245. Being Malcolm Gladwell

"Books are a pain in the ass," says Gladwell, who has written some of the most popular, influential, and beloved non-fiction books in recent history. In this wide-ranging and candid conversation, he describes other pains in the ass -- as well as his passions, his limits, and why he'll never take up golf.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 0:42Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 1:25Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:05Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:30Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hey there. It's Stephen Dubner.

• 2:34Stephen J. Dubner?

  I know what you're thinking. You're thinking, hey, what's Freakonomics Radio doing in my podcast feed today? Today's not their day. Today's the day I get my knitting podcast, or my homebrew podcast, or my how to learn Mandarin podcast. You're right, it is not our turn, but we snuck into your feed to give you this bonus episode. It is not the kind of episode we typically produce. It is nothing more than a straight-up, barely-edited conversation with Malcolm Gladwell. Here's the story. Our previous episode was called "How to Become Great at Just About Anything." It was about deliberate practice and the research of the psychologist Anders Ericsson.

• 3:16Stephen J. Dubner?

  In that episode, Gladwell appeared to talk about his interpretation of Ericsson's work, especially the 10,000-hour rule. It's an idea that Gladwell helped popularize in his book, "Outliers." Now, as is typically the case, when you hear a conversation like that in a podcast, it's usually drawn from a much longer conversation that gets edited way, way down. We usually record at least a few hours of raw tape for every finished podcast. It's maybe 30 or 45 minutes long. And that raw tape usually just sits on a hard drive, unheard by everyone but us. In this case, however, Malcolm Gladwell being a preternaturally interesting person, I thought you might want to hear the whole thing. Like I said,

• 3:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  it is largely unedited. Probably doesn't always sound so great sonically, because I was working the recording equipment. We recorded the interview at Gladwell's house in New York City, at a big wooden table where he had a microphone and recording deck set up for a podcast he's putting out soon. You'll hear us talk about the 10,000-hour rule, but a lot of tangents, too. Gladwell's writing career, his running career, and much more. So pardon the intrusion in your feed, and I hope you enjoy.

• 4:30Speaker 01

  My name is Malcolm Gladwell. I'm a writer for The New Yorker magazine and the author of a number of books, including Outliers, where I talk about, among other things, the work of Anders Ericsson.

• 4:42Stephen J. Dubner?

  I love that after all your books, which are all well-known and all good, you still identify yourself as a staff writer for The New Yorker, which I know technically you are, but I'm just curious, is that a habit that you lead with that, or is that really your identity, in your view?

• 4:56Speaker 01

  That is, it's pretty much my identity. I mean, it's the thing that I think gives me credibility. And New Yorker magazine articles are still the things that bring me the most joy.

• 5:06Stephen J. Dubner?

  More than books?

• 5:08Speaker 01

  Books are a pain in the ass. New Yorker articles are a lot of fun.

• 5:12Stephen J. Dubner?

  Because they're finite? I mean, because you escape them earlier?

• 5:16Speaker 01

  No, because, because books take forever, and then you have, and then just when you're sick of them, you have to promote them. And then when you promote them, every jackass in the world gets to sound off on them. And I just like, it's just exhausting.

• 5:30Stephen J. Dubner?

  Well, I guess I get to be the jackass today. So, Outliers is your book from 2008, if I recall correctly?

• 5:38Speaker 01

  2009.

• 5:39Stephen J. Dubner?

  Sorry, 2009. Okay. Let me ask you to summarize your view of your thesis in Outliers.

• 5:46Speaker 01

  Well, the point of outliers, I mean, is a number of points, but one is that I wanted people to move away from the notion of success as something individual. And I wanted to get people to understand that a lot of success has to do with chance, with the contribution of your culture, your generation, your family. There's this kind of heroic notion of the lone genius that's very popular in the United States, and I wanted to say to people that notion has no, very little basis in reality.

• 6:21Stephen J. Dubner?

  Now, for all that nuance and all those dimensions, I think if we asked the average reader of Outliers, and there are many, many, many, many, so the average would be interesting to compute, I'm guessing that the average takeaway would be some restatement of what you said, but it would also include the 10,000-hour rule. Do you agree that that would be the average takeaway?

• 6:41Speaker 01

  I agree that that would be in the average takeaway. However, no one is more surprised than me than that was the average takeaway. The 10,000 hour stuff that I put in Outliers was really only intended to perform a very specific narrative function, or not narrative function, but kind of an argumentative function, which was, to me, the point of 10,000 hours is, if it takes that long to be good, you can't do it by yourself. If you have to play chess for 10 years in order to be a great chess player, then that means you can't have a job, or maybe you have a job, it can't be a job that takes most of your time. It means you can't come home, do the dishes, mow the lawn, take care of your kids.

• 7:25Speaker 01

  Someone has to do that stuff for you, right? And that was my, my argument, that if there's an incredibly prolonged period that is necessary for the incubation of genius, high-performance, elite status of one sort of another, then that means there always has to be a group of people behind the elite performer making that kind of practice possible. And that's what I wanted to say. You know, if you, when you watch Jordan Spieth play golf, don't just think about Jordan Spieth. Think about the fact that, I am guessing that his parents devoted a huge chunk of their adult lives to making it possible for him to be an elite golfer.

• 8:08Speaker 01

  And every time you watch someone on stage at Carnegie Hall playing the violin, understand how many other people sacrificed to make that, the beautiful music you're hearing, possible. That was my point that I wanted to make about 10,000 hours.

• 8:22Stephen J. Dubner?

  All right, let me continue to be the jackass then for a moment. So there's a sentence in, I believe it's the chapter called "The 10,000-Hour Rule" in Outliers, where you write that 10,000 hours is the magic number of greatness. So again, I understand that you, as a writer, where that was one sentence within many paragraphs, within many chapters, that's trying to prove your larger point, and yet... I've heard from a lot of people, and I'm guessing for every one I've heard from, you've heard from 50, who've embarked on these trajectories where I want to be a ballerina, a golfer, a whatever, whatever, whatever, and if I can get to 10,000 hours, that will make me great. So that seems to be a causal relationship. How do you feel about people drawing that conclusion and taking action on it?

• 9:07Speaker 01

  Well, elsewhere in that same chapter, there is a very explicit moment where I say that you also have to have talent, that what we're talking about with 10,000 hours is how long does it take to bring talent to fruition, to take some baseline level of ability and allow it to properly express itself and flourish. 10,000 hours is meaningless in the absence of that baseline level of ability. I could play music for 20,000 hours. I am not becoming Mozart, never, ever, ever. I can play chess for 50,000 hours and I am not becoming a grandmaster, ever, ever, ever.

• 9:47Stephen J. Dubner?

  Does that mean that you're pretty not good at either music or chess? You're just saying you standing in for the, for every man?

• 9:53Speaker 01

  No, I'm saying that I know for a fact, I have no high baseline level of musical ability, and I know for a fact from having played chess for many years that I am simply incapable, the game does not conform to the contours of my imagination, right?

• 10:08Stephen J. Dubner?

  What about music? Have you tried? Have you played much? Did you want to be good and failed to be good?

• 10:13Speaker 01

  I mean, I tried, but I come from a very musical family. My brother is exceedingly talented at music. I know what musical talent looks like. I know I don't have it. But it's more than that. It's also, I think, a mistake to draw a bright line between quote unquote talent and the amount of time you spend in practice, because they merge at a certain point. One of the reasons that you spend a lot of time in practice is that you can see yourself improving and because you're part of your, what it means to be talented is to take joy in. Obsessive practice. So I happen to be, I'm gonna be immodest for a moment, a very gifted runner. My capacity for practicing running is virtually endless.

• 10:56Speaker 01

  If there weren't physical limitations on how much I could run, I would run twice a day. Right? Now, why do I love running so much? I mean, why am I a talented runner? Part of that is because I love running. I mean, and I will run endless. And if you run endlessly and have even a modest amount of talent, you can actually be a really good runner.

• 11:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  You're pretty good at writing. And I would love to know how you think of you as a writer and where the talent comes in and when you look back on your writing career and writing as a child, as we all learned to write, whether you engaged in what someone like Anders Ericsson might recognize as deliberate practice and whether you still do and so on.

• 11:36Speaker 01

  I think I do. I mean, one of the reasons I was drawn to Anders Ericsson's notion of deliberate practice is that I did recognize a little of that in my own approach to my particular profession, discipline. So this notion of not just applying yourself in a very dedicated fashion to what you do, but also actively considering, reconsidering, identifying weaknesses, striving to correct those weaknesses. I mean, this sort of ongoing, what in the world of automotive manufacturing they refer to as continuous improvement, right? That was something that always came naturally to me.

• 12:17Speaker 01

  There was never a moment when I was precious about my writing. In fact, I always welcomed people telling me what was wrong with it because I always wanted to do it just a little bit better the next time. And I, I mean, that in a kind of very colloquial way is what I think he's getting at is are you someone for whom the wheel never stops turning, right? You're always looking for some way to do it a little bit better next time around.

• 12:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  I'm gonna read into the record, as it were, the email that you wrote to me the other day. If you decide that you don't like it, we'll strike. I don't think you'll not like it, but I just wanted, it wasn't on the record, so anyway. So Malcolm, when we Talked earlier about doing this interview. You wrote an email that said, "I'm not really in agreement with him," meaning Anders Ericsson. "He's a hard-practice guy, and I'm a soft-practice guy." And yet, just again, for the record, you do cite the 10,000-hour rule, which is Anders Ericsson's, along with some other people. So what part of him are you not in agreement with in that regard?

• 13:17Speaker 01

  Well, first of all, it's a little presumptuous of me to say that I'm not in agreement with him, since he's the expert and I'm not, and all the research is his. My understanding from reading his work is that he wants to make quite an aggressive claim about the benefits of extended periods of deliberate practice. And my position is that there is an incredible amount of value in his research without having to go that far.

• 13:44Stephen J. Dubner?

  What do you mean by that?

• 13:46Speaker 01

  Meaning that I think he has this transcendent insight, which is that the contribution of practice to greatness is greater than we thought. And that a certain kind of practice, that by applying yourself incredibly diligently and intelligently to how you do and prepare for some kind of performance, you can make enormous improvement. But the amount of time necessary to make that improvement might be 2 or 3X what you think it is. To me, that's his core observation, and that, to me, is an incredibly valuable, insightful observation. And I'm happy just with that. Now, it so happens that I think he wants to take a step further and say, "If you do

• 14:31Speaker 01

  that kind of very devoted, long-running, diligent practice, you don't need a lot of kind of, call it what you will, raw talent when you begin." My position is, you don't have to say that. I mean, also... All that does, it strikes me, is allow lots of people to stand up and say, now wait a minute, John Lennon is not just an ordinary schmo, he's a guy who probably had an IQ of 170 and, you know, you can't compare Little Jimmy practicing his scales in his basement to the Beatles.

• 15:04Stephen J. Dubner?

  Do you disagree then because his position feels kind of feel-goody and Pollyannish? Like the idea that, you know, you don't really, it's not about talent, it's all about effort? Is that the objection?

• 15:14Speaker 01

  No. Disagree is way too strong a word. His goal is different from mine. He's trying to stake out an aggressive position on practice because he's operating in a context where he feels people have grossly underestimated its value. I'm operating in a different context. I'm trying to take insights from the academic world and make them useful to a very broad general audience. And if I adopt the hard position that he does, I think people are just going to roll their eyes. And that rolling eyes is not an outcome that helps me. You know, I am not in the eye-rolling production business. And like I said, the value to my mind in his work isn't that beautiful insight about,

• 15:58Speaker 01

  look, it takes a long time, A, and B, there's a certain kind of practice that is incredibly valuable, way more valuable than you might imagine.

• 16:07Stephen J. Dubner?

  All right, let me ask about one specific. So in your book, in the 10,000-hour rule chapter of Outliers, you wrote about the Beatles and how one of the reasons, one of the key reasons why they became the Beatles was because of the huge amount of time they spent in Hamburg and playing in clubs. And there's distilled perhaps best by one sentence in Outliers on page 50, "The Hamburg crucible is one of the things that set the Beatles apart," presumably from all the other bands who were trying to do what they did. So Anders, in his book, Peak, and in the interview, took exception with the Beatles example, and I'd be curious to run the scenario past you. So he said, I'll just quote Anders a bit. So to us, he and his fellow researchers, the Beatles, and I think a lot of people would agree, what made them outstanding was their composing of a new type of music.

• 16:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  It wasn't like they excelled at being exceptional instrumentalists, so if we want to explain here their ability to compose this really important music, deliberate practice should now be linked to activities that allowed them to basically improve their compositional skills and basically get new feedback on their compositions. So counting up the number of hours they performed together wouldn't really enhance the ability here to write really innovative music.

• 17:13Speaker 01

  Oh, I disagree. Again, respectfully. I'm honestly, I'm disagreeing with someone who knows more about this than me. My sense is that as someone who is in, here I'm about to commit a kind of casual obscenity, but as someone who is also in the creative business, I think that playing in loud, crowded strip bars for hours on end, starting out with other people's music covers and moving slowly to your own music, is an extraordinary way to learn about composition. That what happens when you, you know, I know of my own writing. I began as a writer trying to write like William F. Buckley, my childhood hero.

• 17:57Speaker 01

  And if you read my early writing, it was insanely derivative. I was, all I was doing was looking for models and copying them. And years of doing that, out of years of doing that emerges my own style. When I was 12, I didn't write like I write now. I spent 10 years, 15 years, kind of absorbing the lessons of others. And out of that came, I think, something reasonably creative. So I would say, to the contrary, when you absorb on a deep level the kind of lessons of your musical elders and betters, in many cases, that's what makes the next step, the next creative step, possible. I would have a very different interpretation

• 18:42Speaker 01

  of where creativity comes from than he does. And the other thing I would point out is that the Beatles' literature predates Ericsson. So he's not the first person to make arguments about practice. There's a, this literature goes back to the 60s and 70s. And so a lot of what I was reading when I was writing that chapter was not Ericsson. It was rather the generation of people in this field that came before him. And they point out, I think, very, very accurately, that the Beatles' experience is really unusual. So people always say, well, lots of bands from Liverpool, played a lot for a long, actually, they played together 1,200 times, played live 1,200 times by the time they came to America in 1964.

• 19:24Speaker 01

  1,200 live performances is a, I'm sorry, absolutely staggering number. I mean, you can't find bands, I mean, Journey has played together 1,200 times. And, you know, Bruce Springsteen has, but he's 65. These guys were in their early twenties and they'd already played together that much? That's an astonishing number.

• 19:45Stephen J. Dubner?

  But the idea may be presumably that there could have been another group of four guys, even from Liverpool, who went to Hamburg and played for many, many hours, and played as many hours but never got good. So that's the kind of hair that I think I'm trying to help you and Anders split. Because I don't hear as much disagreement as either of you here, frankly. What I hear is that you're focused more on the holistic creation of expertise. And he's focused more on, I guess, what I would call the more technical version, which has to do with deliberate practice and what it is. And it sounds like he's saying that 10,000 hours of something isn't necessarily deliberate practice. And you're saying that 10,000 hours of practice isn't necessarily deliberate practice, but there are things that happen in that process that you can't get to without the 10,000 hours anyway.

• 20:30Speaker 01

  Yeah, and particularly when the four guys who are playing together 1,200 times under very, very trying circumstances are themselves insanely talented, right? So it's like, it's not four schmoes. It's, for goodness sake, it's Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison. I'm not going to mention Ringo Starr. But each one of whom individually could have had an extraordinary career as a rock and roll musician. We have three of them in the same room for like years playing together. I mean, so there you have this kind of recipe for something extraordinary.

• 21:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  We've talked a little bit about you as a writer. Your credentials are excellent. We've talked a little bit about you as a runner. Your credentials there, while less known, are also excellent. Is there anything, you're how old, 52?

• 21:12Speaker 01

  52.

• 21:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  Is there anything that at the age of 52, you look either forward to or look back at? Something you tried and, you know, didn't get very good or maybe didn't enjoy? Is there anything that you kind of want to become awesome at in the coming years?

• 21:27Speaker 01

  Well, I don't know. I thought of, I mean, there are other things I've added. I, you know, have worked very hard on public speaking over the last 15 years. I don't think I was very good when I started, and I, I think I did do deliberate practice. I've spent a lot of time thinking about what it means to effectively communicate in that reasonably high pressure. I mean, I've seen you. You're also very good at this. And there are lots of people who say, who look at it and think it's, it's kind of easy.

• 21:56Stephen J. Dubner?

  How did you practice? Did you, did you watch and or listen to your performances? Did you write and then memorize and deliver? What did you do?

• 22:06Speaker 01

  Well, one thing I did not do is, in this case, very different from my writing. I didn't spend a lot of time studying others because I thought that what people will respond to as an audience is authenticity. You want to be as unusual as you can. So I spent a lot of time thinking about what, who am I as a, what is the, the image and message I'm trying to project about the kind of person I am, the way that I see the world? And I finally realized that what I, that what I am is someone who's not too formal or studied, or I'm conversational. That meant that I had to, I really had to memorize everything. I couldn't use slides and notes, and it couldn't seem like a classroom lecture.

• 22:50Speaker 01

  It had to seem like a conversation with me. So, once I realized that, I realized I had to do far more work in preparation than I had previously.

• 22:59Stephen J. Dubner?

  When I spoke with Anders and I asked him, you know, I'd asked him about the 10,000-hour rule and his feelings about how his research had been popularized in your work and how he felt it was a little bit off. That said, he's still extraordinarily respectful. I asked him if he'd talked to you about it, and he said he'd never spoken with you. And I asked him if I ran into you anytime soon, if there was a message to pass along. So here's a message from Anders. He said, "I'm really impressed with his books, and I think they've caught a large audience. If we were able now to channel that interest in improving yourself by now suggesting how you really need to invest the time to improve your performance, I think that would be terrific." So again, he thinks that people are focusing on the quantity versus necessarily the components of the quantity.

• 23:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  I don't know. If he doesn't agree with our analysis here, I think it would be important that he explains now why he views it, basically, it's not so important exactly what you do, but it's more important the hours.

• 23:53Speaker 01

  No, no, I think that's a misunderstanding. I totally think it's important in what you do. But remember, when I was writing Outliers, I was only interested in the hours because I was interested in this notion about social support. That portion of Outliers was simply getting people to properly appreciate the kinds of sacrifices that are necessary for someone to become great. That chapter was not supposed to be a how-to manual for how to achieve deliberate practice. Had I been writing that, I think he's absolutely right on deliberate practice. And by the way, have observed in numerous contexts, people who put in the time, but they put in the time in such a kind of badly thought-out, flaccid way, that the practice is meaningless.

• 24:38Speaker 01

  But I see, so it's really a question of, I think, the intentions of the book are, were just slightly different. When I talk about, in that chapter, about Bill Gates, getting all of these hours of practice as a programmer, I'm not concerned with describing how he programs. I'm simply concerned with describing the fact that he gets an opportunity and no one else does.

• 25:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  He's great.

• 25:02Speaker 01

  In a way where nobody else in his generation is getting that same opportunity. So that's what I was, I was making a really very specific argument. And when I wrote that, it never occurred to me for a moment that 10,000 hours would become the kind of meme that people took from the book.

• 25:20Stephen J. Dubner?

  If you were to embark on a program inspired by your work in Outliers and Anders Ericsson's research in his book, Peak, to offer kind of guidance to anyone who wanted to attain, if not expertise, and get really good at something. And it could be something large or small. So if we were to turn this one episode, let's say, into a series or a brand-new podcast, which, by the way, is a kind of a thought in the back of the mind, what kind of activities would you like to see people embark on to see if and how deliberate practice could really work? Sports and music are pretty obvious, but I'm curious what else you might think about.

• 26:01Speaker 01

  That's interesting. I would do the opposite, as opposed to zeroing in on something specific, I would talk about something very broad. The principles of deliberate practice strike me as being most useful on questions like how to think.

• 26:16Speaker 01

  So the whole notion that you would, when you have made a decision, when you have considered a set of data or evidence and drawn some conclusion, that you would submit your process to some kind of either internal or external review and try and figure out how to do a better job the next time. That strikes me as what we need. Because, you know, one of his observations about deliberate practice is that practice becomes useless when it's unreflective. When you're simply doing the thing over and over again and you're not going back and scrutinizing how you did it and figuring out, tweaking it and figuring out what you can do better next time.

• 26:56Speaker 01

  People like Tiger Woods do this, I almost think automatically. I think that's the way his fought relationship with his father was structured. Their ability to go back over and over and over again, you know, to the chip out of the rough and get it right is what sets him apart. I think when it comes to our thought processes, we don't do this at all. So I would love for managers, presidents, CEOs, what have you, to get in the habit of, not with every decision, because that's paralytic, but a couple of times a year to take some momentous decision and sit down with a group of people and just walk through it again and say, well, what was the way in which I approached this decision?

• 27:40Speaker 01

  And how can I, can I practice it and improve it for next time?

• 27:44Stephen J. Dubner?

  Tiger's the second golfer you mentioned. You play golf or no? I didn't know you don't.

• 27:48Speaker 01

  No.

• 27:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  Oh.

• 27:49Speaker 01

  God, no.

• 27:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  How come?

• 27:51Speaker 01

  It's the best. Well, because I know enough about myself to know that if I played golf, I would become obsessed.

• 27:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  Well, that's the point.

• 27:58Speaker 01

  And I would lose.

• 27:59Stephen J. Dubner?

  It's a good obsession.

• 28:00Speaker 01

  I would lose hundreds and hundreds of hours.

• 28:04Stephen J. Dubner?

  Is it the fear? No, I don't, I don't mean to impute fear on you. Is it the concern that you would spend a lot of time and not get good enough to be satisfied with it?

• 28:14Speaker 01

  It's simply the concern that I would spend a lot of time. I think you have a, you, I, as particularly I get older, I become, I zealously guard my cognitive time. When I was in high school, I was a very, like I said, I had a very successful runner and I stopped, I stopped at the age of 15.

• 28:32Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hmm.

• 28:33Speaker 01

  Not because I was doing poorly, but because I understood at that age that if I was going to continue to be a good runner, it was going to occupy an outsized place in my imagination and not leave room for other things. And I was not prepared to make that sacrifice. I consider that to be the most important decision I ever made. Golf would just crowd out. I just can't go out there and just hack the ball around. I would be so, it would crowd out other things that I'm just not, I just don't think golf can play primary role.

• 29:03Stephen J. Dubner?

  So you understood opportunity cost at a pretty early age because that's a pretty good calculation to have made at 15, that every hour I spend here is going to take away from. You still dodged though, the one thing now that you would like to get. If you could pick one activity, you said thinking, which I realize is, is great, but you already think well. If there's one activity, do you drive a car? Do you drive already?

• 29:27Speaker 01

  Oh, I'm actually a big car nut. I would love to be able to learn how to, you know, race cars. I mean, drive at a very skilled level at high speeds. That would be something I would really get into.

• 29:40Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay. Awesome. Great. Thank you very much. That was Malcolm Gladwell chatting about this and that. Interesting throughout, if you ask me, which is why we put it out as a bonus episode. Hope you liked it. If not, no harm, no foul, right? Coming up on the next complete regularly scheduled Freakonomics Radio, a masterclass in stick-to-it-iveness, otherwise known as grit.

• 30:17Speaker 02

  What specifically are gritty people like? What do they do when they wake up in the morning? What beliefs do gritty people walk around with in their head?

• 30:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  How to be gritty. That's next time on Freakonomics Radio.

• 30:49Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 31:22Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 31:51Speaker 03

  How's the new place? Get your Wi-Fi figured out? I got T-Mobile 5G home internet, and I'm loving it. It's the fastest 5G home internet. My old provider was so slow. Mine is slow. And only $35 a month. Do I need to try this? Try it for 15 days. Love it or get your money back. I love it already.

• 32:08Speaker 04

  There are over 250 reasons to join T-Mobile. Find yours and check availability at tmobile.com/homeinternet.

• 32:16Speaker 05

  This is according to Oplu Speed Intelligence. Data second half of 2025. All rates reserved. Redeem money back guarantee within 30 days of cancellation.

• 32:21Speaker 06

  This episode is brought to you by Charles Schwab. Is there a right time to sell a stock? Are you taking the right risks with your portfolio? Financial decisions can be tricky, and often, your own cognitive and emotional biases can lead you astray. Financial Decoder, an original podcast from Charles Schwab, can help. Join host Mark Reapy as he offers practical solutions to help overcome the cognitive and emotional biases that may affect your investing decisions. Listen at schwab.com/financialdecoder.