Sea Camp: Why Scientists Want To Map The Entire Seafloor

Scientists have mapped less than 30% of the world's seafloor. Experts say that getting that number up to 100% would improve everything from tsunami warnings to the Internet and renewable energy. That's why there's currently a global effort to create a full, detailed map of the seabed by 2030. On today's Sea Camp episode, we talk to Dawn Wright https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/author/dawn-wright/, a marine geographer and chief scientist at the Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) about this effort. We have a newsletter that lets you go even deeper with the marine research each week of Sea Camp https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-75877/short-wave-sea-camp. You can sign up here! https://www.npr.org/newsletter/sea-camp?utm_source=seamusbody Curious about ocean science? Email us at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave http://plus.npr.org/shortwave. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

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• 0:00Speaker 00

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• 0:21Emily Kwong?

  Hey, Short Wavers. Emily Kwong here.

• 0:23Regina Barber?

  And Regina Barber, back with our next installment of our summer C-Camp series.

• 0:28Emily Kwong?

  I love this series. It's been so fun.

• 0:30Regina Barber?

  It has been.

• 0:31Emily Kwong?

  Where are we going today?

• 0:33Regina Barber?

  Rock bottom, Emily. Rock bottom.

• 0:35Emily Kwong?

  Oh.

• 0:35Regina Barber?

  We're in the hadal zone.

• 0:39Speaker 03

  The deepest zone that we are aware of, people also refer to it as the trenches. And there aren't a lot of these places in the oceans.

• 0:49Regina Barber?

  That's Noel Boland. She's our go-to marine biologist from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. And she says the hadal zone is any area 6,000 meters below sea level and deeper.

• 1:00Emily Kwong?

  How deep does it go?

• 1:01Regina Barber?

  Yeah, the depths of the trenches can vary, but the deepest one, the Mariana Trench, is almost 11,000 meters or nearly seven miles deep.

• 1:10Emily Kwong?

  That's very far. I've heard of the Mariana Trench, but now that I imagine my seven-mile run downwards, that's quite deep.

• 1:18Regina Barber?

  Yeah, I do not think I've ever run that far, but I want to. It makes sense that this is a really tough place to study, let alone get humans down there.

• 1:27Emily Kwong?

  But we're going down there today?

• 1:29Regina Barber?

  Yes, by hearing from Dawn Wright, one of less than 30 people who've visited the deepest point in the Mariana Trench, a place known as Challenger Deep.

• 1:38Emily Kwong?

  Let's go.

• 1:42Speaker 04

  Descending in a submersible is not unlike being in a space capsule in many ways. You're in a very small space, not enough room to stand up. It was very slow and very peaceful and very calm. And as we got to around 800 to 900 meters depth, that's when we lost light. We were treated to a fireworks show of sorts. Worms, jellyfish, anglerfish. They use bioluminescence to communicate with each other.

• 2:19Regina Barber?

  Dawn's traveling companion, pilot Victor Vescovo, started flashing the lights of their submersible. And?

• 2:26Speaker 04

  We saw them flash back.

• 2:30Regina Barber?

  But Dawn didn't travel 10,000 meters, or 6.7 miles underwater, just for a light show. Dawn is a marine geographer.

• 2:38Speaker 04

  I study the rocks and the motion at the bottom of the ocean so that we have a better idea of how the earth works at the bottom of the sea.

• 2:51Regina Barber?

  On this particular mission, Dawn was testing a new sonar device that operates at extreme depths and pressures with the goal of creating a detailed map of the seafloor, which is important to know because the geologic activity on the seabed

• 3:04Speaker 04

  is the most exciting, the most perplexing, and the most important.

• 3:10Regina Barber?

  Most important because it's where underwater earthquakes start, which can lead to tsunamis. Understanding the seafloor helps scientists and policymakers keep people safe. And that's one reason Dawn and many other scientists are involved in a global effort led by the Nippon Foundation and Jepco called Seabed 2030.

• 3:28Speaker 04

  The goal of Seabed 2030 is to give us a detailed, modern map of 70% of the planet that we have known very, very little about.

• 3:41Regina Barber?

  Today on the show, cataloging the unknown. Why knowing more about the farthest reaches of the ocean floor is important for life here on land. From tsunami safety to renewable energy, and even the internet. I'm Regina Barber, and you're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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• 5:29Regina Barber?

  Okay, Dawn, just to start, how does one map the seafloor?

• 5:32Speaker 04

  It works through sonar, sound navigation and ranging. And this is because sound is the most effective way of sensing the undersea environment. So the basic principle is to send pulses of sound from an instrument or a ship down to the ocean floor. We can time the amount of time that it takes for the pulse to reach the ocean floor and come back to the instrument. And that time is turned into a distance. So that is where we get our depths. And then we have all kinds of sophisticated algorithms for making sure that we're getting the proper time, because the speed of sound changes according to the temperature and the salinity of the water,

• 6:16Speaker 04

  which varies throughout the oceans.

• 6:18Regina Barber?

  Yeah, of course. Okay, so from what I understand, sonar of the seafloor, that's what let scientists in the 60s put words to how formation happened, right? Like things like ridges, trenches, and even like the Ring of Fire, the most seismically and volcanically active area of the world, where the Pacific Tectonic Plate meets the other tectonic plates where I used to live. So the seismic activity, that's a big reason for mapping the ocean floor, right?

• 6:47Speaker 04

  Yes, mapping the ocean revealed all of those features. It revealed the large chains of volcanoes, which are known as the mid-ocean ridge. In fact, it was the work of Marie Tharp, in particular. She mapped all of the world's oceans and those mid-ocean ridges, those large trenches.

• 7:12Speaker 04

  Where a lot of the earthquakes occur and also the very large scars on the seafloor that are known as fracture zones. These are places where seafloor is sliding past each other. So this is like the San Andreas Fault underwater. So these are all the big, major tectonic features that popped out in beautiful glorious detail and revealed themselves once we started getting these maps of the ocean floor.

• 7:45Regina Barber?

  And those features, they can also lead to things like tsunamis?

• 7:50Speaker 04

  Yes, so tsunami comes about as a result of a movement on the floor of the ocean that's expressed in a fault. When you have that disruption on the ocean floor, the water above the ocean floor gets severely disrupted as well and generates these large, long wavelength waves that are essentially the tsunamis. We can make sure that we are monitoring those areas, but even more importantly, we must understand what the bathymetry is there.

• 8:30Regina Barber?

  Okay, and what's bathymetry?

• 8:32Speaker 04

  If people understand topography on land, which is how elevation changes over certain distances, that's what bathymetry is on the seafloor. So it's undersea topography. In your old home of Washington and certainly in Oregon, there is a Cascadia subduction zone that is not far off the coast of Oregon and Washington that can generate these types of tsunamis. And the warning time will be very, very short. So if we understand what the bottom of the seafloor looks like in those coastal areas, that helps us to plan more effectively for where people should evacuate or how they

• 9:15Speaker 04

  should evacuate, what roads should they take, what roads they should avoid, how to get to higher land as quickly as possible.

• 9:22Regina Barber?

  Right.

• 9:23Speaker 04

  So that's one of about 50 reasons why we should map the ocean floor.

• 9:27Regina Barber?

  And what are some of those reasons?

• 9:29Speaker 04

  Another very, very important...

• 9:32Speaker 04

  Reason is we are looking to the ocean now for for energy more. Uh, wave energy, for instance, or uh, wind energy. And we are citing wind turbines uh, on the ocean floor. So we need to know what the ocean floor looks like, which areas are are flat, for instance, and also what the composition of those areas is. Is it sandy? Is it silty? Is it rocky? What are the best places for us to anchor uh, that type of alternative energy infrastructure? That's a huge use of ocean mapping. One more is for habitat.

• 10:15Speaker 04

  We uh, enjoy fish and other types of protein from the ocean.

• 10:20Regina Barber?

  Right.

• 10:21Speaker 04

  A lot of it is uh, near or on the ocean floor. And in order to to monitor and to protect uh, the the habitat of those fisheries, that's a huge use uh, for seafloor mapping. We need to have the seabed mapped for all kinds of different purposes. One of which is the whole idea of internet traffic.

• 10:49Regina Barber?

  Right, because so much of our internet connections actually go through these cables that are like on the seafloor, these submarine cables. And your company, Esri, actually deals with some of those maps?

• 11:01Speaker 04

  Exactly, yeah. At our company, we deal with anything that can be mapped. We have a beautiful animated map uh, of all of the world's submarine cables that help people to understand all of this infrastructure, all of these processes. And our maps uh, show that 99% of all of our internet traffic.

• 11:25Speaker 04

  Is carried by these submarine cables. So, modern life, everything from podcast to Pokemon Go account to WhatsApp group to all of the streaming videos. I'm thankful for my BritBox subscription so I can get my British murder mysteries. I'm thankful to the ocean floor for that.

• 11:49Regina Barber?

  Yeah. And this all leads us to the Nippon Foundation JEBCO Project Seabed 2030. And you're part of this strategic advisory group for this effort to map the entire seafloor by 2030. And as of June 2025, you're at 27.3%. How is this going?

• 12:07Speaker 04

  So, we have a long way to go, but we have also come up from around 6% just in the last few years. We're also working with various industries that have bathymetry data that they have not released yet. And the hope is that we can very quickly get to 40% if we can get a lot of these companies to release their data and to make it public. We're hoping to get very close by 2030, but the work, all of this work is going to continue beyond 2030 for sure.

• 12:44Regina Barber?

  Yeah. And I know one of the nonprofits involved in this effort is Map the Gaps, which is focused on making sure data is open access and that there's increased equity and awareness of seafloor mapping and the whole process. And part of this means getting anyone with like a boat to help map the seafloor as they're out and about, which I think is really cool.

• 13:05Speaker 04

  Yes. Yes, that's part of it, too. In fact, there's the expression cheap and deep, where you don't have to have a huge sophisticated research vessel or a $20 million robot to map the ocean floor. Everybody can contribute.

• 13:21Regina Barber?

  What if the seafloor isn't totally mapped 30, 40, 50 years from now?

• 13:28Regina Barber?

  What are the consequences of not mapping that seafloor?

• 13:31Speaker 04

  We are going to be putting our public safety at risk by not having the proper understanding of not only tsunami run-up, but storm run-up along our coasts. We are going to be running the consequences of not fully understanding sea level rise and shoreline change. We could be losing valuable fisheries forever. We are going to have a hard time with the security of our ports. If we do have additional accidents or emergencies at sea, how are we going to find things?

• 14:12Speaker 04

  We still have not found MH370, that airplane that was lost.

• 14:17Regina Barber?

  Oh, geez.

• 14:18Speaker 04

  There was never going to be a very quick way to find or to rescue the Ocean Gate Titan submersible, and those are just two individual examples. So all of these areas, all of these reasons for mapping the ocean floor, the longer that it takes us to get to close to 100%, we are just going to be playing with fire, so to speak.

• 14:47Regina Barber?

  Don, thank you so much for talking to us about mapping the seafloor.

• 14:51Speaker 04

  Oh, thank you so much. I really enjoyed this.

• 14:58Regina Barber?

  Before we head out, I want to encourage you to sign up for our CCAMP newsletter, where we go deeper with all the cool science we learn each week. There's extra research, animals, comics, even fun games. Sign up at npr.org/CCAMP. This episode was produced by Burleigh McCoy and edited by our showrunner Rebecca Ramirez. Rebecca and Anil Oza checked the facts originally. Burleigh checked the CCAMP version of this episode. Robert Rodriguez was the audio engineer. I'm Regina Barber. Thank you for listening to Short Wave from NPR.