#495: David Rubenstein, Co-Founder of The Carlyle Group, on Lessons Learned, Jeff Bezos, Raising Billions of Dollars, Advising Presidents, and Sprinting to the End

David Rubenstein, Co-Founder of The Carlyle Group, on Lessons Learned, Jeff Bezos, Raising Billions of Dollars, Advising Presidents, and Sprinting to the End | Brought to you by ShipStation https://www.shipstation.com/?ref=tim shipping software, Headspace http://headspace.com/tim easy-to-use app with guided meditations, and Theragun http://theragun.com/tim percussive muscle therapy devices. More on all three below. David M. Rubenstein (davidrubenstein.com http://www.davidrubenstein.com/) is co-founder and co-executive chairman of The Carlyle Group https://www.carlyle.com/, a global investment firm with $230 billion under management. David is chairman of the boards of trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the Council on Foreign Relations, a fellow of the Harvard Corporation, and a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. David, an original signer of the Giving Pledge, has made transformative gifts for the restoration or repair of the Washington Monument, Kennedy Center, Smithsonian, National Archives, National Zoo, and the National Museum of African American History and Culture. David is host of The David Rubenstein Show: Peer-to-Peer Conversations https://www.bloomberg.com/peer-to-peer on Bloomberg TV and the author of The American Story: Conversations with Master Historians https://www.amazon.com/American-Story-Conversations-Master-Historians/dp/1982120258/?tag=offsitoftimfe-20 and How to Lead: Wisdom from the World’s Greatest CEOs, Founders, and Game Changers https://www.amazon.com/How-Lead-Greatest-Founders-Changers/dp/1982132159/?tag=offsitoftimfe-20. David is a graduate of Duke University and the University of Chicago Law School. Please enjoy! * This episode is brought to you by ShipStation https://www.shipstation.com/?ref=tim. Do you sell stuff online? 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It’s a famous, handheld percussive therapy device that releases your deepest muscle tension. I own two Theraguns, and my girlfriend and I use them every day after workouts and before bed. The all-new Gen 4 Theragun http://theragun.com/tim is easy to use and has a proprietary brushless motor that’s surprisingly quiet—about as quiet as an electric toothbrush. Go to Theragun.com/Tim http://theragun.com/tim right now and get your Gen 4 Theragun today, starting at only $199. * This episode is also brought to you by Headspace https://www.headspace.com/tim! Headspace is your daily dose of mindfulness in the form of guided meditations https://www.headspace.com/tim in an easy-to-use app. Whatever the situation, Headspace https://www.headspace.com/tim can help you feel better. Overwhelmed? Headspace has a 3-minute SOS meditation for you. Need some help falling asleep? Headspace https://www.headspace.com/tim has wind-down sessions their members swear by. And for parents, Headspace https://www.headspace.com/tim even has morning meditations you can do with your kids. Headspace’s approach to mindfulness can reduce stress, improve sleep, boost focus, and increase your overall sense of well-being. Go to Headspace.com/Tim https://www.headspace.com/tim for a FREE one-month trial with access to Headspace https://www.headspace.com/tim’s full library of meditations for every situation. * If you enjoy the podcast, would you please consider leaving a short review on Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-tim-ferriss-show/id863897795?mt=2/iTunes? It takes less than 60 seconds, and it really makes a difference in helping to convince hard-to-get guests. I also love reading the reviews! For show notes and past guests, please visit tim.blog/podcast https://tim.blog/podcast/?utm_source=podcast&utm_medium=podcast&utm_campaign=podcast-description. 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Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Tim Ferriss?

  This episode is brought to you by Headspace. Life can be stressful, even under normal circumstances. 2020 has challenged even the most resilient people I know. It's highlighted just how much we all need stress relief that goes beyond quick fixes, or really the hope for just a one and done Band-Aid. Quick is fine, but we need stuff that is durable, and that's where Headspace comes in. Headspace is your daily dose of mindfulness in the form of guided meditations in an easy to use app. Now, you might ask yourself, very reasonably, there are 2,000 plus apps for meditation. Why would I use Headspace? Headspace is one of the only meditation apps advancing the field of mindfulness and meditation through clinically validated research.

• 0:42Tim Ferriss?

  Headspace is backed by 25 published studies on its benefits, 600,000 five-star reviews, and more than 60 million downloads. So if people keep telling you to try meditation and you're like, when would I do that? When would I possibly have time? You should check out Headspace. If you have 10 minutes, Headspace can change your life. Headspace offers a really light lift and a lot of features to keep you going, which is part of the reason that I've used Headspace for years now. So whatever the situation, Headspace can really help you feel better. Overwhelmed? Headspace has a three-minute SOS meditation for you. Need some help falling asleep? Headspace has wind-down sessions their members swear by. And for parents, Headspace even has morning meditations you can do with your kids.

• 1:24Tim Ferriss?

  Headspace's approach to mindfulness can reduce stress, improve sleep, boost focus, and increase your overall sense of well-being. And it really starts with very, very simple practices. And if you look at my case, for instance, I just went through one of the basics today with the co-founder, Andy. I think it's Puttacom, could be Puttycomb, I'm not sure. But former monk turned into co-founder of Headspace, has the most soothing hypnotic voice imaginable, and I did a three-minute meditation, something like that. It's easy, it's fundamental, and it always puts me in a better space. So I'm going through the basics. Even though I've meditated for years, I'm going through the basics once again. And I would suggest to anyone that they consider...

• 2:10Tim Ferriss?

  Starting there. Headspace makes it easy for you to build a life-changing meditation practice with mindfulness that works for you on your schedule, anytime, anywhere. We all want to feel happier. We all want more peace. And Headspace is meditation made simple. Go to headspace.com/tim. That's headspace.com/tim for a free one-month trial with access to Headspace's full library of meditations for every conceivable possible situation. You can break glass in case of emergency in almost any situation and find something on Headspace. This is the best deal offered right now for Headspace. So check it out. Go to headspace.com/tim today.

• 2:53Tim Ferriss?

  This episode is brought to you by Theragun. I have two Theraguns, and they are worth their weight in gold. I've been using them every single day. Whether you're an elite athlete or just a regular person trying to get through your day, muscle pain and muscle tension are real things. That's why I use the Theragun. I use it at night. I use it after workouts. It is a handheld percussive therapy device that releases your deepest muscle tension. So for instance, at night, I might use it on the bottom of my feet. It's helped with my plantar fasciitis. I will have my girlfriend use it up and down the middle of my back, and I'll use it on her. It's an easy way for us to actually trade massages, in effect. And you can think of it, in fact, as massage reinvented on some level. Helps with performance,

• 3:38Tim Ferriss?

  helps with recovery, helps with just getting your back to feel better before bed after you've been sitting for way too many hours. I love this thing. And the all-new Gen 4 Theragun has a proprietary brushless motor that is surprisingly quiet. It's easy to use, and about as quiet as an electric toothbrush. It's pretty astonishing. You really have to feel the Theragun's signature power, amplitude, and effectiveness to believe it. It's one of my favorite gadgets in my house at this point. So, I encourage you to check it out. Try Theragun. That's Thera, T-H-E-R-A-G-U-N. There's no substitute for the Gen 4 Theragun with an OLED screen. That's O-L-E-D, for those wondering. That's organic light-emitting diode.

• 4:20Tim Ferriss?

  Screen, personalized Theragun app, and incredible combination of quiet and power. So go to Theragun.com/Tim right now and get your Gen 4 Theragun today, or you can watch the videos on the site, which show you all sorts of different ways to use it. A lot of runner friends of mine use them on their IT bands after long runs. There are a million ways to use it. And the Gen 4 Theraguns start at just $199. I said I have two. I have the Prime and I also have the Pro, which is like the super Cadillac version. My girlfriend loves the soft attachments on that. So check it out. Go to Theragun.com/Tim. One more time, Theragun.com/Tim. At this altitude, I can run flat out for a half mile before my hands start shaking.

• 5:05Speaker 01

  Can I ask you a personal question?

• 5:06Speaker 02

  No, it would seem inappropriate to me.

• 5:09Speaker 01

  I'm a cybernetic organism, living tissue over metal endoskeleton.

• 5:23Tim Ferriss?

  Hello, boys and girls, ladies and germs. This is Tim Ferriss and welcome to another episode of The Tim Ferriss Show, where it is my job to interview and deconstruct world-class performers of all different types, from all different fields. My guest today is David M. Rubenstein. He is co-founder and co-executive chairman of The Carlyle Group, a global investment firm with approximately $230 billion under management. Mr. Rubenstein is chairman of the Boards of Trustees of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the Council on Foreign Relations, a fellow of the Harvard Corporation and a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. He is an original signer of the Giving Pledge and has made transformative gifts for the restoration or repair of the Washington Monument, Kennedy Center, Smithsonian, National Archives, National Zoo, and the National Museum of African American History and Culture.

• 6:08Tim Ferriss?

  Mr. Rubenstein is also host of The David Rubenstein Show, Peer-to-Peer Conversations on Bloomberg TV, and the author of The American Story, subtitle Conversations with Master Historians, and his latest How to Lead, subtitle Wisdom from the World's Greatest CEOs, Founders, and Game Changers. He is a graduate of Duke University and the University of Chicago Law School. You can find him online at davidrubenstein.com. David, welcome to the show.

• 6:36Speaker 03

  Thank you very much for having me, Tim.

• 6:39Tim Ferriss?

  If we hop back to...

• 6:43Tim Ferriss?

  Your, I suppose adolescence or childhood, depending on how we want to frame it. What direction did you think you were going to take when you were, say, in your early teens? At that point, did you have an inkling of an idea of what you wanted to be or what you wanted to do?

• 7:01Speaker 03

  I did. I was very interested in politics, maybe because my sixth grade teacher drummed into me and all of my classmates, the inaugural address of John Kennedy and how it was poetry in prose form. We studied it. And like many young people in those days, we were attracted to the image, the vigorous image, the young image of a president who contrasted so much with his predecessor, Dwight Eisenhower, in terms of image and youth and vigor and so forth. And so I always thought that politics was the highest calling of mankind, as I would say then. And so I was interested in going into politics. And then I thought, to go into politics, you have to be a lawyer. And to be a lawyer, you have to learn how to read and write reasonably well and talk reasonably well. And those were probably skill sets that I thought I had.

• 7:45Speaker 03

  I didn't think I was a great scientist in terms of going to medical school. And I really didn't know about business because business was not something that was really very common in those days. This is the 1950s and 60s. There were no hedge funds. There were no private equity funds. There were no tech startups. If you went into business in those days, you only had three choices. You went into your family business, which was typically a small business. You would join a gigantic company like JP Morgan Guarantee or Procter and Gamble. Or you might find a local business in your city that wasn't famous nationally, but basically had a local kind of business. But those are the business opportunities. People didn't think about getting wealthy. And I didn't aspire to make a lot of money.

• 8:28Speaker 03

  I didn't think it was realistic. So I really wanted to be in politics and be a lawyer to get into politics.

• 8:33Tim Ferriss?

  When did Ted Sorensen enter the picture? And for those who don't recognize the name, as I didn't, who is Ted Sorensen? You can tackle that in either direction.

• 8:42Speaker 03

  When John Kennedy was elected to the United States Senate in 1952.

• 8:48Speaker 03

  He started hiring new staffers. He had been in the House of Representatives from 1946 on. He'd served three terms in the House. Then he was elected to the Senate and he started hiring some young people. He interviewed a young man who was then, I think, twenty-five or six, named Ted Sorensen, who'd been first in his class at University of Nebraska Law School. Very smart person, but didn't have roots in Washington DC. But he came there looking for a job. He had a choice between Scoop Jackson, then a senator from Washington State, or the new John Kennedy. He decided Kennedy would offer a greater career opportunity. He became his top advisor in many ways, but also his speechwriter. And later, John Kennedy would say, his intellectual blood bank.

• 9:29Speaker 03

  And so John Kennedy's wonderful rhetoric, his great speeches, his great writings, The Profiles in Courage, were to some extent written with the great help of a man named Ted Sorensen. And so when Ted Sorensen stayed with John Kennedy, when he elected president, he became his top, I would say, advisor on many different things, but principally his top speechwriter. And so I admired a man who had written these brilliant words. And so at the time that I was getting ready to leave the law school and go to law firms, I decided I wanted to go to the firm in New York that he was at, in part because a lot of people in that firm, Paul Weiss, had political backgrounds. Adlai Stevenson had been there, Arthur Goldberg had been there,

• 10:11Speaker 03

  Ramsey Clark had been there, Ted Sorensen, many other prominent people were there. And I thought it had the combination of what I wanted, a lot of good legal training, but also people who cared about politics and government. And I thought if I worked with Ted Sorensen a bit, he could help me ultimately get into government myself.

• 10:27Tim Ferriss?

  Are some of the best, and this is coming from someone who knows nothing about speechwriting, especially from a political perspective. Are many of the best speechwriters in politics extremely young? Is it like professional sports? Because I'm thinking of your description of Ted Sorensen. I'm thinking of Jon Favreau, the speechwriter for Obama, and not the director. Is that common to find that speechwriters have their power zone in earlier years?

• 10:56Speaker 03

  Yes, for a number of reasons. You know, mathematicians are generally said to peak at the, you know, maybe the age of 30. You don't find a lot of mathematicians doing great things at the age of 60 or so. And in the speechwriting world, it requires a round-the-clock kind of dedication to writing because you're working for a senator, or a governor, or a president. There are an infinite number of speeches you have to write, and it requires a pretty good work quotient. You know, when you're 60 or 70, you probably can't work quite those hours that you can when you're in your 20s and 30s pulling all-nighters. Also, it's not a highly-paid profession. It's not like you get equity in a private equity transaction. So you're not highly-paid, and therefore, you tend to get people who are generally single, or maybe newly-married, and people who are young. And that's what you see in all presidential staffs when we

• 11:41Speaker 03

  look at their speechwriting contingent. So yes, that's probably true. Ted Sorensen became the top speechwriter at 31, and then when John Kennedy died from assassination, I think Ted Sorensen was then probably 34, 35. So you think about it, at the age of 34, 35, his whole career kind of ended in some respects. He then became, made himself a very good lawyer. He stayed with President Johnson for a while, but he was always known as the great speechwriter in the intellectual blood bank for John Kennedy.

• 12:11Tim Ferriss?

  Intellectual blood bank. That's a term I'm gonna have to find a way to use at some point.

• 12:15Speaker 03

  Richard Nixon had said, you know, Richard Nixon, who wasn't famous for those great speeches, and maybe, you know, John Kennedy deserves some credit for it. He was a reasonably good writer himself, and he aspired to be a writer had he not gone to politics. So I didn't want to make it sound like it's all Sorensen. But Richard Nixon once said to somebody, "If I had had Ted Sorensen as my speechwriter, I could have given those great speeches, and maybe I would have been elected president in 1960."

• 12:42Tim Ferriss?

  The secret weapon, Weapon X. I've read a number of descriptions, and also heard you describe being told, when you were practicing law, some version of, "Hey, pal, you're not really cut out for this. Maybe you should try something else." Did that affect you, if I'm getting that part of the story right? Or did you just view it as a prerequisite, intermediate step to politics, and as such, that that did not really affect you on any deep level?

• 13:13Speaker 03

  I've said that many times and it's somewhat tongue in cheek. I was, nobody was saying I was a Supreme Court clerk or going to be the greatest lawyer of all time. I suspect had I stayed at Paul Weiss, I might have worked my way up maybe to becoming a partner. It took about seven or eight years to become a partner, but I might not have. In my class that started at Paul Weiss, we had about 24, 25 people. I think only two stayed long enough, or three stayed long enough to be partner. So maybe I wouldn't have made it, but I would say I was an okay lawyer, but a great lawyer has a dedication to the practice of law that maybe I didn't have. They have an attention to detail that maybe I didn't have. They have a relish for kind of having blinders on and just focusing on these narrow issues, and which is a very good skill. And I was always

• 13:58Speaker 03

  interested in so many different things. I had more eclectic interests. So I'm not sure I would have been a great lawyer, but had I been a reasonable lawyer and stayed, and I think the life of a lawyer was all that great. You basically were, you know, had clients. You weren't going to make a lot of money as a lawyer relative to what you would make in business. You were, you know, captive of a client. And so I, I really was interested not in practicing law and probably not living in New York at the time. So I really was interested in going to Washington and getting involved in politics and maybe going to the White House.

• 14:27Tim Ferriss?

  Well, let's hop to the White House next. And this is always a wobbly terrain for me because I unfortunately consider myself at least moderately politically illiterate or uninformed at the very best. I'm trying to remedy that, but it's one baby step at a time. So how did you end up, as I understand it, the deputy domestic policy advisor under President Carter? How did you get there?

• 14:52Speaker 03

  Most people who get White House jobs tend to work in the campaign one way or the other, and they know the candidate in one way or the other. At a young age, you have people who are in their 23, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, they're working in campaigns. In my case, I got a job on Capitol Hill that Ted Sorensen helped me get. The person I was working for, Senator Birch Bay, was running for president. I thought that was a twofer. I get to work on Capitol Hill. He might get to be president, so I could learn something about Congress, but I might get to work in the White House. He dropped out shortly after I joined his Senate staff, and then an opportunity came to interview for the Staff that was being assembled for the general election campaign in 1976 for Jimmy Carter. Jimmy Carter had had only one full-time staff person working on his policy staff.

• 15:37Speaker 03

  And in those days, that was even then, it was small. And that person ultimately had to go out and hire a staff for the general election campaign. He came to Capitol Hill, interviewed some bright, young Capitol Hill people. I got an interview. He hired me. I went to work down in Georgia for three months of the general election. We won the election. My boss became the assistant to the president for domestic policy. And I was one of his two deputies. And so I got a job as his deputy and an office in the West Wing. And here I am, 27, three years out of law school. And all of a sudden, I'm making more than I would have been making in, in, in private practice, as it turns out, for some strange reason. And then I'm, you know, I got an office in the West Wing and I'm running around Air Force One and Marine One with the President of the United States. So pretty heady stuff, I would say.

• 16:22Tim Ferriss?

  Would you describe yourself as qualified for that position? Number one, and what does, in any case, what does the first, say, month of being on that job look like for you in terms of your priorities and how you're thinking about executing?

• 16:38Speaker 03

  I wasn't qualified by the traditional standards of, of having a lot of experience. But, you know, if you look at all White House staffs, they often are filled with, you know, the junior level with young people. These are people that work in campaigns and they get rewarded by working on the White House staffs. Some of them turn out to be really great and some of them turn out to be less than great. And I knew a lot of people from the campaign. So I actually was pretty conversant with the people who got the jobs in the White House, even though I was not a Georgian and I, I had not been involved with Jimmy Carter, really. And I had not even met Jimmy Carter until about two weeks into the White House. I'd never even met him in the campaign. So I, you know, it was a little unusual, yes.

• 17:16Tim Ferriss?

  And was there a curriculum, so to speak, or a way of learning on the job? I'm just, I'm curious how someone who seems to be such a diligent student in, in all things, who has what seems to be clearly an almost a dead memory. I mean, you, you have such a incredible ability to retain facts and figures and to then use them in speeches and fundraising and so on. How did you approach learning the job of deputy domestic policy advisor?

• 17:46Speaker 03

  Right. I would say that the first thing you mentioned is I can remember things pretty well and details of the things 10, 20, 30 years ago, things I read. Trying to find my keys from time to time can be a challenge, particularly if they're in my hand. So you do find this bizarre thing that you can't remember where you put your glasses, even though they might be on your forehead, but you can remember something that happened in 1312 or something. I don't know. I don't know why the brain works that way. But to answer your quite specific question, what Jimmy Carter wanted to do was to do everything at once. He didn't really want to focus on one or two priorities, and people told him that was a mistake, but he said, "Look, as many presidents do, if you're so smart, how come I'm President of the United States and you're not?" So many presidents say that.

• 18:30Speaker 03

  And so he basically thought, "Look, now's a chance to get things done that he wanted to get done." So we tried everything. So we have to have bills to Congress, we have to respond to things the Congress wants to do. And so my job was to help my boss, who was the domestic adviser, who had known Carter for quite some time. And so he had really good insights as to Carter, what Carter wanted. And we had a domestic policy staff of about 40 people. And so my job was to help coordinate things with them. They had specialties in various areas. We had to worry about agriculture, housing, energy, whatever it was. And my job was to help coordinate, write some memos and things like that. And then the 10 meetings where these discussions are being held. And it was a little, you know, heady when your parents have not graduated from college or high school. And then one day, they're standing on the south lawn, because I invited them, and they

• 19:15Speaker 03

  see me walking out of the Oval Office, which is Jimmy Carter and me and a Secret Service, and we're getting on Marine One to go some trip. And so they were kind of saying, "How did this happen?" And of course, I'm saying that to myself, "How did this happen?" But lots of times in life, people get jobs that they're not really that qualified for. And it wasn't that unusual. There were a lot of people who probably had less qualification than I did, and some had more qualification than I did. That's just the way all White House staffs tend to work.

• 19:39Tim Ferriss?

  We're going to get to business, of course, to the finance world and so on. But before we do, I'm curious, up to that point in time, in retrospect... What were some of the best decisions that you made or investments of time up to that point in your career? And you strike me as very, at least in many respects, in many facets of your life, quite methodical, thoughtful, analytical. So whether by design or by luck, what were some of the best decisions that you made up to that point?

• 20:12Speaker 03

  Well, I guess there are some personal ones. I decided not to drink alcohol, so I've never tasted alcohol. The club that I was in, the Lancers Club, I would say that the judge probably didn't think young men should be drinking alcohol, and I just adopted that rule, and that was probably a good thing. I saved a lot of time and didn't get in any trouble. And the same with other kinds of things like drugs or things like that. So kind of staying on the straight and narrow was probably helpful. Secondly, being a hard worker, I generally had the view that if you worked hard, it was better than if you didn't work hard, you're more likely to produce something and get something done. And so I generally made myself into a bit of a hard worker and admired people who had done that as well. And so I also read a lot.

• 20:57Speaker 03

  I tried to perfect three skills, very simple ones. Learn how to write. I had a very good high school teacher, and he taught me and others in my class how to write the King's English in a way that's comprehensible. And so I liked to write, and I thought I was reasonably good at it, and so I was pretty good at writing memos or things like that. Secondly, learn how to talk. You know, you have to learn how to communicate as well orally if you're going to get somewhere in life. And so I took advantage of every opportunity I could to learn how to speak by taking speaking engagements or just watching people speak or reading about people who've been great speakers and practicing the kind of things they had done. And then just reading everything I could, just reading, just reading every newspaper,

• 21:41Speaker 03

  every magazine article I could that was relevant to what I was doing, just soaking up as much information as I could. And so those kind of basic skills were helpful to me. And ultimately, in the end, if you're willing to do all that and put the hours in, you can get somewhere in life.

• 21:56Tim Ferriss?

  I've watched a number of talks that you've given, including one at Oxford from a handful of years ago, I think 2018.

• 22:04Speaker 03

  Right.

• 22:05Tim Ferriss?

  If you were teaching a freshman seminar on, you could pick either speaking well or writing well, and understanding they're quite closely related in a lot of ways.

• 22:19Tim Ferriss?

  How might you go about teaching either of those? Would there be any particular exercises or principles that you would put forth?

• 22:28Speaker 03

  Well, like in anything, it's practice. So in writing, writing as much as you can, writing, in my case, memos or writing other things that people might read publicly, but just practicing writing, having somebody go over with you and pointing out the mistakes and learning how to make sure you understand grammar and punctuation. When Jimmy Carter was president, he was obsessed with proper punctuation and grammar. And so all of us were very careful. We sent a memo to him. It had to be written extremely well because he was very careful about those kinds of things. In terms of speaking orally, it's an important skill that I think many people don't practice as much as they should. But in my case, I try to take advantage of all the opportunities I might get to speak

• 23:12Speaker 03

  somewhere and learn how to speak in a way that works for each person. Now, if you watch that speech, and I was in, I remember that event, I was invited to go to Oxford, the Oxford, I think it's called Political Union or, I think that's what it was called. And so I, you know, I'd never been to Oxford, so I get there and, and they'd say, okay, well, this is a great thing, lots of famous people come here. I said, really? Who was the speaker right before me? They said, well, last week we had Monica Lewinsky. I said, oh, okay. So I, you know, didn't know whether I should, I was a step up or a step down. I didn't know in terms of attracting people, she probably attracted a lot more people than I did. But if you saw that speech, what I have tried over the years to develop a style that works for me, but may not work for other people, which is to not read from a text.

• 23:55Speaker 03

  So if I give a commencement speech or any kind of speech these days, I generally, what I do is I write out what I want to say, and so somebody might want a written text where I might outline it, and then I try to commit it to memory. And I find when you're looking at an audience and you can look at them in the eye, not looking up and down, up and down, up and down, you can be a more effective speaker. But, you know, if everybody can't do that style, many people get nervous about not being able to remember exactly what they were supposed to say. And my own view is it's not that hard if you practice it. So if you watch speeches I give or interviews that I do, I don't use notes. My view is that I can commit most of it to memory, and if I forget one or two things, nobody will really remember that. And I think it's easier to have a conversation that way.

• 24:37Speaker 03

  It's also easier to give a speech that is going to be listened to as opposed to when you have your head buried down and you're just reading from a text.

• 24:44Tim Ferriss?

  So the Oxford Union presentation portion was probably 30 to 40 minutes. And you have a very action-packed word-per-minute rate. You do not dilly-dally, so you get a lot in. It's probably an hour to an hour and a half worth of material for a lot of other people. How do you commit that to memory? Is it reading it over and over again? Is it practicing it as rehearsal? What is your process?

• 25:12Speaker 03

  My process is if I'm going to give a speech, and it works typically, this kind of speech I gave at Oxford is a speech I've given before, so it's not that hard. A speech talking about my background and the things I'm working on, or whatever it might be. So it's not that difficult to do. If I'm giving a commencement speech and want to say something a little bit different, I do tend to write it out, and then I try to take the written thing, and then I'll give it to the university if they want to have a written record of what I was, my actual text. And then I'll commit the 15 points, the key ones, and just kind of memorize the key points. And I can do it because my brain works in a certain way. I remember after point one, the logical thing is to have point two, and after point two, the logical thing would be go to point three. And so it's really not that hard.

• 25:57Speaker 03

  I find that people who actually have notes in front of them actually stumble more than people that don't have notes. Because when you're reading from a page, sometimes you might misread something, you might mispronounce something. It's actually easier when you don't have notes in many respects. Though I have been surprised, honestly, sometimes people who are gifted, gifted speakers, sometimes they have notes in front of them, and they're just better at reading a text than I guess I am. But sometimes I've seen some really famous lawyers and other people who are great political figures, they still feel uncomfortable in giving a speech without a note. They want to have it written down. And I understand that everybody has their own style, but that's my style, is to kind

• 26:41Speaker 03

  of look at the audience and talk to them, or look to the person you're interviewing and talk to him or her, and not use notes. It's not as hard as it sounds, honestly.

• 26:52Tim Ferriss?

  Just a quick thanks to one of our sponsors and we'll be right back to the show. This episode is brought to you by ShipStation. I've been super impressed with these guys. ShipStation is the shipping software with the most five-star reviews. Now, speaking as a former e-commerce CEO, back in a previous incarnation when I was shipping tens of thousands and then hundreds of thousands of products, this is what I wish I had way back in the day. As folks adapt to this changing world, these strange times, we are all going to be buying more stuff online than ever before. And if you're an e-commerce seller, or if you want to be selling more online, you

• 27:32Tim Ferriss?

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• 28:14Tim Ferriss?

  your free trial without even entering your credit card info. Just visit shipstation.com, click on the microphone at the top of the homepage, and type in TIM. One more time, shipstation.com, click on the microphone at the top, and type in TIM. That's me, T-I-M. Check it out.

• 28:32Tim Ferriss?

  How did you decide and when, at what age, did you decide to become an entrepreneur?

• 28:41Speaker 03

  Well, I didn't really decide at a young age. I wanted to do that. My goal in life was simply to work in the White House. And I thought, okay, how might I go? I'm 27 years old. I'm at the White House. And I thought that in the second term, Carter would be reelected because most presidents get reelected. Most, obviously, we've seen the one that didn't get reelected recently, but most get reelected. The ones that didn't in the 20th century, though, were Gerald Ford, George Herbert Walker Bush, and Jimmy Carter. But they get reelected. My thought was Jimmy Carter's a really smart person. Ronald Reagan is very old. I thought, how can he get, you know, he can't get out of the bed in the morning. He's 69 years old. I'm now 71, so I don't think it's quite as old as it used to. In fact, he looks kind of young now, 69, how he was so young.

• 29:26Speaker 03

  But I thought, how could Carter lose? He's so smart. Yes, we had hostage problems, but we'll get the hostages out. Yes, we had inflation, but it wasn't his fault. Yes, we had gas lines, but it wasn't his fault. So you, there's a cognitive dissidence that works in the White House, like in any place that has power, I guess. And basically, your view is, anything that's bad information, it's because people don't know as much as you know. And if anybody knew as much as you know, they would make the same decisions you would make. And most presidents have that same view, which is they're making the decisions because they have the best information coming to them, and then they make their decisions, and then those decisions, when they're implemented, should work out. If they don't, it's because they're not communicating properly, or people aren't understanding properly. So I thought Carter would ultimately be understood better, communicate better, and he'd get

• 30:09Speaker 03

  reelected because he's running against an old man who was too conservative. When that didn't work out, I had to do what, you know, you may or may not have had to do in your life, which is to recalibrate my life. So all of a sudden, people told me what a brilliant young man I was. I called them up and said, okay, I'm still brilliant, I'm ready to come work for your law firm. You wanted me to work for you when Carter was president, I didn't want to leave then. Now, I'm ready to work. And I hadn't planned on any of this before because I, I had always thought Carter would be reelected, and I would be, in the second term, maybe the senior domestic advisor. My boss might have become attorney general or something like that. So I would have risen up, and had I done that, I probably would have been I had a different life because if I had stayed another four years for Carter, I would have been old enough then, thirty-four, thirty-five, to go get a great job practicing law

• 30:53Speaker 03

  in Washington, probably, because I would have been more well-known. And then I would have settled into the convenient life and the easy life of being a Washington lawyer lobbyist. You have clients and you kind of influence pedal a little bit, maybe you practice a little bit law, you make some speeches, and then you go back into another administration, you go back and forth, and eventually someday you become a cabinet officer, if you're lucky. And that's probably what I was destined to do. And my parents would have thought that was great, and I would have thought it was great. But what happened was I couldn't get a job practicing law so easily because I really wasn't qualified. I only practiced law for two years in New York, and nobody really wanted a Carter White House aide. So all the famous law firms I interviewed with, none of them gave me an offer. And so I had a struggle for about six months to get a law firm to hire me for any position, even a lowly position.

• 31:36Speaker 03

  Finally, a mid-sized law firm either felt sorry for me, or they took a chance, they gave me a job, but at a mid-level position, I wasn't a partner or anything. And so I started doing it, and I realized that I didn't like it. I wasn't that good at it, I didn't have a lot of contacts, I hadn't have specialty. And I realized if you don't love what you're doing, you can never be great at it. Nobody ever won a Nobel Prize hating what they do, you have to love it. And so, as I became, eventually I became a partner in this law firm, but I realized every partner meeting was really just talking about how much money we're making or not making, and I realized it was really a business. It had been seen as a profession when I was in law school, but it's really a business. I figured if I'm going to be in business, I might as well be in a business that makes more money. And I kind of switched a bit. I had never cared about money, but once I was out of government and I started to have a family and kids,

• 32:20Speaker 03

  I started caring about money more. And so I said, if I'm going to be in the money-making business, I might as well be in a more profitable business. And I read about Bill Simon, who had started a buyout firm in New Jersey. It worked very well, and that's when I decided I will try to start my own buyout firm in Washington, DC.

• 32:35Tim Ferriss?

  So Bill Simon, I think, and please fact-check me if I'm not getting this, but took one million, two years later, had turned it into eighty million, something like that. So pretty good, pretty good input-output. For those who don't know, what does a buyout firm do?

• 32:52Speaker 03

  Okay. In the early days when buyouts were done, what they were basically doing is they were taking a business that somebody didn't want, like he bought Gibson greeting cards from RCA, or a family-run business where there's nobody left in the family that really wants to run it. And they were buying it using a lot of leverage. It was then called a leveraged buyout. And a lot of leverage meant that you were basically putting in 1% to 5% of the purchase price in equity, money that was at risk theoretically. And then you're borrowing, you know, 95% to 99% of the purchase price. So if you buy something, let's say, to make it understandable, let's say at five times the cash flow. In other words, the five times the cash flow, the free cash flow that comes off the company.

• 33:35Speaker 03

  You buy something for five times cash flow, you're levering it up 95 to 5. If you make some fixes in the company and you improve it, in a couple of years, you'll probably be earning a lot more. And then you can sell the company or take it public and make a pretty good profit. And the people that did this in the early days of the buyout boom, let's say in the 1970s and 80s, they were making spectacular rates of return. To put it in context for everybody who would understand it, let's suppose you put your money in a bank account in those days, and you got a 3% or 4% rate of return on your bank deposit. Something like that. And maybe you put your money in the equity market, an equity fund, you got a 6% or 7% rate of return. Well, in the way these buyouts were working, people were getting 20% and 30% and 40% rates of return. So people, you know, said, "That's a pretty good business.

• 34:19Speaker 03

  I'd like to invest in that business or work in that business." So a buyout is basically an effort to fix a company, make it better. It's different than venture capital where you're creating something brand-new, but you're taking an older company and managing it better than people did before. You're incenting the managers, giving them a piece of the equity. And the buyout boom boomed in part because the first people that started venture capital and buyouts, and this was so risky then, that venture capital was called ad-venture capital. It was so risky. They went to their first backers and they said, "You know what? This is risky business, and we're going to take a lot of risk here. It might not work out, but we want to be rewarded if we really do something. So don't just give us a 1% fee, like we're an investment banker or something. We'd like, let's say, 20% of the profits."

• 35:03Speaker 03

  And the people said, "Well, okay, 20% of the profits if they're profits. We get our money back, and we get 80% of the profits. You get 20%." They agreed to that. And so that really fueled the whole industry because if you get 20% of the profits on a lot of money and you make four or five, six times your money, you can make a fair amount of money as a person doing this kind of business.

• 35:23Tim Ferriss?

  Were the buyouts at the time effectively all leveraged buyouts, sort of in these kind of barbarians at the gate?

• 35:33Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 35:34Tim Ferriss?

  And JR Nabisco of that era?

• 35:36Speaker 03

  Right.

• 35:37Tim Ferriss?

  Were we talking in almost every case about leveraged buyouts?

• 35:42Speaker 03

  Yes. Yes. The early days, these were called, well, the first days, they was called bootstrap deals. You were bootstrapping yourself to a company where you were basically bootstrapping yourself because you didn't have any money. You were basically borrowing all the money. They later became called leveraged buyouts. But the word leverage became odious, so they went to management buyouts, implying it was friendly, because some leveraged buyouts were unfriendly.

• 36:05Tim Ferriss?

  Yeah.

• 36:06Speaker 03

  Then buyout became unfriendly, or it became a word that wasn't so liked, so they went to private equity. And so now private equity probably isn't liked, I haven't found a better name. But yes, in the early days, in the Bill Simon example, I think he put in a million dollars, he made $80 million. I think he only had about 1% of the equity in the deal. In other words, they only put in 1%, they borrowed 99%. The banks in those days, for whatever reason, willing to let you do it, the regulators in those days weren't even focused on it because these deals were small, they weren't going to affect the regulatory system that much because there weren't that many buyouts being done. In the RJR deal that you referred to, The Barbarians at the Gate, for those who don't know, that's a famous book written about the RJR takeover done by KKR in 1989.

• 36:48Speaker 03

  When KKR did that deal, they beat out a couple other buyers, but they did the deal with 5% equity and 95% debt. And nobody at the time really thought that that leverage percentage was too high or too low. They thought it was okay, it was consistent with what was normal then. The way that structured the debt, though, had some problems. I won't get into that technical thing, but it was a lot of debt. So it didn't really work out so well because of the way the debt was structured. But had the deal worked out better, if you have 5% of the equity and you control the whole company, that 5% can make a lot of money. And so buyouts tended to be relatively profitable. In part, and they incented people to go into the business, in part because you got 20%

• 37:32Speaker 03

  of the profits and 20% of somebody else's money can be very profitable if you do a good deal where it makes two, three, four, or five times your money.

• 37:39Tim Ferriss?

  I would love to dig into this a bit because I rarely have conversations about leveraged buyouts or private equity on this show. The listeners of this show who've listened for a long time are probably more familiar with venture capital, just because that's a world I was involved with for a long time. We've had investors like Marc Andreessen and Reid Hoffman and many others on the podcast, which has a, say, a 2 and 20, or in some cases, a 3 and 30 structure, the management fee, and then the profit incentive. In the case of assuming debt, some of the examples that you gave, that sort of strikes

• 38:20Tim Ferriss?

  terror into my heart, not understanding how these deals are really structured, the subtleties of them. What are the threats and how do you, or risks, I should say, and how do you mitigate the risks of things going sideways in those deals?

• 38:36Speaker 03

  In the early days of the buyout world, the people doing the deals were former investment bankers to some extent. So they were finance people, and they were borrowing 95% of the purchase price. Well, that's a problem because if the economy goes south, then your projections are probably going to be off. You don't have a lot of margin. In the late 1980s, around the time of the RJR deal, a lot of people were doing deals with 5% equity, and then the economy went into a recession. And there was a kind of a bubble burst, and a lot of the deals went under. And so the buyout industry reshaped itself, and it basically began doing deals where you were putting in 20% of the capital structure, and then 30%. Now it could

• 39:21Speaker 03

  be 40% or so, I mean, sometimes it's even been 50%. And also, the debt has been structured differently, so it's a little bit harder to default because they have covenants that are looser, let's say, on the default. But one of the major things that's changed Is that today, all the buyout firms have people in those firms who are not so much former investment bankers, but they're people that have worked in operational companies who have real management expertise. So as soon as you buy a company, you say, okay, here's a 100-day plan or 30-day plan. We're going to change the company dramatically by making these management improvements. Now, in the early days, buyouts, these were relatively novel kinds of things. Today, they're well-known. In fact, public companies do the same things that private equity people do in many respects because the techniques are pretty well-known.

• 40:04Speaker 03

  And so today, I'd say the risk is much less because the debt often has, it's harder to default on it. You have so much more equity underneath it. You have people much more expert in how to run the, or see these companies, watching them. And so it's much less risky. Now, the returns are much less, too. The days of 30% and 40% buyout returns are very, very few because unless you get lucky on a deal, it's unlikely you're going to get 40%, 50% rate of return. Now, it happens from time to time. You will see some deals from time to time, but generally, if people put their money in a fund, and a fund does 20 or 30 deals, it'll probably, in this day and age, I would say average in the mid-teen net rate of returns. Let's say 15%, 16% annualized, which is pretty good when interest rates are more or less

• 40:49Speaker 03

  at zero. In the old days, people thought they could get 20% net internal rate of return, or even 25% net internal rates of return. That's harder to do today because there's more competition. When I started Carlyle, there were maybe 250 buyout firms or investment firms of its type around the entire world. Today, they're probably, I'd say, 6,000 or 7,000. So it's more competition, prices have been driven up. I would also, people often ask me, where did the, how did you get 20%? Who came up with that? And why is it called a carried interest? And let me explain. The first 20% really, in the modern age, was the first hedge fund was done pretty much after World War II. And the first person who built the hedge fund, he asked for 20% of the profits.

• 41:32Speaker 03

  It's not clear why he asked for 20%, but the investors agreed. The first venture capitalists, again, I said earlier, the adventure capitalists, they kind of asked for 20% as well, and their investors said, okay. Nobody knows exactly why the people ask for 20% now versus 25 or 10%, but it's I analogize it to the days in the week. It kind of seems like five days of working works and two days of rest, five and two out of the seven. That seems to be normal around the world as a way to kind of modulate the amount of time you have to work and so forth. Well, 80/20 seemed like for most investors, a fair way to split profits. We get 80% of our profits back, we get our capital back, and we'll give you guys who work very hard 20%. In the old days,

• 42:15Speaker 03

  in the Middle Ages, the Venetian shipowners used to send empty ships to Asia to bring back spices. And the people that worked on the ships would get a piece of the profits. They would carry, they would have a carried interest. They have an interest in what they carried back from Asia. So if you carry back a lot of spices from Asia, you have an interest in it. It's called your carried interest. And it was 20%. So maybe it came from there, who knows. But in any event, that's where the phrase probably came from. And 20% seems relatively normal. But as you pointed out, in the venture world, the best venture people today are probably getting 30% returns, 30% carried interest. And sometimes now, people in the buyout world, in order to attract more capital or do things differently, they

• 42:58Speaker 03

  might take a slightly lower than 20% return, 20% carried interest, slightly lower.

• 43:03Tim Ferriss?

  The carried interest on spices. That is a fantastic story.

• 43:07Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 43:07Tim Ferriss?

  I hope that's, I hope that's the, yeah, the etymology. If we look at a lot of the current day norms, or we could just look at recent norms, those could be different instruments like convertible debt in early-stage venture capital deals, just because I'm more familiar with that world, different types of standardized documents that are used by places like Y Combinator and so on. These were all innovations at some point that really rocked the boat or changed things, even though they're viewed as quite normal now. What were some of the, not just what were they, but how did you and possibly your partners arrive at some of the innovations that drove the success of the Carlyle Group?

• 43:52Speaker 03

  Well, as John Kennedy said, victory has a thousand fathers and defeat is an orphan. So I'll tell you some of the things we think that were, we did that were successful, but a lot of people now take credit for it. At the time, we thought we were novel. Let me give you an example. In the private equity world, when the KKR deal for RJR was done in 1989, I think KKR had about seven investment professionals. They were a very small firm, but the firms were very small then. And one of the reasons the firms were small is that you were only allowed in those days to have one fund. So if you raised a buyout firm and you were KKR or some equivalent firm, you had to spend 100% of your time managing that fund. Which makes sense if people gave you money. I came up with an idea, which I thought was novel at the time.

• 44:36Speaker 03

  Now, maybe people, other people said they did the same thing. I don't know. But it seemed, it seemed to me that after we raised our small buyout fund at Carl Alman, I said to my partners, you were the investment professionals. You know how to invest the money. I'm really not an MBA. Well, my skill set is I know how to go out and raise the money. And I'm pretty good at recruiting people. So here's what I have in mind. Let's build a fidelity or T. Rowe Price of private equity, which is to say, not have one buyout fund, but have a buyout fund, a venture fund, a growth fund, a real estate fund. And basically, take our brand name and as Fidelity had done, and as T. Rowe Price had done and Vanguard, have many different funds and therefore institutionalize our brand name, institutionalize our business by centralizing fundraising, accounting, tax and everything in one place.

• 45:21Speaker 03

  Let's say our headquarters in Washington. And then we have multiple funds. And the theory is, if you liked us in buyouts, give us a chance in venture capital. If you like us in buyouts in venture capital, give us a chance in something else. And that more or less worked and we built that institutional business. And the second idea was to globalize it. When KKR did its RJR deal, everybody did deals in their own country. To the extent that, that deals were done in Asia, they were all minority stake transactions. But if there were buyouts in Europe, they were basically done by Europeans. Americans did American deals and Latin Americans did Latin deals to the extent they were doing them. I said, why don't we go and recruit a European team, an Asian team, a Japanese team, Middle East team, African team, Latin American team, and then have our own people that we control, they work for the firm, but we're doing global. So we basically built

• 46:04Speaker 03

  an institutional firm and a global firm, and that was the novelty of it. And I became known as a well-known fundraiser because as we're raising all these funds, I had to be the person running around the world trying to get the money. So I, you know, I would travel an enormous amount of time to raise money for these funds.

• 46:21Tim Ferriss?

  Did you start with that end in mind in some sense? You've been described as a virtuous of private fundraising. Were you thinking about, in your mind's eye, how to differentiate Carlyle in fundraising and then building the product around that in a sense with the multi-geography approach, multi-product, like you said, sort of fidelity type approach? Did that come from your strength as a fundraiser and thinking about how you would be most effectively able to pitch this?

• 46:54Speaker 03

  Well, to some extent. I mean, I don't want to pat myself on the back, but I realized that I, once I raised a fund, and I wasn't, I was on the investment committees, although I still am, but I'm not day-to-day doing the deals. So I would say, well, I have time, I could go out and raise another fund, I could recruit people for a fund, and then I run a fund and let me go raise money around them, and then my partners could oversee the investments. So I did think that that was something that I could do, and it worked out. And so I built a large in-house fundraising team. Historically, when you were raising a fund, firms would use third-party people to raise the funds for them, because nobody really wanted to be a fundraiser. You know, people who were doing deals, that was the high point of the food chain, doing a deal, you're a private equity investor. At the

• 47:39Speaker 03

  low point of the food chain was being the fundraiser, because nobody really wanted to go out and ask for money. It's unpleasant, people thought, and just not seemly. But I didn't have anything else that better that I could add to the firm. So I said, all right, I'll go out and recruit the people, and then I'll raise the money, and I was willing to do that. One other innovation that we came up with, for which we got criticized, but it maybe helped us as well, and others have now used it, because we're in Washington, DC. We had a lot of former government people who were leaving the government and they, sometimes they didn't really, you know, want to go practice law or they weren't lawyers. So we recruited Frank Carlucci, who's leaving the Reagan administration as Secretary of Defense. And four years later, we recruited Jim Baker, former Secretary of State. And when these people joined our firm and we brought in other people like Arthur Levitt,

• 48:21Speaker 03

  the former head of the SEC, Dick Darmen, the former head of OMB, George Herbert Walker Bush as an advisor, we became very well-known because we had these famous people. Now, they weren't doing deals, but you know, if you were invited to a dinner with David Rubenstein in those days, you wouldn't show up. If you're invited to a dinner with Jim Baker, you'd probably show up. So that was, it was really a, not an original idea of inviting people to a dinner or an event where there's a draw. That's obviously something that a lot of people have used for many times. We, we did that and then eventually it kind of backfired on us a bit because we had so many ex-government people, people thought we were lobbying the government or doing inappropriate things. We weren't doing that. But it backfired a bit when, because when George W. Bush became president and his, and

• 49:06Speaker 03

  the war in Iraq went, went south, we were, for whatever reason, blamed for it. And so people thought, well, you know, the father's connected to the firm and Jim Baker's in the firm, he's close to Bush. So we, we basically had to change our image of it and I recruited Lou Gerson, then retiring at the age of 60, which seems very young today, to retire. He retired from IBM at 60 and I recruited him to be the chairman of Carlyle. And then the government people kind of retired.

• 49:33Tim Ferriss?

  When that all went down with respect to the Iraq war and so on, the accusations associated with that, how did that affect you, if it did? You just, you seem, at least from a lot of the reading, to be very unflappable. Did it have a significant impact on you or did you take it stoically and, you know, keep calm and carry on? How did that experience?

• 50:00Tim Ferriss?

  Sort of travel through you, if that makes any sense.

• 50:02Speaker 03

  Well, it wasn't, it was not a highlight of my life because, you know, one day you're doing private equity deals and you think you're doing a reasonably good job at it for your investors and all of a sudden people are attacking you as being the people behind the Iraq war, which we have nothing to do with. So it wasn't a pleasant experience and our image, I think, was hurt. So we looked at what we had to do and what we had to do is kind of decouple ourselves from the people who were not responsible for it either, but just having an association with political people probably engendered more criticism than probably worth. And so all of those people volunteered to kind of retire from the firm and then we brought in Lou Gerstner, as I mentioned, and we tried to de-politicize our image. And so, you know,

• 50:45Speaker 03

  I would say it was a painful experience, but, you know, lots of things in life are painful. You live through them, you do the best you can.

• 50:52Tim Ferriss?

  If we come back to your reputation as a virtuoso of fundraising, what mistakes do you think novice fundraisers make? What are some of the more common mistakes that you've seen in your career?

• 51:07Speaker 03

  Well, in the fundraising world, there are three types of fundraising. Basically, there's political fundraising, there's philanthropic, and there's business. In many ways, business is the easier of them because you're offering people a rate of return and therefore they're theoretically going to get their money back and plus get more money. Philanthropic is more challenging because you're asking people to do something for the good of the country or the good of the organization. And it's more ephemeral as to what the benefit is. In political, the amounts are relatively smaller, so probably not as challenging. But the mistakes that I see people make are, number one, they say, "I'm sorry to ask you for money." Well, if you're sorry, don't do it. If you want people to give you money,

• 51:50Speaker 03

  you should tell them why they should give it to you. You should know what you're talking about. You should have as much information at your fingertips. You shouldn't have to keep saying, "I'll get back to you, I'll get back to you." You should know the information yourself or have somebody with you who can do it. You should always be polite and appropriately so, not arrogant. You should give people a chance to think about it. You should give people a follow-up note or card after the meeting is over. And then appropriate time, follow up and see what's done. And then keep them informed all the time about how the investment they might have made is doing. You shouldn't raise money from people and then not talk to them again until you're ready to raise another fund.

• 52:32Speaker 03

  Obviously, even if you treat people not as well as you should, if the returns are spectacular, people will probably reinvest with you. But returns are probably going to be in the median and therefore not so spectacular that people will give you money no matter what you do. So treating people appropriately is good, but knowing what you're doing. In the old days, it used to be important to show up. It was the kind of thing where if you really cared for me and you want my money, show up and show you care. Now, in the era of Zoom, you can't show up. And so it turns out it's a lot easier to raise money today if you have an established fund, because you have a track record, people already know you. It's a lot harder to raise money if you're doing it for a first time, because people really can't meet with you. And if they can't meet with you, they'd probably have a better excuse not to invest with you. But in the end, it's not anything more challenging than doing the kind of things

• 53:17Speaker 03

  you would want people to do, which is give you information, be transparent, be honest, give bad news upfront. Interestingly, if you go to Harvard Business School, Stanford Business School, or any other good business school, Wharton, University of Chicago, are all very good places. And you say, "You know what? I want to be a fundraiser. I don't want to be a manager, I don't want to be an investor, I don't want to be anything. I want to be a fundraiser." I don't think you'll probably find a lot of fundraising courses, or maybe none. Because people don't view it as a skill set that's worth intellectual time. But I do think that people who actually know something about fundraising, I'm not looking for a job, but people know something about fundraising. Should probably, you know, teach what it takes to ask for money. For example, you've been in the business world and you would know that your experiences like

• 54:02Speaker 03

  mine, if I go to an audience, any audience, and I say, how many people in the last month have been asked for money for a philanthropic, political, or business thing, and half the people will probably raise their hand. And I say, how many people have asked other people, not been asked, but asked, the other half will raise their hands. In other words, everybody is asking people for money or being asked. It's a very common thing in society, but it isn't treated as an intellectual kind of difficult thing, and therefore you don't tend to get courses in it. There are very few books written about, you know, private equity fundraising or things like that, but anyway.

• 54:33Tim Ferriss?

  So in the sort of embryonic stages of the Carlyle Group, two questions. The first is, did you have a placeholder name before it was called the Carlyle Group? And second, what did that initial fundraise look like? How much were you trying to raise? You now have approximately 230 billion under management. What were you trying to raise then?

• 54:56Speaker 03

  If you look at the original business plan for Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, or any great company, and I wouldn't say we're in that league, you will see that the original business plan probably bore a little relation to the company that they actually turned out to be because the world changes and so forth. Remember Jeff Bezos was only going to sell books. That was his plan. He didn't really think about doing anything else till much later, or at least a few years later. In our case, we originally decided to have a name that would be one of the usual Greek and Roman names that you can roll, you know, that you're named after Roman or Greek goddesses. But all the ones we looked at were either taken or we couldn't pronounce them. So then we came up with a thing that says, why don't we just say what we are? Washington International Finance and Investment Corporation.

• 55:39Speaker 03

  But people pointed out that didn't exactly roll off one's tongue, it was too long. And so one of my partners said, well, what about Carlyle? Because he had read a book about the man named Andre Maier, who was the then-running Lazard Frere, and he lived at the Carlyle Hotel in New York and had a, he was not married, and he had a nice lifestyle. And I guess my friend or partner at the time aspired to live in the Carlyle Hotel and have a kind of a single man's lifestyle in the Carlyle Hotel. And it, you know, it seemed like a good, easily pronounceable name. It sounded a little British and therefore maybe it sounded like we had some, you know, class behind us, and so we went with it.

• 56:19Tim Ferriss?

  And what was the initial target fundraise? How much money were you aiming to raise?

• 56:25Speaker 03

  Well, we originally wanted to raise $5 million. Not 5 billion, but 5 million. And so a friend of mine, who is now in the firm, helped us get it done. We raised it from four investors. One, a West Coast bank. One was T. Rowe Price. One was Alex Brown. And the other was the Mellon family out of Pennsylvania. And ultimately, they put up the $5 million. And then after about a year or so, the Mellon family bought the others out. And so they became our main partner.

• 56:52Tim Ferriss?

  Let's double click on that because you've mentioned it was hard to get a job. You were calling these people who had expressed all of this hot interest in you when you were a player at the White House and then no return calls. What were some of the key decisions or factors that allowed you to raise that money?

• 57:13Speaker 03

  Well, the 5 million was really raised because the person who was helping us was a man from T. Rowe Price. And he was a friend of mine. He helped us. His name is Ed Mathias. And he ultimately became part of our firm later on. But he basically had a really good network. And again, $5 million isn't that much. It was $2 million to operate the firm and $3 million to invest. We were going to, each time we had a deal, we would raise money on a deal by deal basis. That was the theory. It was a little challenging to do that from time to time. But so it wasn't that much money, obviously. In our first fund, we ultimately went out to raise a fund at one point. After a couple of years, we raised $100 million. And so that was all we could raise. Our second fund was about a billion or so.

• 57:56Speaker 03

  But that was because we had invested a lot of money alongside the $100 million fund. Co-invested it. Our track record was good. If you have a good track record, you can raise an infinite amount of money. If you're, you know, do reasonable things to ask people for money. If you have a bad track record, you know, no matter how polite you ask, it may not make much difference.

• 58:13Tim Ferriss?

  When you say good track record, could you give people an idea of what that track record looked like?

• 58:19Speaker 03

  Yes, in our first couple of deals, we were making maybe two, three, four times our money on some of the early deals, and that was pretty good. They were small deals, and they weren't gigantic deals, but they were good enough to give people a sense that, yeah, we probably knew what we were doing, and we were okay. And I think people were willing to take a chance on us. But it's a concentric circle. First, you raise money from your friends and your relatives. Then you raise money from people you might know in your city, then your state, then your region, then the country, then other countries. And so you just kind of work your way around the world. Eventually, I learned that no matter where you go in the world, there are always people that basically have been educated

• 59:00Speaker 03

  in investments and in business, and they talk the same language: EBITDA, cash flow multiples, P/E ratios, carried interest. They all had a sense of what you're talking about. In the end, generally, you find, when you peel the onion, you find that somebody in the organization, really the person that knows something about what you're talking about, and they will be the one that probably makes the decision.

• 59:22Tim Ferriss?

  What did you do differently from other fundraisers? If you had to pick one or two things, looking back, what did you do differently? I mean, you were clearly a top performer within that skill set. What did you do differently, would you say?

• 59:40Speaker 03

  Well, one, it was novel to have a big in-house fundraising team at that time. Now, it's fairly common for large firms. But in the old days, as I was saying earlier, if you were raising a fund, you were probably only raising one fund a year or every couple of years. So you would go out and hire Merrill Lynch, or Lazard Frere, or somebody that had a full-time team that did nothing but raise money. I built an in-house team. That was unusual, and it was all around the world. And I heavily incented them. They were heavily rewarded for doing well. So we were paying our fundraisers probably more than the market would dictate we had to. And as a result, we got very good people, and we retained very good people. And then I was willing to schlep around the world, go anywhere,

• 1:00:23Speaker 03

  see anybody, do anything to kind of help make the case. And so, since I was a founder of the firm, and I was willing to run around the world, I could see a lot of people, and people kind of respected the fact that I would show up in places that many people didn't show up in very often.

• 1:00:37Tim Ferriss?

  If you're open to saying a little bit more about compensation, I'd be very curious to know how you ultimately, at least at that point in time, ended up Incentivizing your fundraisers.

• 1:00:49Speaker 03

  Well, fundraisers tend to get compensated in any business world or any salesman's as generally you can call them fundraisers here. Salesmen generally get compensated as a percentage of revenue they bring in or some percentage of something. And so we had a kind of percentage that we would pay people. And if they had a spectacular year, we wouldn't say, well, you're making too much money this year, so we'll cut the percentage or we won't give you as much as you're entitled to. So we would honor our commitments. Now, therefore, we, our fundraisers were very highly compensated. In hindsight, we could have changed the way we structured it. Now we've got a system that's a little bit more complicated in terms of we say, well, you get compensated more if it's a harder fund to raise, compensated less if it's an

• 1:01:34Speaker 03

  easier fund to raise, so forth and so on. But I, at the time, to get it going, I was not interested in that nuance. I just wanted to get into the market, get the money raised. And so we probably were more generous than maybe other people.

• 1:01:46Tim Ferriss?

  You mentioned a name earlier that I know is featured in your book, How to Lead, Wisdom from the World's Greatest CEOs, Founders and Game Changers, and that is Jeff Bezos.

• 1:01:57Speaker 03

  Right.

• 1:01:58Tim Ferriss?

  Now, the implicit in the, in the title, How to Lead, is, is that one can learn at least how to be a better leader. And you have a tremendous list of names of those you've interviewed. Jeff Bezos, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Phil Knight, Oprah, and so on. What are some of the deepest impressions that have been made on you from your time with Jeff Bezos? What are, what are the sort of learnable or emulatable aspects of Jeff?

• 1:02:28Speaker 03

  Well, Jeff is a very smart person, very hardworking. My interview, he pointed out some of his tricks, which I wish I'd known, which is getting eight hours of sleep every night. You know, I could have gotten more sleep over the last, you know, 30 years if I'd realized that was the key. Doesn't make decisions before 10:00 in the morning. Doesn't really make decisions late in the afternoon, tries to make only a limited number of big decisions in a week or so. So he's very creative and very smart. I first met him after our company helped him get in the business because when he was selling books over the internet, that was his plan, he had to get a bibliography of books in print. And one of our companies had such a bibliography and we rented it to him. Later, I realized that probably we should have taken his original deal, which was the, I think

• 1:03:10Speaker 03

  it was 20 or 30% of the stock of his new company, Amazon, in return for renting the bibliography, but we said, no, we wanted cash. So that was probably a mistake. But I went out to see him first time and said, I'd rather have that 20% or 30%. He said, well, David, that was two years ago. I don't need you so much anymore. But you were very helpful and did give us some stock. And that stock was probably maybe 1% of the company, which today is worth, what, you know, $20 billion or something like that. So I probably should have held on to the stock, but we sold it pretty quickly.

• 1:03:42Tim Ferriss?

  Any other tricks or mental frameworks, anything that really stand out for you from Jeff?

• 1:03:51Speaker 03

  In turn, from Jeff? Well, Jeff is a person that has, like a lot of very successful business people, a lot of self-confidence. He's got a pretty good sense of humor. If you read the interview, you can see that he can laugh at himself. And he has pretty good insights as to what works and doesn't work. He, as he said, intuition is what he really relies on, his gut. If he relied on consultants, he probably never would have started the company. So I would say Jeff is an easy guy to get along with in many respects. And if you think about it, he's now the richest man in the world. And I'd say up until maybe a couple of days ago, the second richest was Bill Gates. If you think about it, when you're the richest person in the world, it can tend to be isolating.

• 1:04:36Speaker 03

  Many people, been the richest people in the world, have tended to isolate themselves. Jay Paul Getty was relatively reclusive. Howard Hughes was extremely reclusive. Daniel Ludwig, who maybe was the first billionaire in the United States, was relatively reclusive. Now you have these multi-billionaires, he's sent to billionaires, and they are accessible. I mean, you know, they're not walking around the street like everybody else, but they, you know, they go to meetings and they, you know, you can get meetings with them, you can do interviews of them. And, you know, it's a much different phenomenon than you saw years ago. I think Jeff is a person that's built an incredible company. When you think about it, the company didn't start, I think, until 1994. And now the company has got a million employees and market capital of about $2 trillion. It's just staggering what he's built in relatively short period of time.

• 1:05:21Tim Ferriss?

  The annual letters also are just fantastic. There are, for people listening, PDFs of the collected annual letters to shareholders, and they make for a really, really good read. Just a little Easter egg for people if they haven't run into it. If you go to relentless.com, that will redirect to amazon.com. That was an initial pet URL from Jeff Bezos. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, what struck you or stayed with you most from your time with her? Her passing had a tremendous, well, her life certainly had a tremendous impact on countless millions, and her death had a huge impact on a lot of people close to me also. What were things that stood out about her to you?

• 1:06:06Speaker 03

  Well, she was very diminutive. I've interviewed her a few times. One time was in the book, for the book. I did that at the 92nd Street Y in New York. Very small. If she weighed 100 pounds, I'd be surprised. 90 pounds, that was probably her brain. Brilliant person. First in her class at Harvard Law School, first in her class at Columbia Law School, at a time when women were barely admitted to law schools, and she couldn't get a job. But it's a complicated person to interview in some respects, because when you interview her, she would not respond right away. In other words, if you ask me a question within a millisecond, I'm going to give you an answer. Maybe I shouldn't, but I do. And that's what most people do. She would sit there for like 20 seconds, and

• 1:06:47Speaker 03

  you'd say, uh-oh, is she having a senior moment? Is there a health problem? She can't hear that well? Did I say something wrong? But no, apparently she did that her whole life. She actually had this incredible habit of thinking before she talked. Imagine that. Thinking before you talk. And so she would think very carefully what she wanted to say, and then she would say it. So a lot of times, people were put off by that, but I wasn't. I got to know her reasonably well because as a chair of the Kennedy Center, she would come relatively frequently to see operas and she'd get the gigantic standing ovation. So I realized after a while, I had to be careful because every time I would announce she was there, it would be a 20-minute standing ovation. And you know, Presidents of the United States, they'd get a two-minute standing ovation. She would get 20 minutes. So we had to kind of calibrate the times

• 1:07:30Speaker 03

  we'd introduce her because we knew it would set things back by 20 minutes. But she deserved it because she had really represented women in a time when women weren't really being represented for gender equality. And she revolutionized and really created the gender equality law that we now have. And then as a member of the Supreme Court for more than 20 years, she really helped write some historic opinions.

• 1:07:51Tim Ferriss?

  You've interviewed and certainly have met many iconic figures, the names that we've mentioned, known to millions. Does anyone pop to mind, anyone you've spent time with who is an extraordinary leader, who's perhaps lesser known? They could be well-known within a niche or within a particular industry, but just in terms of broad mainstream awareness, perhaps are not as well-known as some of the names that we've mentioned?

• 1:08:21Speaker 03

  Well, there are always people that I interview who are not as well-known as I think they should be. They've done great things, but they're in a narrow niche or something. But I mean, before I respond to that in detail, I would say that as somebody that does interviewing yourself, you've done, I don't know how many podcasts, is it 500 or 1,000 or something?

• 1:08:41Tim Ferriss?

  About 500.

• 1:08:42Speaker 03

  Right, 500. It's an interesting format when you think about it. Why don't we have any interview transcripts of Julius Caesar, William Shakespeare, Charlemagne, Alexander the Great, Henry VIII, Abraham Lincoln? Well, this format of interviewing people for information and to some extent entertainment is a relatively new phenomenon in the grand scheme of intellectual development and civilization. You know, obviously lawyers depose people, and that's what happens in court. But as a way to kind of learn, reading an interview and listening to an interview and being interviewed is relatively new phenomenon. I kind of attributed, going back to maybe the early days of The Tonight Show in the 1950s, when people went on television, they were interviewed, and people thought it was not only interesting but entertaining.

• 1:09:26Speaker 03

  And as, you know, presumably podcasts and other things are now, and I just wish I had a chance to go back and interview some of these people. You know, think about it, if we had an interview of George Washington, interview of Abraham Lincoln, interview of Henry VIII, you know, we could say to Henry VIII, why, why didn't you just get a prenup and not, and not, you know, chop off the heads of all these wives you had, or Alexander the Great, couldn't you have attached a little more modest name to your, to yourself rather than the Great? I mean, just, it would have been fun to interview people like that. In terms of your specific question, I interview a lot of historians for programs that I have, history programs, and they have incredible stories to tell. They themselves are not as famous as the people they're writing about in many ways, but they know the person so

• 1:10:10Speaker 03

  well that they can, you feel like you're talking to the person. So when you talk to Robert Caro, who's spent 35 years of his life working on Lyndon Johnson, you feel like you're, you're talking to Lyndon Johnson. Or when you talk to Doris Kearns Goodwin, you feel like you, you can, you really understand Lincoln, or the other people she's written about, FDR, so many other people. So I often like to interview writers as well, because they can do a terrific job of explaining things in ways that you didn't really understand before.

• 1:10:37Tim Ferriss?

  You mentioned Robert Caro and LBJ, also the author, as I know you know, of The Power Broker. And when you established the Carlaw Group, you established it in Washington, DC, instead of on Wall Street. And I would love to, and this is just my personal curiosity, talk about your perception of power in politics, because I'm familiar with money as a currency in the world of business and investing. I'm familiar with, say, status within the world of research and academia. The different flavors or species of political power, though,

• 1:11:19Tim Ferriss?

  are not a, it's a native language of mine, I really haven't had much exposures. When you spend time in a nexus of political power like Washington, DC,

• 1:11:30Tim Ferriss?

  What are the the different forms that it takes? Because there are certainly many benevolent drives among those who are forming policy. And then there there seems to be also, I mean, a drive to power. And I'd just love to hear, given the amount of time you've spent, what your experience of and perception is of of power?

• 1:11:53Speaker 03

  Well, throughout history, some people have liked to have power because it gives them a sense of control over their lives and the lives of others. Makes them feel more important. It makes them feel maybe they can accomplish something. If just the thrill of having power isn't enough for them, they want to actually accomplish something with the power. And it's intoxicating in many ways. As Henry Kissinger famously said, power is the ultimate aphrodisiac. In Washington DC, you could be a wealthy billionaire or multi billionaire and try to meet with a senator or congressman or a cabinet officer, and they may not care how wealthy you are because if you don't have power in Washington, you're a dead person. So, you know, people in Washington care more about who the chairman of the Ways and Means Committee is

• 1:12:36Speaker 03

  than who is the, you know, the CEO of a major company. People in Washington, they care about who's got an important job in the White House more than they care about who's starting an S venture capital fund. That's going to be a terrific venture capital fund. So Washington is a place where power really is the ultimate card and it means something to people. And it's interesting, when you don't have the power, you know, you're out hailing a cab with everybody else. But when you have the power, you can get almost anything done and you want in Washington. That's what people in Washington have as their currency. The corner of the realm here is having power. And money isn't as important in Washington as it is in virtually every other city.

• 1:13:13Tim Ferriss?

  You've studied history. You've studied the historians who write history. And I've spent a lot of time certainly restoring, preserving, highlighting, re-highlighting history in many, many different ways through your philanthropy. If you look back as someone who, I believe, as you mentioned, aims to read 100 or so books per year. If you had to pick You know, one or two books that really highlight power of the white hat variety, meaning the the use and wielding of power for the forces of light. It sounds very grandiose, but I think you get the idea.

• 1:13:54Tim Ferriss?

  And then, you know, one or two that exemplify the opposite, you know, someone who is perhaps overly intoxicated, that fell into a delirium, or just was otherwise wielding it in more of a black hat manner. Do any books, biographies, or otherwise come to mind for either of those?

• 1:14:12Speaker 03

  Well, I there's a new book out that I've interviewed the authors on, Peter Baker and Susan Glasser, about Jim Baker, who was the ultimate gold standard as White House Chief of Staff under Ronald Reagan, and then the Secretary of Treasury and Secretary of State. It's basically, I wouldn't say it's completely favorable, but it's pretty favorable about what he did. It has some of his warts in there, as we all have warts. He was a partner in our firm for a number of years, so I know him quite well. It's a really good read on on power in Washington, because for 12 years, he had incredible amount of power. I think the the book that won the Pulitzer Prize for Robert Caro was the book on Lyndon Johnson in the Senate, and that is the best book about what it's like to have legislative power. Terrific read.

• 1:14:57Speaker 03

  I'd say presidential books, the ones that I like are, I think Ted Sorensen's book on on Kennedy was A Great Look Inside the Kennedy White House from an Insider. Terrific book. Arthur Schlesinger wrote a pretty good book as well about the Kennedy administration, though those books were written before. We have a lot of information that we now have, they didn't really have then. I'd say most presidents have biographies that are pretty flattering. There's another one out now that's not completely flattering, but My Former Boss Jimmy Carter by Jonathan Alter, a very good book, really the first full-length biography of Jimmy Carter that has the good and the bad in there. People tend not to write books about presidents that say how terrible they are.

• 1:15:40Speaker 03

  Obviously, books about Andrew Johnson are not going to be that favorable, or James Buchanan are not that favorable, probably Warren Harding are not that favorable. But generally, the people who write books, if they're writing them, they're generally, you have to live with somebody for three, four, or five years to do that. You're generally going to do it if you find reasonably good things about a person to say. You generally don't want to spend three or four or five years of your life writing a book about somebody you actually hate. So you don't usually get Terrible books about people, they do point out their warts. Autobiographies written by presidents tend to be in a fairly unique category because they're not going to say how terrible they are. They don't usually put out all of their insecurities or so forth. But some people have written really good books who are presidents and

• 1:16:21Speaker 03

  it, you know, it's a genre that I think is not one where you get a lot of Pulitzer Prizes from people who've written presidential autobiographies. But the new one by Barack Obama, I haven't read yet, but I hear it's pretty very well-written because he's a very good writer. But it's only one of the two volumes, it's not complete yet.

• 1:16:40Tim Ferriss?

  Do you read any fiction, or is it entirely non-fiction?

• 1:16:43Speaker 03

  That's a good question. I do not read fiction. We all have our failings in life, we all have our weaknesses. But my theory is that I like to get as much information as I can. And so more factual information is probably in non-fiction than fiction books. So I recognize a lot of research is done for good fiction books. And I tend to read books that I know something about. So to read 100 books a year, and meaningful books, you've got to have a system. And to do it, one of the ways I get it done is I'm interviewing authors all the time. And so I have to read the book. So I kind of force myself to do it. But I also, I'm reading books about things I know pretty well. So history, business, philanthropy, or politics, things I know reasonably well. So, you know, I've read,

• 1:17:28Speaker 03

  when I read the 23rd book on John Kennedy, you know, at that point, I know it pretty well. So it's not that hard for me to get through it. If I had to read a physics textbook or a chemistry textbook, it would take me about 10 years to probably get through it. So to read a lot of books, I'm reading things on things I know reasonably well and can absorb it pretty quickly. And I can get through them pretty readily.

• 1:17:47Tim Ferriss?

  How do you choose those books? I mean, even though you're reading 100 books, let's just call it per year, I know that you feel like you're in, as we all are, a race against time. You know, you're not, you know, we're all in the process of sort of trending towards extinction, personal extinction. How do you choose your books, right? Because some people listening might hear a 23rd book, and that might be an exaggeration. But I know you've read a lot of books that overlap. How do you choose the books that you dedicate time to? And do you ever quit books? Do you ever stop when you're partway through?

• 1:18:20Speaker 03

  I generally, when I realize I'm reading a book that isn't that well-written, or not as good as I thought, I might just skip to the chapters that I think I really care about. So sometimes, I generally don't like to do that, but I generally feel That sometimes books are not as great. I won't mention some that I've read recently where I said, "Why did I pick this book? I'm going to interview this author in this book. I can't even get through this book. It's just not, you know, I mean, English is, you know, not the person's native language. I guess in fact, I can't believe this book." But, you know, I never will tell anybody that. I do think it's a courtesy to read the book if you're interviewing the author. So I try to do that. That's the way I force feed myself a bit. And I don't have any disrespect for fiction. I just tend not to be as a big a fiction reader as I probably should have been,

• 1:19:02Speaker 03

  or I was when I was younger. But in terms of the way I pick the books is I love to go to bookstores and caress the books, pick them up, look at them, you know, figure out what's what might be appealing. Secondly, I read the book reviews of, you know, New York Times and other places to see what's coming out there. And then I'm now in the in the category of people sometimes send me books. Friends of mine are writing books all the time, and so I get a lot of those books. And then people think I might be good for a blurb. So people send me books that they want me to put a blurb on or say something about it. And generally, in subjects I know something about, people tend to send me books. So I, you know, just do it that way. But what I wanted to comment about the books,

• 1:19:44Speaker 03

  though, is this is very important to me. I care about books because it opened a new world for me. And that's why I love reading, because I can learn so much. And, you know, I get wherever I got in life, I got through education. And by education, I mean, learning continuously. And I give a commencement speech, I like to tell students, "Look, the word commencement means beginning, not the end. So don't think you're educated, you're just beginning." And I remind people that 30% of Americans who graduate from college never read another book in their life. 50% of Americans have not bought a new book in a bookstore or ordered a book online in the last five years, 50%. And so that's called illiteracy. You can read, but you choose not to.

• 1:20:26Speaker 03

  And I think reading books is better than reading newspaper articles or magazine articles, which I read enormous amount as well, but books focus the mind. It takes, you know, many hours to get through a book and therefore it has a certain concentration skill which is useful. The other problem which is even more serious is illiteracy. It turns out that 14% of Americans are functionally illiterate. They can't read past the fourth grade level. And I don't mean that they came from Spanish-speaking country and they can read Spanish, not English. I don't mean that. I mean, they can't read in Spanish either. And it's a sad situation. 80% of the people in the juvenile delinquency system are functionally illiterate, and 2/3 of the people in our federal prison system are functionally illiterate. That is one of the greatest causes of income inequality. If people can't read, if you can't read,

• 1:21:07Speaker 03

  you're not going to get very far in life, in my view. So I really try to urge people, and I've set up a lot of literacy kind of things to kind of encourage people to do more, but obviously I'm a drop in the bucket compared to what is necessary.

• 1:21:20Tim Ferriss?

  What do you consider some of the most leveraged or intelligent ways to address that problem? Because you're very effective, I think, in a lot of your giving, very thoughtful, and a lot of people are not. There's feel-good philanthropy, then there's do-good philanthropy, and there's a lot in between. In terms of addressing illiteracy, what are some of the most surgical, sort of highly leveraged approaches in your mind?

• 1:21:52Speaker 03

  Well, to answer the question, I'd say as a general rule, I try to find things that I can start in philanthropy, I can finish in philanthropy, I'm likely to be alive to see the benefit of it, and I have some intellectual interest in it. Literacy is something I've, you know, created the Literacy Awards at Library of Congress and tried to do some things there, but I don't have enough money or enough time on the face of this earth to really tackle something as big as literacy. It's a gigantic problem. We just need to... Do a better job of keeping people from dropping out of high school. For one thing, we have 1.7 million people dropping out of high school each year. Many of those cases, it's for lack of literacy. They just lost interest or other issues, but people dropping out of a high illiteracy factor. So I don't have a solution for it.

• 1:22:34Speaker 03

  If I did, I would have been in Iowa, New Hampshire, maybe running for president. But I decided not to run for president because I'm too young. I'm only 71 years old and nobody so young and inexperienced could probably get to be president. So I didn't go to Iowa, New Hampshire. But to be very serious, I think it's one of the kind of problems we should get more people to focus on. You rarely, rarely, I can't even think of when the last time a president of the United States talked about the importance of literacy and the importance of reading. And I think if we can get people to read and not drop out of high school, that would be a big push towards ending, not ending, but reducing income inequality and enhancing social mobility.

• 1:23:12Tim Ferriss?

  Yeah, I agree. It could mitigate that, I think tremendously. There's, if you have the time, there's an outstanding organization, very innovative, called QuestBridge, based in the Bay Area that does some excellent work with addressing some of the missing pieces in terms of matching and sourcing talent to scholarships. And that helps to kind of span that, that, that missing piece between high school and college. I'd like to ask you about kids. I have kids on my mind. I don't yet have any, but I'm planning on parenthood in the not-too-distant future.

• 1:23:53Tim Ferriss?

  And I've heard you speak to the benefits, the advantages of growing up working class. And I'd love to hear you describe your advice to new parents who may have scrapped their way to some modicum of success or financial security as to how not to...

• 1:24:23Tim Ferriss?

  Raise kids who are complacent or entitled or any of those things. It's I've seen very few. I have seen examples of it done well, but I haven't seen that many. And I'm just curious to hear your thoughts and what advice you would give.

• 1:24:38Speaker 03

  Jackie Kennedy famously said, raising, you know, if you mess up raising your children, nothing else in life matters. And she's right. And it's the hardest thing in the world to do. People have been doing it forever. And some people have done a bad job of it. Some people have done a good job of it. It's not easy to do. If anybody knew how to perfectly raise children, they would have told people, my now, everybody be followed it. So it's not easy. I would say it's easier to be a child in many respects. When you're not from a wealthy family, because you don't, you realize you're going to have to make it on your own. So poverty is not a wonderful thing. I'm not saying people should be raised in poverty and it's going to be good for them. But if you come from a lower middle class family, maybe I did, or a blue collar family, in hindsight, it's, it's a great thing. I wish at times that my parents had more money, I could have gotten certain things I wanted that I didn't get. But in the end, I realized if I was going to get

• 1:25:23Speaker 03

  anywhere, I had to make it on my own. My own children have grown up in a time, I have three children, grown up in a time when, you know, I would have been reasonably wealthy by any normal human standards, not by Bill Gates or Jeff Bezos standards, but by any normal human standard, a very wealthy person. So how do you raise them in that context? Well, one, don't give them too much money. Don't buy them all the things they want. Make them do well in school by, by showing them, you know, how important it is to you that they do well in school. Don't flash your money in front of them or other people. I try to live a more modest lifestyle. Now, if you're very wealthy, you don't have to be a, take a vow of poverty all of a sudden. But I do think it's not good to kind of make your children think that they're going to have money their whole life if they don't

• 1:26:07Speaker 03

  work. So I have made enormous number of speeches saying I'm giving away all my money. I hope my children are, are listening to these speeches. I try to give them a good education. They've all gone to really good schools. They all have MBAs, which you could say is either good or bad. Maybe they're not struggling artists, they're not poets, or not painters or something. Maybe that's good or bad. But all of them seem to be pretty interested in, in investing and capitalism and, and, but doing socially good things. So they have money that I have given them to give away. Not staggering sums, but enough that they can. Taste the pleasure of philanthropy, which is important to me, but I want them to be able to do it in a way where they really understand the value of it. It's their decision and they have to make the decision about how to follow through and so forth. But look, raising children

• 1:26:52Speaker 03

  is not easy. You'll find out if you get children that it's one of the great pleasures of life. That's why so many people want to have children, but it's also one of the great struggles of life. How do you raise children? And people, you know, always say to me, well, when do you stop worrying about your children? I say probably when they're about 70 or 75, you may not worry about them that much because you're always worrying about your children. And because you know, something can always go wrong and it's a fear that everybody parent has, which is that their child will not be happy or healthy.

• 1:27:16Tim Ferriss?

  At this point in your life, what do you fear, if anything? I mean, do you have any present fears or recurrent fears?

• 1:27:26Speaker 03

  Well, I guess I'm 71, so I would like to be able to live a reasonable lifespan. My parents made it to 85 and 86, and it means my genes are reasonably good if I don't do something stupid or have a bad accident. So I think my fears are not getting everything done before I my time is up. So I call what I'm doing now sprinting to the finish line. I'm now trying to get things done. I probably should have done a long time ago, but I didn't do. At 70, I came out with my first book. At 71, my second book. I'm trying to do one book a year. What was I doing in my 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s? Why wasn't I writing books then? I wish I was, I have a bucket list of things, a place I haven't been, things I want to go do, I haven't done yet because I've been working pretty hard in my life and haven't

• 1:28:09Speaker 03

  really relaxed in the traditional sense. But you know, maybe I'll get to do some of that. But I, I want to, you know, just get more things done. I want to give away the money that I have committed to giving away. I want to kind of do the kind of patriotic philanthropy things I'm interested in doing. I'm involved with a lot of universities and medical research. I want to see those projects finished as soon as I can. So, you know, and then, you know, I want to do it in a way that would make my children proud of me. And, you know, my parents were proud. And I often ask people in my interviews, if you've seen them, I generally get around to saying, well, did your parents live long enough to see your success? And people ask me, why do you ask that all the time? And I said, well, one of the great pleasures

• 1:28:48Speaker 03

  in life is seeing a child grow to be successful. And I want to know whether a child really had that before their parents passed away, if they did. And I try to remind people that's a very good idea if you're successful, even if you're not successful, but if you have the means to do something, to honor your parents while they are alive. It's a lot more fun to do that for them and you, when they're alive than when they're not alive. And I made some mistakes in that area. I probably should have done much more to honor my parents than I did. But when my father passed away relatively unexpectedly, I realized I really hadn't done enough to honor him, other than, you know, he was happy with my success in life. But I decided to find something to do. And he was a Marine, he worked in, he was in World War II. So I kind of realized that the Iwo Jima Memorial

• 1:29:32Speaker 03

  was kind of falling apart, a bit not falling apart, but it needed some repair. And so I put up the money to do it in his honor. But then I realized my mother, she could die suddenly. So I decided to have something named for her in Washington DC. And I surprised her, brought it to, to see her, her name was there. And then I got her to sit down to at the dinner with Ruth Bader Ginsburg, and which is one of her role models. And she really loved spending a couple hours with Ruth Bader Ginsburg. So, but I should have done, should have done that earlier. And probably I made a mistake in not doing that earlier. So I encourage people to try to do, do more of that. Are your parents alive?

• 1:30:07Tim Ferriss?

  They are alive. They are alive.

• 1:30:09Speaker 03

  And they must be proud of you, right?

• 1:30:12Tim Ferriss?

  They are. They, they say that they are. And they tried and worked very hard, very similar, on some level, similar background, kind of middle class, lower middle class. And, you know, I'm scrolling through my mind's eye, thinking of how, what honoring them might look like. I'd love to hear you speak further to that, because if someone listening say it doesn't have the means to dedicate a memorial, or the connections to invite their parents to a dinner that might be as meaningful, which are amazing, don't get me wrong, those are incredible gifts. What advice or, or words might you have?

• 1:30:53Speaker 03

  Well, I'll give you some advice, not that you need my advice. But there used to be, there was a very, used to be a famous football coach named Bear Bryant. He used to coach for Alabama. And one time, he was hired by AT&T to do an advertisement for, I think it's Mother's Day. The Mother's Day was traditionally, and has traditionally been, the most-used phone day. This is when people, before people had cellphones, I suspect. And so he went on TV, and his mother had passed away not too long earlier. And they had him do an ad that said, you know, "Today is Mother's Day, or tomorrow is Mother's Day. Please call your mother. I wish I could, but I can't anymore." And it kind of reminded people, you know, to call your mother while she's alive.

• 1:31:34Speaker 03

  And so when my father passed away, my mother was living alone in Florida, and she didn't want to move back to where I was living, and she didn't want to move into any kind of assisted living or anything, so she was living alone in her house. And I resolved to call her every single night, which I did, for the remaining five years of her life. And she later told people, like, you know, it was a highlight of her day, she was getting a call every day with the clockwork wherever I was in the world. And so I wouldn't say everybody has to call their parents every single day, but calling them more frequently is probably a good idea, just to kind of show some respect. And so that doesn't take a lot of money just to do that.

• 1:32:11Tim Ferriss?

  Yeah, yeah, it's got me thinking. Yeah, filial piety doesn't maybe come as instinctively in the West, at least in the United States, as it does in some other places. When you talk about sprinting to the finish line and doing these various things on your bucket list, I mean, you're a hard-charging worker, and you're very diligent in how you've applied yourself. Aside from doing more in a sort of broadly sweeping way, are there any must-do bucket items for you that are just non-negotiable, I need to do these before I turn to dust?

• 1:32:51Speaker 03

  Well, I just want to make sure my children are as prepared for my not being around as possible, so I'm happy to try to still work on that. There are some philanthropic projects that I have in mind that I want to get done before my time is up, you know, some in the patriotic philanthropy area, some in the education area, some in the medical research area, I'd like to get those done. And I also want to do as much as I can to give back to the country in many ways, that's what patriotic philanthropy is about to me. I expect to have a book out in that, not, you know, maybe year after next, where a book on what giving back to one's country it means. Uh, my next book is going to be about, it's coming out next year, it's about what it means to be an American. And, um, you know,

• 1:33:35Speaker 03

  what are the qualities that make one an American as opposed to a European or somebody else country? And so I enjoy writing these books and I enjoy, you know, giving speeches and talking about my thoughts. And so I'm really happy. My problem is I'm now 71 and you're not going to live forever. So I'm trying to just get things done. And I'm giving away my money in an intelligent way. My children are ultimate legacy. That's an important thing to me. And giving back to the country in whatever way that I can, that those are the things I kind of focus on a bit.

• 1:34:05Tim Ferriss?

  Just a few more questions and I appreciate all the time. 60 minutes because of this patriotic philanthropy, as you put it, it's called you Clark Kent in a suit and tie. You've done a lot of these many things that you have done that you would put in the category of patriotic philanthropy. What are you proudest of or what holds a particularly strong sort of foothold in your heart? Is there anything that really stands out for you?

• 1:34:32Speaker 03

  Well, I would say it, I'll answer your question in a moment, but interestingly, when my mother did pass away, I went through all of her papers and she had scrapbooks of all of my patriotic philanthropy things. And none of the scrapbooks, none of the articles about Carlisle, she was really interested in what I had done. And she told me that when I started giving away money to kind of give back to the country, what I call patriotic philanthropy, she was extremely proud. And that's where she collected all the articles about that, not so much Carlisle successes. So the interesting thing about patriotic philanthropy is it's a relatively small part of my philanthropy, maybe five to 10%. But it gets 99% of the attention for whatever reason, because people aren't doing it so much. So if I, you know,

• 1:35:14Speaker 03

  give a large amount of money to a cancer center at a cancer hospital, you know, that's a good thing though. It's modest compared to what Bill Gates or other famous cancer philanthropists are doing. But if I give $10 million to keep the Washington Monument kind of in reasonable shape, that gets an enormous amount of attention. Maybe it should, maybe it shouldn't. But I just, I've been surprised at how many. How much attention it gets and how few other people seem to want to do it. But, you know, I try to convince a lot of people at the Giving Pledge and other places that they should do, they are a lot richer than me and many of them, to do these same things, but it doesn't seem to attract as much attention, maybe because people think the government should be doing this, I don't know. But, you know, my mother used to watch it and so, one time I, I decided that I wanted

• 1:35:56Speaker 03

  the Lincoln Memorial, which was such a famous part of our history, I thought it needed some repair and was kind of run down a bit and the Parks Service doesn't really have the money to do everything, so I said I'll put up a certain amount of money to fix it and they said let's announce it in front of the Lincoln Memorial. I said, okay, so we have an announcement there and as soon as we're doing it, it's covered on C-SPAN Live, it starts to snow. So I'm sitting there in the snow and I get a call on my cell phone, it's from my mother, she's watching C-SPAN, she said, David, put your hat on, it's snowing. So, I said, okay, you know, so your mothers always are paying attention and, you know, um, okay, so I put my hat on. Um, anyway, no, I've enjoyed this, um, you know, fixing the monuments or preserving

• 1:36:37Speaker 03

  documents like the Magna Carta or I have a historic book collection that is probably one of the better American book collections of historic American books and ultimately I'll give these things away and to places that seem appropriate and I like putting them on display and the reason I put them on display is that if you look at a computer slide of the Magna Carta or if you read a computer slide of the Washington Monument, it doesn't have the same impact as visiting it. The human brain still gets much more out of visiting something, you prepare for it, you learn more when you're there, you may learn more afterwards and so I'm trying to get people to learn more about our country's history and the reason is this, if you want to have a good democracy, you have to have an informed citizenry, that's what the founding fathers believed, informed citizenry will lead to a better democracy.

• 1:37:21Speaker 03

  Right now, we don't teach civics very much in our country's history and we don't teach in our country's schools and we don't teach very much about American history, you can graduate from almost any college in the United States without having to take an American history course. So, uh, now, situation is such, so bad that recently in a survey, two-thirds of Americans couldn't even name the three branches of our federal government. And while 91% of people apply for citizenship tests in this country can pass the basic civics test, in 49 out of 50 states recently, the majority of citizens couldn't pass the basic citizenship test that you have to take to be a citizen. So we just should do a better job of informing our citizens. And that's why some of the things I do is design to kind of get people educated about this a little bit more than maybe they otherwise would be.

• 1:38:05Tim Ferriss?

  If you could get a message, a quote, a word, an image, anything out to billions of people, metaphorically speaking, on a huge billboard, could be anything, what might you put on that billboard?

• 1:38:20Speaker 03

  Give back to your country. Do something that makes the world a better place and your country a better place. Honor your parents. Your reputation is all you really carry around with you. It takes a lifetime to build a reputation and five minutes to destroy it. So don't do anything that destroys your reputation, but do things that will honor your children, your parents, and yourself, and give back to the country which, you know, you presumably think is the best country in the world, or you wouldn't be here.

• 1:38:46Tim Ferriss?

  Really enjoyed this, David. Thank you so much for the time.

• 1:38:49Speaker 03

  Thank you. Appreciate it. Thanks for all your research. You're obviously well researched, and you know your material pretty well. Thanks for doing that.

• 1:38:56Tim Ferriss?

  I do. I do my best. And people can find more at davidrubenstein.com, the new book, or should I say the latest book, but certainly one of many to come is How to Lead: Wisdom from the World's Greatest CEOs, Founders, and Game Changers. So anything else that you would like to say or request of my audience before we bring this to a close?

• 1:39:15Speaker 03

  No, I would just say I've been interviewed by a lot of podcast people, and you are as well informed as anybody I've ever been interviewed by. You obviously do a lot of research, and I appreciate it. And you have a very soothing voice, which works quite well on podcasts. So I know you have done other things in the business world and so forth, but you have a real future here. And I look forward to listening to a lot of your podcasts. And to, I'm going to go back and reread some of your books, okay?

• 1:39:44Tim Ferriss?

  Thank you, David. I really appreciate it. And this has been really enjoyable for me. And perhaps at some point, post-COVID, we'll bump into each other.

• 1:39:55Speaker 03

  Maybe so. But my new book is going to be Seven Day Work Week. We need a seven day work week.

• 1:40:02Tim Ferriss?

  No. I was thinking when you were like, oh, this this person's native language isn't even English. I was like, you know, that could be a blurb on the back of one of my books. Maybe I'll send a galley for you to read. But really appreciate it. And to everybody listening, we'll have notes for everything at tim.blog/podcast. Hey, guys. This is Tim again. Just a few more things before you take off. Number one, this is Five Bullet Friday. Do you want to get a short email from me? And would you enjoy getting a short email from me every Friday that provides a little morsel of fun before the weekend? And Five Bullet Friday is a very short email where I share the coolest things I've found or that I've been pondering over the week. That could include favorite

• 1:40:46Tim Ferriss?

  new albums that I've discovered. It could include gizmos and gadgets and all sorts of weird shit that I've somehow dug up in the the world of the esoteric, as I do. It could include favorite articles that I've read and that I've shared with my close friends, for instance. And it's very short. It's just a little tiny bite of goodness before you head off for the weekend. So if you want to receive that, check it out. Just go to fourhourworkweek.com. That's fourhourworkweek.com, all spelled out, and just drop in your email and you will get the very next one. And if you sign up, I hope you enjoy it. This episode is brought to you by Theragun. I have two Theraguns, and they are worth their

• 1:41:28Tim Ferriss?

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• 1:42:13Tim Ferriss?

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• 1:42:53Tim Ferriss?

  quiet and power. So, go to theragun.com/tim right now and get your Gen 4 Theragun today, or you can watch the videos on the site, which show you all sorts of different ways to use it. A lot of runner friends of mine use them on their IT bands after long runs. There are a million ways to use it. And the Gen 4 Theraguns start at just $199. I said I have two. I have the Prime, and I also have the Pro, which is like the super Cadillac version. My girlfriend loves the soft attachments on that. So, check it out. Go to theragun.com/tim. One more time, theragun.com/tim. This episode is brought to you by Headspace. Life can be stressful, even under normal circumstances.

• 1:43:35Tim Ferriss?

  2020 has challenged even the most resilient people I know. It's highlighted just how much we all need stress relief that goes beyond quick fixes, or really the hope for just a one-and-done Band-Aid. Quick is fine, but we need stuff that is durable, and that's where Headspace comes in. Headspace is your daily dose of mindfulness in the form of guided meditations in an easy-to-use app. Now, you might ask yourself, very reasonably, there are 2,000-plus apps for meditation, why would I use Headspace? Headspace is one of the only meditation apps advancing the field of mindfulness and meditation through clinically validated research. Headspace is backed by 25 published studies on its benefits,

• 1:44:15Tim Ferriss?

  600,000 5-star reviews, and more than 60 million downloads. So, if people keep telling you to try meditation, and you're like, "When would I do that? When would I possibly have time?" You should check out Headspace. If you have 10 minutes, Headspace can change your life. Headspace offers a really light lift and a lot of features to keep you going, which is part of the reason that I've used Headspace for years now. So whatever the situation, Headspace can really help you feel better. Overwhelmed? Headspace has a three-minute SOS meditation for you. Need some help falling asleep? Headspace has wind-down sessions their members swear by. And for parents, Headspace even has morning meditations you can do with your kids. Headspace's approach to mindfulness can reduce stress, improve sleep,

• 1:44:57Tim Ferriss?

  boost focus, and increase your overall sense of well-being. And it really starts with very, very simple practices. And if you look at my case, for instance, I just went through one of the basics today with the co-founder, Andy. It's Puttacum, could be Puttycomb, I'm not sure. But former monk turned into co-founder of Headspace, has the most soothing hypnotic voice imaginable. And I did a three-minute meditation, something like that. It's easy, it's fundamental, and it always puts me in a better space. So I'm going through the basics. Even though I've meditated for years, I'm going through the basics once again. And I would suggest to anyone that they consider starting there.

• 1:45:40Tim Ferriss?

  Headspace makes it easy for you to build a life-changing meditation practice with mindfulness that works for you, on your schedule, anytime, anywhere. We all want to feel happier, we all want more peace, and Headspace is meditation made simple. Go to Headspace.com/Tim. That's Headspace.com/Tim for a free one-month trial with access to Headspace's full library of meditations for every conceivable, possible situation. You can break glass in case of emergency in almost any situation and find something on Headspace. This is the best deal offered right now for Headspace? So check it out. Go to Headspace.com/Tim today.