really sick and tired of platforms not doing anything until something becomes actually criminal. You know, they deny that it's harmful until there's an actual criminal law. The S?

• 59:06Speaker 03

  You know, that's what I would like in place. Some kind of criminal law that says, well, look, here are the kinds of behaviors and even intended behaviors or intended outcomes that should be criminalized. Here are the penalties that you will face if you engage in these acts. And this needs to be something that's at least in the US nationwide. But more importantly, many of these actors are going to be overseas. And so what we need is not just US law, but law in various countries and some broad international agreements, perhaps enforced by an organization like Interpol, which polices things like child trafficking already.

• 59:49Speaker 03

  They should be authorized to do and investigate things like this.

• 59:53Kara Swisher?

  That's a very good point. That's exactly where it goes abroad is what happens is immediately it goes abroad. Lori, last word.

• 1:00:00Speaker 01

  Look, I agree with what everyone here has said. So I will end with saying, you know, my gripe with Silicon Valley, and I have a lot of gripes with Silicon Valley, is they're sitting there talking about AGI and what happens when AI becomes smarter than us. And it doesn't matter. It really doesn't matter because here's what's happening here on earth. Over here in reality, we have children who are ending their lives because of deep fake sex extortion and people are sleeping on it. My hope is that I don't have to shout into the ether for years and say, this is real harm, this is real harm, that we can get better education, that we can change culture to understand that when new technology comes quickly without the correct

• 1:00:40Speaker 01

  The folks who are impacted oftentimes are the ones that don't have the voice. And we can make some changes from there. Now, it doesn't take, to Carrie's point, oftentimes it takes criminal law. If I'm putting, sitting in my seat, oftentimes it takes public pressure and investigations. I'd love to get to a world where Silicon Valley maybe has some different folks in it. And this isn't the last thought as people are having dinner and talking about AGI after taking a cold plunge. That's it.

• 1:01:07Kara Swisher?

  That's a very good point, but you're going to wait a long time for that.

• 1:01:10Speaker 01

  I'm manifesting it right here.

• 1:01:14Kara Swisher?

  All right, sure. Why not? Why not? Anyway, I really appreciate it, all three of you. It's a really important talk, and we're going to keep coming back to it again and again, and hopefully see something happen by raising awareness of it for sure. Thank you so much, all three of you.

• 1:01:28Speaker 03

  Thank you, Kara. Pleasure to be here.

• 1:01:30Speaker 04

  Thank you so much.

• 1:01:31Kara Swisher?

  Thanks. We've reached out to XAI and X for comment. They did not respond. Today's show was produced by Michelle Aloy, Catherine Millsop, Madeleine LaPlante-Duby, and Kalen Lynch. Special thanks to Alyssa Soep and Nico Robbins and Julia Sharp Levine. Our engineers are Fernando Aruda and Rick Kwan, and our theme music is by Trackademics. Nishat Kurwa is Vox Media's executive producer of podcasts. Go wherever you listen to podcasts, search for On with Kara Swisher and hit follow. Thanks for listening to On with Kara Swisher from Podium Media, New York Magazine, the Vox Media Podcast Network, and us. We'll

• 1:02:09Kara Swisher?

  be back on Monday with more.

• 1:02:20Speaker 02

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• 1:03:04Kara Swisher?

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