Is The Quantum Future Here?

This year, quantum science and computing came up a lot. There have been broad claims that quantum science and engineering could one day help cure diseases, design new materials, optimize supply chains -- or help in other ways not yet fathomable. And, while the Trump administration has made strides to cut scientific funding, quantum research is one of two things they’ve pledged to continue investing in – along with artificial intelligence. Meanwhile, scientists have been hard at work, pushing the research to move quantum engineering from sci-fi to real-world usefulness. All of this got science correspondent Katia Riddle https://www.npr.org/people/1128948946/katia-riddle wondering: When will all of this effort actually pay off? She talked to a lot of scientists to figure it out -- and to figure out how much scientist really understand about quantum science. She brings everything she learned onto the show today. To hear more Short Wave reporting on quantum clocks, check out this episode: Quantum Mechanics For Beginners https://www.npr.org/2020/10/16/924586088/quantum-mechanics-for-beginners Interested in more quantum science? Email us your question at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave http://plus.npr.org/shortwave. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

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• 0:00Emily Kwong?

  This message comes from the Southern Environmental Law Center. No one voted for dirty air and water. That's why S E L C is fighting back to defend the healthy environment everyone depends on, because it's not political, it's fundamental. Learn more at S E L C dot org. Hey, Short Weavers, Emily Kwong here. So the last Tuesday of every month is Nature Quest. That's the segment where we take one of your questions about the environment, how it's changing, and investigate it. We've talked about why flowers are blooming early, how to live with extreme heat, why all the mosquitoes, what is managed retreat? And we are looking for more questions for future episodes in 2026. So if you're wondering what's going on with planet Earth and the bugs and the birds and

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• 1:02Emily Kwong?

  Hey, Short Weavers, Emily Kwong here. And today I am joined by NPR science correspondent, Katia Riddle. Hey, Kadia.

• 1:08Speaker 01

  Hi, Emily.

• 1:09Emily Kwong?

  Hi. Okay, today we're talking about quantum, which is one of my favorite topics in science.

• 1:14Speaker 01

  Yeah, quantum science and computing, I think it's safe to say they came up often in science news in 2025.

• 1:21Emily Kwong?

  Yeah.

• 1:21Speaker 01

  It used to be a concept that we heard about, you know, like in sci fi. But this year, scientists have been talking about its utility I R L.

• 1:29Emily Kwong?

  Okay, quantum in real life, how so?

• 1:32Speaker 01

  Well, for one thing, despite all the slashing and burning the Trump administration has done around science investments this year, quantum computing and science is one of two things that they've pledged to preserve funding in, along with AI.

• 1:46Emily Kwong?

  Yes, AI for sure, too. When it comes to quantum, there's also been a ton of investment from tech companies, right?

• 1:52Speaker 01

  Yeah, exactly. Billions of dollars, both from our government and from China's government, as well as tech companies. Google, for example, continues to tout breakthroughs that they've made, something called quantum supremacy, or quantum advantage.

• 2:06Speaker 02

  Today, Google Quantum AI is unveiling the first demonstration of verifiable quantum advantage, a critical step that transforms quantum computing from being science into doing science.

• 2:20Emily Kwong?

  Wow. That little ding at the end really sells it. Quantum advantage.

• 2:26Speaker 01

  They have been bragging a lot about this new quantum computing chip they have called Willow, which they say is an indicator of real progress in the field.

• 2:35Emily Kwong?

  Yeah, let's talk about the progress of the field because the Nobel Prize this year, one of them, had to do with work in quantum mechanics.

• 2:42Speaker 01

  Right. So 2025 Physics Nobel was awarded jointly to John Clark, Michel Devouy and John Martini's for their work proving a concept called quantum mechanical tunneling.

• 2:54Emily Kwong?

  What is quantum mechanical tunneling?

• 2:56Speaker 01

  So it's a fundamental concept of quantum that particles can tunnel their way through barriers that by the conventional rules of physics, they shouldn't be able to penetrate. The work happened a few decades ago, but many people now credit it with laying the foundation for advancements in quantum that have happened since then.

• 3:16Emily Kwong?

  One thing, Katie, I'm wondering, when is quantum going to be a part of my life? Like, what can it do for regular folks?

• 3:22Speaker 01

  Yeah. What have you done for me lately, quantum? Once you get past the question of what it actually is, the next logical question, when will it actually pay off? We hear that quantum science and engineering can one day help do things like cure diseases or design new materials or optimize things like traffic or supply chains or use cases that we can't even fathom right now. I talked to a lot of scientists for this story about this question. And even the ones who are working on the front lines of this field are really managing expectations, both theirs and ours, on that question.

• 4:02Emily Kwong?

  Today on the show, is the future really quantum? And if so, when?

• 4:07Speaker 01

  We go beyond the quantum hype to get a sense of where the science really is.

• 4:11Emily Kwong?

  You're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

• 4:24Emily Kwong?

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• 5:28Emily Kwong?

  This message comes from HomeServe. Got a burst pipe, HVAC outage, or electrical issue? HomeServe has your back. Go to homeserve.com/audio for 50% less your first year. Savings compared to renewal price, Ford in Florida. OK, Kedya, let us start with quantum physics itself. Can you remind me what that is?

• 5:46Speaker 01

  Right. Quantum is the physics of the smallest things. Electrons, photons, other subatomic particles. The wild part is, they don't follow the same rules as the stuff that we can see. Their behavior is weird, but it's consistently weird.

• 6:04Emily Kwong?

  I love consistently weird. And I loved the movie Ant-Man, whose plot was very dependent on this.

• 6:10Speaker 01

  I have not seen it, but now I want to.

• 6:13Emily Kwong?

  You should, it's really good. Um, what is an example of how subatomic particles behave in weird ways?

• 6:19Speaker 01

  One of the concepts you hear a lot is superposition. That means a particle that can be in multiple potential states at once. You've heard of Schrodinger's cat, dead and alive. Like, the universe hasn't decided if the cat is dead or alive until the box containing the cat is open. It's a cloud of probabilities.

• 6:40Emily Kwong?

  Right. And in the world of quantum, it means superposition means that particles could be doing many things at once.

• 6:48Speaker 01

  Right, and this is a concept that's been around for a while, almost as long as the whole field. It was established 100 years ago, around the time of Niels Bohr and Einstein.

• 6:58Emily Kwong?

  What does this have to do with quantum computing? How does that fit together?

• 7:02Speaker 01

  Yeah, so what I've been talking about is quantum physics. The idea with quantum computers is that they can actually use these behaviors. We humans like to think we're smart, but nature is still much better than us at innovation. If you can harness quantum to use in computing, then we can accurately simulate the behavior of molecules and subatomic particles.

• 7:25Emily Kwong?

  Yeah. How does that compare to classical computing paradigms?

• 7:29Speaker 01

  Classical computers use bits, zeros and ones. Everything your computer does is just a big pattern of those. Quantum computing thinks in something called qubits, which can be zero and one at the same time in a probabilistic sense. That's back to that superposition idea.

• 7:47Emily Kwong?

  Right, this is why people say quantum computers can try out a lot of possibilities all at once.

• 7:53Speaker 01

  Exactly. I went on a mission to find a metaphor to explain quantum computing. And first of all, let me say there is no perfect metaphor, but one that I got that was kind of helpful from Dominic Wollemann, he's a physicist, is light switches.

• 8:08Speaker 04

  So if you've got a bunch of light switches that turn a bunch of lights on and off all the time, that's like a normal computer in binary. It's in one state at a time.

• 8:18Speaker 01

  So say you're trying to get your house lit just right. You might try different combinations of lights, on, off, and in different rooms until you get it just right. But quantum computers obey different rules. Quantum computers think in shades of gray.

• 8:31Speaker 04

  It's kind of like all of the lights are on, but on a dimmer switch.

• 8:37Speaker 01

  So instead of checking every combination of lights, one by one, like a classical computer, a quantum computer can represent all those combinations at once as probabilities. So say you have 20 Twenty light switches, some are on and some are off. That's like a classical computer. In a quantum computer, you would instead have 20 light switches with dimmers, all set to varying degrees of brightness. Now, this does not mean that quantum computers instantly solve everything. But that potential parallelism in problem solving is why people are so excited.

• 9:14Emily Kwong?

  Very cool, very cool. Because it's just processing so many things in parallel. It's significantly more efficient at problem solving. Question, what do quantum computers actually look like? Because I can't just swap out my laptop for one.

• 9:28Speaker 01

  No, that's gonna be a long time until that happens. Right now, they're huge, like the size of a refrigerator. Secondly, they are cold, colder than some places in space. Inside of them is equipment like microwave wires, shielding layers, filters. And then at the very bottom is this quantum processor, which carries signals down to the quantum chip.

• 9:50Emily Kwong?

  The quantum chip is what's at the heart of all of this.

• 9:52Speaker 01

  Yes, exactly. It's like a giant onion with a tiny 1 to 2 centimeter chip at the very heart of it. That's, that's all.

• 10:00Emily Kwong?

  Very different than today's computers. All right, so on the matter of expectations, we have heard a lot of big dreams coming from the tech world regarding quantum, that it will cure diseases, solve traffic, design new batteries. How realistic are those?

• 10:18Speaker 01

  Yes, so many scientists genuinely believe quantum computing could help with things like simulating molecules or developing new materials. Because those problems are just incredibly complex, too complex for classical computers. But.

• 10:36Emily Kwong?

  But.

• 10:37Speaker 01

  Another guy I talked to, Bill Pfefferman, he's focused his life's work on quantum physics, and he's pretty skeptical about its actual usefulness.

• 10:45Speaker 05

  While I think there's been a lot of exciting progress toward building large-scale quantum computers, one thing that's super important to realize is that we've not yet seen a quantum experiment that both solves a problem that's provably hard and also is independently useful for society.

• 11:01Speaker 01

  Oh, Bill is a computer scientist at University of Chicago. He says the field is still just very early. We don't have quantum computers that can do useful, real-world tasks yet.

• 11:13Emily Kwong?

  Wait, so then where are all these milestones coming from that we hear about from, from folks like Google?

• 11:18Speaker 01

  Right. Before we can use quantum computing to, for example, cure cancer, we have to make sure that quantum computers we have are accurate. That is a really, really hard task. We talked about this idea of quantum supremacy. That's the idea that a quantum computer solves a problem faster than any classical computer could in a reasonable amount of time.

• 11:42Emily Kwong?

  Yeah, and that's what Google is claiming to have done with their computer chip.

• 11:46Speaker 01

  Yes, Google is claiming to with their computer chip. I talked to Karina Chow, she's the COO at Google Quantum AI, and they make this claim.

• 11:55Emily Kwong?

  So, Google demonstrated this on a quantum chip in 2019. It showed, alright, on our best quantum chip, it would take a couple of minutes to solve this random circuit sampling benchmark problem, and it would take 10,000 years on the world's best supercomputer. Okay, so they solved a problem that would have taken a normal computer 10,000 years accurately. That is the breakthrough.

• 12:18Speaker 01

  Well, it depends on who you talk to. It would be, but some people disputed this claim. IBM came out shortly afterward and showed that they had a classical computer solve it in a couple of days. Google stands by their claim. They argue it still did show quantum supremacy at the time. So, it's debatable how significant these milestones are, or when they'll yield something useful. So, basically, real progress, unclear payoff timeline.

• 12:48Emily Kwong?

  But then why does the US government and tech companies keep pouring money into this field if it has not yielded anything major yet?

• 12:55Speaker 01

  That is something I talked to Bill Pfefferman about. He, again, is the number one skeptic, but he underscored that these claims by Google and others, they are milestones.

• 13:04Speaker 05

  It's not a failure. Actually, these claims, it's not clear at all that they're not correct when they come out.

• 13:10Speaker 01

  His point was, this is how science works. We invent something, we kick the tires, we keep inventing. He started in this field in 2014, after he got his PhD, and here's where it was at that time.

• 13:22Speaker 05

  We thought we were working on sort of...

• 13:26Speaker 05

  You know, science fiction experiments, like, we didn't think that this would ever come close to fruition.

• 13:31Speaker 01

  So amid his skepticism is genuine excitement for quantum's future.

• 13:36Emily Kwong?

  So bottom line, if I'm telling a friend about quantum computing, what is the best, most accurate thing to say right now?

• 13:43Speaker 01

  There's consensus that the potential is huge, beyond what we can even imagine right now. But no one knows when we'll see that potential deliver into real world applications. Could be five years, could be 50, could be something in between.

• 13:56Emily Kwong?

  Katie Riddle, thank you for taking the quantum leap with us today.

• 14:00Speaker 01

  Anytime, Emily.

• 14:02Emily Kwong?

  If you enjoyed this episode, short waivers, follow us on the platform you're listening to and check out our episode on quantum clocks. We'll link it in the show notes. This episode was produced by Burley McCoy. It was edited by our showrunner Rebecca Ramirez and fact checked by Tyler Jones. Kwasi Lee was the audio engineer. Beth Donovan is our vice president of podcasting. I'm Emily Kwong. Thank you for listening to Short Wave from NPR.

• 14:37Speaker 03

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