Beyond Hot Flashes: Thriving Through Menopause into Your Best Years

As women enter perimenopause and menopause, hormonal shifts—declining estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone—can ripple through nearly every system in the body, impacting bone density, cardiovascular health, metabolism, brain function, and sexual wellbeing. Misinterpretation of past research left millions fearful of hormone therapy, yet newer evidence shows that bioidentical hormones, started within a specific “window of opportunity,” can protect the heart, brain, bones, and quality of life. Supporting this transition in a woman’s life also means addressing nutrition, gut health, stress, sleep, and strength training—powerful tools that work alongside hormones to restore vitality. With the right knowledge and care, this phase of life can be transformational, leading to renewal, resilience, and long-term health protection. In this episode, I explore, along with Dr. Mary Claire Haver and Dr. Cindy Geyer, how we can shift our thinking of peri-menopause and menopause to one of renewed health and vitality. Mary Claire Haver, MD, FACOG, CMP, is a board-certified Obstetrician and Gynecologist, Certified Culinary Medicine Specialist, and Menopause Society Certified Menopause Practitioner. A graduate of Louisiana State University Medical Center with residency at the University of Texas Medical Branch, she is the founder of Mary Claire Wellness, a clinic dedicated to comprehensive menopause care. In 2023, she launched ThePauseLife.com, a global resource for menopausal women, and became a #1 New York Times bestselling author with The New Menopause. Her first book, The Galveston Diet (2023), reflects her passion for evidence-based lifestyle strategies to support women’s health. With over 4 million social media followers, Dr. Haver is a leading voice in “demystifying menopause,” empowering women to self-advocate and thrive through every stage of midlife. Dr. Cindy Geyer received her bachelor of science and her doctor of medicine degrees, with honors, from the Ohio State University. She completed residency in internal medicine at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, N. Y. and is triple board certified in internal medicine, integrative medicine and lifestyle medicine. This episode is brought to you by BIOptimizers. Head to bioptimizers.com/hyman and use code HYMAN to save 15%. Full-length episodes can be found here: Your Guide to Menopause: What to Expect and How to Thrive Menopause Relief: Hormone Tips Every Woman Needs To Know Is Hormone Replacement Therapy in Menopause Helpful or Harmful

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Coming up on this episode of the Dr. Hyman Show.

• 0:02Speaker 01

  Women live longer than men, sure, but we spend 20% of our lives in poorer health than our male counterparts. And that's not okay. And that's the gender health gap. And that's where we have all, that's where the work needs to happen.

• 0:18Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Before we jump into today's episode, I want to share a few ways you can go deeper on your health journey. While I wish I could work with everyone one-on-one, there just isn't enough time in the day. So I built several tools to help you take control of your health. If you're looking for guidance, education, and community, check out my private membership, The Hyman Hive, for live Q and As, exclusive content, and direct connection. For real-time lab testing and personalized insights into your biology, visit Function Health. You can also explore my curated doctor-trusted supplements and health products at drhyman.com. And if you prefer to listen without any breaks, don't forget you can enjoy every episode of this podcast ad-free with Hyman Plus. Just open Apple Podcasts and tap "Try Free" to start your seven-day free trial. What, what happens during perimenopause?

• 1:01Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Well, a lot of things can happen. Ovaries are not necessarily ovulating every month. And you can have these things called anivulatory cycles. You might have less estrogen, you'll have less progesterone because that only happens when you ovulate and you get a sac on your ovary that's called the corpus luteum that pursues progesterone. And that basically leads to these hormonal imbalances. That's the take-home here. And you can have low estrogen, high estrogen, low progesterone. Now, these sort of swings in hormones are often irregular, and they're responsible for many of the menopausal symptoms, right? The hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, that comes with lower estrogen. The drop in progesterone can actually happen earlier than the drop in estrogen. And that, they result in anivulatory cycles. These are cycles where you just don't ovulate, right?

• 1:46Dr. Mark Hyman?

  The egg doesn't come out. You kind of run out of eggs. You know, you're born with a certain number of eggs, and they decline over time. And eventually, you kind of, ovaries get pooped out, and you just don't produce an egg. And when you don't produce an egg, that leads to a drop in progesterone. And that progesterone drop leads to what we call unopposed estrogen. So it's either an absolute or a relative increase in estrogen to progesterone. That leads to all sorts of symptoms. And early on in the perimenopause, you can get heavy periods, irregular periods, long periods where you don't have a period, then you have like heavy clots. You can get fibroids and worsening PMS symptoms, all because of this drop in progesterone. Also can lead to many, many other things, as we mentioned, in terms of sleep issues

• 2:30Dr. Mark Hyman?

  and mood issues and headaches and fatigue. And, and over time estrogen levels will drop, but sometimes they can actually be quite high. And that's when you get breast tenderness, fluid retention, clotting, heavy bleeding, increased risk of uterine cancer. All those things happen in the perimenopause. What about testosterone? Well, testosterone levels also go down in women as they approach menopause due to aging and a natural decline in ovarian function, which is where half of their testosterone is produced. The rest is produced actually in the adrenal glands. And this results in a loss of libido, sex drive, loss of energy, motivation. And these changes in hormones also have widespread effects on the rest of a woman's biological system. So what are the physiological changes that happen? Well, as women approach menopause, their hormone levels begin to decline and their

• 3:15Dr. Mark Hyman?

  risk of various diseases increase. So that's really important to know what your hormonal changes are and how to support them through diet and lifestyle before you get into too much trouble. Now, sometimes simple lifestyle changes and some supplements might help. Herbs are very effective, things like acupuncture can be effective, exercise, stress reduction, sleep optimization, healthy diet, removing toxins, all those things help. But sometimes you do need help, more help. You need what we call bio-identical hormone replacement therapy. And what does that mean? Well, it just means using hormones that are the same as your body's own hormones. Historically, in, in medicine, we've used something called Premarin, which stands for

• 3:56Dr. Mark Hyman?

  pregnant mare's urine, Premarin, pregnant mare's urine, gross, right? But that's what we use. And that's, those are highly conjugated estrogens that are very inflammatory, have increased cancer risk and cause all sorts of problems. So we don't want to use that. But we're going to talk more about how to use hormones, when to use hormones and, and the benefits and the pros and cons in a bit. But first, let's discuss what actually happens to a woman's body physiologically during this transition period. Well, first thing is bone density becomes a risk, right? Estrogen, as estrogen levels drop. Your risk of bone loss goes up, right? Estrogen plays a key role in maintaining bone health by helping regulate bone remodeling.

• 4:39Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And that involves resorption or breakdown of the bone, an old bone and creating new bone. All that requires estrogen. So how does estrogen do this? Well, it increases the activity of a certain type of cells in your bone called osteoclasts. These are class like breaking down, like an iconoclast, something breaks icons, right? So it's osteoclast is a cell that is responsible for breaking down bone, which is normal. You want to recycle old bone and build new bone. And it also decreases the activity of osteoblast cells that are responsible for new bone formation. So that's not a good scene. So you get a double whammy with more breakdown and less buildup.

• 5:22Dr. Mark Hyman?

  So when you actually in menopause or perimenopause, this combination of bone breakdown and reduced bone growth ultimately leads to a loss in bone density. You see, on average, women lose about 1 to 2% of their bone density per year during perimenopause and menopause. And the rate of bone loss can be even higher in the first five to seven years after menopause. You really got to be on top of this. Get your bone density checked early, check it regularly and find out what's going on so you don't get in trouble. We'll talk about how to keep your bone density up too. If you look at what happens, it can, it can lead to up to 20% of loss of your total bone mass. If you don't do something about it, and we're going to talk about what to do about it. But it involves taking the right supplements, vitamin D, exercise, strength training and so forth.

• 6:05Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And this loss of bone basically increases a woman's risk for osteoporosis and fractures if it's not managed with diet and exercise, particularly strength training. What else goes on? Well, your risk of heart disease goes up, right? Heart disease and stroke are the leading cause of death in women. But the good news is in up to 80% of cases, it's preventable with lifestyle and diet. I've seen studies that show over 90% of heart disease is preventable. So what's happening in a woman's body to increase her risk? During menopause. Well, estrogen plays a role that's protective in the cardiovascular system. It enhances the production of a really important molecule called NO or nitric oxide. It's a vasodilator that helps relax and widen blood vessels and improves blood flow,

• 6:50Dr. Mark Hyman?

  which we know it works because that's how Viagra works, right? Increases nitric oxide. It also helps reduce inflammation, which is really important because heart disease is an inflammatory disease. And so basically, there's all sorts of things. It also helps your blood vessel health and reduces your risk of high blood pressure. And so all these are great. And the inner lining of your blood vessels is really important. And that's what produces nitric oxide. And so that inner lining of your blood vessels is really, in part, regulated by estrogen. So when it's weak or damaged, that's when cholesterol gets stuck in the arteries and forms plaque that causes hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis or heart disease. It also increases LDL, the good cholesterol, although there's really no good and bad. It's a little bit more nuanced than that. And it decreases triglycerides,

• 7:32Dr. Mark Hyman?

  which is awesome. And it also lowers LDL, which tends to be a problem for people. Now, it decreases LDL cholesterol by enhancing the expression of something called LDL receptors in the liver. And that's good because these receptors basically suck up all the LDL excess, the excess LDL in your blood, and it reduces the risk of plaque buildup in the arteries, which is great. It also has antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress and the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, which is what really causes heart disease. It's not just LDL. It's when it's oxidized or rancid, and then it causes heart disease and blockage in the arteries. So how does estrogen protect against oxidation of LDL?

• 8:11Dr. Mark Hyman?

  It activates genes that make major antioxidant enzymes, things like SOD or superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. And these are more powerful than any antioxidants you'll ever take in a vitamin. And they're produced by your own body. Now, these help neutralize free radicals. They protect against oxidative damage or rusting. And it's awesome. And estrogen itself has direct antioxidant properties due to its

• 8:38Dr. Mark Hyman?

  The chemical structure, we call it phenolic structure. Now, the phenolic structure is similar to what we call polyphenols, which are basically these plant compounds are anti-inflammatory to help neutralize these free radicals. And there's these phytoestrogens, but I don't like that term because it kind of means that they're stimulating the estrogen receptor, but they're actually modulating it in a beneficial way, and they don't actually cause estrogenic effects. They just help modulate it in a good way. And there's one from soy for like, for example, genestine and dadzene that are found in soybeans. Now, there's other plant compounds that also help, like lignans is the type of plant phenolic with weak estrogen activity in the body, and they're found, guess where?

• 9:20Dr. Mark Hyman?

  In flaxseed, so they really help a lot in terms of the overall sort of hormonal balance. So I highly recommend flaxseeds for women in general for lots of things, for constipation and for omega threes and for particularly for helping with hormonal balance. Estrogen also impacts insulin sensitivity and glucose intolerance, meaning it helps regulate your blood sugar, which is key for preventing heart disease and maintaining your metabolic health. So estrogen plays a huge role in insulin sensitivity and keeping your metabolism healthy. It upregulates the expression of something called glucose transporters in our cells, which is basically our muscle and fat tissue. So essentially, you know, the ability to get glucose out of your blood depends in part on estrogen.

• 10:05Dr. Mark Hyman?

  It also helps maintain muscle mass, which is key for insulin sensitivity, and it influences the secretion of something called adipokines. These are hormones released by fat cells by promoting subcutaneous fat storage rather than visceral fat. Now, the visceral fat's the dangerous fat. That's around our belly. That's linked to prediabetes and some resistance. And when you lower estrogen levels during menopause, it increases a woman's susceptibility to insulin resistance and to weight gain, particularly around the belly. Women notice that they get more little pudgy around the middle. That's because of this reduction in estrogen. And eventually it can even contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes. What about your brain? Well, brain is important. And research shows that estrogen has a very important role to play in your brain.

• 10:50Dr. Mark Hyman?

  It's a neuroprotective compound, meaning it protects your brain.

• 10:55Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And it's involved in keeping the brain healthy and firing all cylinders. And how does it do that? Well, it helps do it through reducing inflammation in the brain. It modulates the activity of brain immune cells to maintain a healthy brain environment and enhances something called neuroplasticity, which is the ability to grow and strengthen neurons and the connections between neurons. It also influences the production of our neurotransmitters, serotonin, dopamine, which helps support mood and cognition. And so an upregulate speeding up was essentially like miracle growth for the brain, which promotes the survival growth and the differentiation of neurons and increases connections between them. So your brain's more connected and functional. Also, it protects against something called amyloid beta buildup and toxicity.

• 11:38Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Now, this is the protein amyloid that accumulates and forms plaque in the brains of people with Alzheimer's, which is why we've seen some data that estrogen is protective against Alzheimer's, which is kind of cool. And that means when estrogen levels decline, the opposite happens, right? Your brain gets more inflamed, you get more brain fog, maybe serotonin, dopamine decrease, which can lead to low motivation, maybe make you anxious, your mood changes, not because you're crazy, it's because your hormones are changing. Sadly, your risk of dementia goes up and your cognitive decline goes up. So it sounds kind of bummer, right? It's all bummer data, but actually, the reason I'm telling you is because you can do something about it. There's so much you can do about it to prevent all these things and to support your body during this whole time

• 12:22Dr. Mark Hyman?

  and minimize all these things. So you can't just kind of go through it, ignore it and pretend everything's happening fine and not pay attention. You gotta pay attention and you gotta take care of yourself, ladies, because here's the deal. Most women in this period of their life, perimenopause or menopause, it's called the sandwich generation. They're sandwiched between their parents and their kids. They're teenage kids and they're old aging parents. Plus, they're probably in the middle of their career and there's a lot of stress. So you gotta take care of yourself, like that thing they say on the airplane when you're, you know, you put the oxygen mask on yourself first, then you put on your kid. That's kind of what you gotta do. And if you do that, then you can preserve your brain function. You can preserve your body. You can protect your heart. You can feel good.

• 13:05Dr. Mark Hyman?

  You can continue to live a happy, healthy, thriving life. But the more proactive you are about it now, the easier the transition is going to be. Here's the problem with traditional medicine. It just doesn't know how to deal with this very well. It's like, okay, take the pill until you're 50 and then we'll switch you to hormone replacement therapy. Well, that ain't the answer, right? Conventional docs don't take a proactive preventive approach to help protect against bone loss, against muscle loss especially. They don't really focus on preventing high blood pressure, heart disease, or protecting your brain during this time. I mean, basically, you might get a platitude, well, just exercise and eat better and, you know, manage your sleep and stress, but that's not very helpful information. And that leads a lot of women

• 13:46Dr. Mark Hyman?

  to suffer. The truth is, they don't have to, right? They don't really have to. So, let's first talk about where conventional medicine gets the approach to hormone replacement therapy wrong, right? Often, what they'll do is to wait until symptoms appear to do anything about it, which is often late. And even when they do, their interventions just don't support the transition. They just manage symptoms with SSRIs and hormone replacement therapy. I mean, they, they now have a drug for PMS. It was called Prozac. They changed the name to Serapham, exactly the same drug, just to make it sound like it was for women, but it's kind of ridiculous. I mean, it's not a Prozac deficiency, right? There's, there's a change that happens. Sometimes hormones can be helpful and doctors will prescribe them, but they don't usually do it right. They don't do the right kind of hormone therapy,

• 14:30Dr. Mark Hyman?

  and they use conjugated or equine estrogen. That's horse estrogen. I mentioned the urine, pregnant mare's urine estrogen. And that's been linked to a ton of problems, right? Initially, hormone replacement was seen as highly beneficial, based on some observational studies, because they weren't really clinical trials. They just looked at populations and shocked them over time. It was the Nurses' Health Study, and they found that, you know, we're 130,000 women. They fought for decades, and seemed like the women who took the hormones did better, right? They had less heart disease, breast cancer, dementia, osteoporosis, everything seemed great. But it wasn't hormones that were doing that per se. It was really their lifestyle. We call it the health user effect. So there was a large trial, billion dollar

• 15:12Dr. Mark Hyman?

  study funded by the NIH called the Women's Health Initiative, and kind of turned upside down these findings. Now, this is a study of over 160,000 women who are postmenopausal, who were either on combined estrogen progesterone therapy, or estrogen only. And they use synthetic forms. They used pregnant mare's urine, and they used synthetic form of progesterone or progestin, which is often very problematic. And now, these results were published in a prestigious journal called the Journal of the American Medical Association. Essentially, they showed that hormone replacement therapy actually increased the risk of heart attacks, breast cancer, strokes, dementia, and blood clots.

• 15:47Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And they wound up discontinuing the study early because the results were so shocking and they didn't want to harm women further. That study caused a lot of problems because all of a sudden you got 50 million women overnight, boom, stopped hormone therapy and they were miserable. Right? And it led to a shift in their recommendations around hormone therapy being very much anti-hormone therapy. The problem was that they didn't really get into the nuances and they didn't look at the type of hormone, dosage of the hormone, the method of application, is it a pill, is it topical, timing of hormones. It's really subtle and personalized. The truth is that hormone therapy can be used and I would like to call it hormone optimization therapy because you don't want to overdose. You want to do the right forms. You want to

• 16:32Dr. Mark Hyman?

  do bio-identical forms. And women who actually begin hormone therapy within six to nine years after menopause can start to benefit from the therapy, but starting it too late after menopause may increase risk. So you got to be careful about when to start. Now hormone therapy may also help women in perimenopause and helps to reduce symptoms and provide relief, but you've got to be very specific and personalized based on the symptoms and the form and the type of hormones used really matter.

• 17:09Dr. Mark Hyman?

  What should we actually know from the Women's Health Initiative, which was a randomized controlled trial? And what do we know now that's different than intervening 22 years that's changed our thinking?

• 17:20Speaker 01

  So this was one of the, probably the best cases of something going viral before social media. And, you know, kind of this path of misunderstood information or misinformation. So WHI, you know, they started enrolling patients in the late 90s. We knew from observational data that women on HRT tended to have less heart attacks and die from heart attacks less. And so they said, all right, well, is it just because women on HRT are healthier and wealthier? Is this an artifact? Or can we prove this with a randomized controlled study? First time aging women had ever been studied with that level of And they use Priman and Propro, which at the time were the two top. If that wasn't unusual at the time, those were the two commercially available formulations that they did. So that's one problem. They use one formulation.

• 18:04Speaker 01

  You know, the Primaran, if they had a, if they didn't have a uterus and then Propro, if they did versus placebo. Average age, so the outcome of the study was not safety. It was measured, but that was not the primary aim. The primary aim was to see if they would get cardiovascular disease or not. So they started with a much older population. This is teen. The average age of the study was sixty three.

• 18:24Speaker 01

  They enroll the patients, get started. In the Primaran and Provera arm, they did notice a very slight relative, um, absolute relative risk increase of breast cancer in that population, not in the estrogen only.

• 18:39Speaker 01

  They called a press conference. They didn't release the study data at the Watergate Hotel. And it was on the cover of every newspaper, every news story. I remember I was my chief year of training. It was two thousand two is when I graduated. And it like you said, it was this massively disrupted. It was the top news, medical news story of two thousand two. And it said estrogen causes breast cancer. Well, turns out the estrogen only arm kept going and they didn't see an increased risk of breast cancer. So now, you know, but that notion just went crazy. No one would prescribe it after everyone was terrified. Those, those data points have been refuted, as you know, throughout multiple studies throughout time. But we're just having a hard time like getting the world to catch up to this. But in general.

• 19:23Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Was it the forms of hormones that caused some of the increase?

• 19:25Speaker 01

  Right. And so, you know, Levy and Simon and Levy just published like the contemporary view of hormone therapy. You know, formulation matters, type matters, age matters. We have a window of opportunity for protection for cardiovascular disease. And basically it's the time away from estrogen where the problems start for, for females. So the longer my body is away from estrogen, the more likely I am had to have a stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, whole, every cardio metabolic disease. Estrogen is protective. Once those diseases start, estrogen is great at prevention, not at cure for some of these things. And so the older women in the study didn't see a cardiovascular benefit because they probably already have heart disease.

• 20:08Speaker 01

  They missed their window of opportunity because they started older. Their acceleration of their diseases had already occurred. So now we know, if you want the cardiovascular protective benefits, you probably should start within 10 years of your menopause. If you want the neurologically protective benefits for decreased Alzheimer's and dementia, you need to start within the first five to 10 years. Lisa Moscone has new data published on this just this week in Nature. Probably it's a bigger window than we thought.

• 20:36Speaker 01

  If it will always protect your bones, it's always going to protect your urinary system. It's always going to protect your muscles, you know, but you still have to do the work. So I never want anyone, any of your listeners to think, oh, I'm just going to take hormones and go about my diet.

• 20:47Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, you do.

• 20:48Speaker 01

  Perfect. No.

• 20:49Dr. Mark Hyman?

  You said that actually does.

• 20:50Speaker 01

  No, you must exercise, you must eat right. You know, this is a tool and the toolkit so that, because here's the fact of the matter. Women live longer than men, sure, okay? But we spend 20% of our lives in poor health than our male counterparts. And that's not okay. And that's the gender health gap. And that's where we have all, this is where the work needs to happen.

• 21:12Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, I think this is so essential. And I think, you know, as I was sort of learning about the Women's Health Initiative, I actually already had kind of gotten a little bit biased because I'd read this book about bioidentical hormones, about using hormones that were the same as your body's own hormones to bind the same receptors that have less side effects, like Premarin, which was used in that original Women's Health study. That actually has to be metabolized by the liver and it actually increases inflammation, see a reactive protein, increases triglycerides, increases your, your risk of breast cancer, I think because of its effect on alcohol metabolism and lots of things. So if you drink a glass of wine, your, your hormone levels would jack up really high. So I think there was a lot of problems with that, but now the topical or bioidentical hormones seem to be better tolerated, more effective.

• 21:57Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Are you worried at all about them to would be concerned that there is some unknown risk that we haven't determined from the research yet about whether or not these actually may increase breast cancer risk or ovarian cancer risk?

• 22:09Speaker 01

  Not in the estrogen family, not if you stick to a, you know, not, not in the estradiol world. Okay, does it look like it's actually protective for breast cancer, especially if you start young? The progestins seem to be where there's a lot of variation and, you know, the studies are being done, we have lots of data coming out from Europe and other places, but they're all using different progestogens. What I want to see is a head to head of estradiol plus my oral micized progesterone and let's follow those women, you know, for 20, 30 years. And see who lives longer, what the risk of breast cancer is, et cetera. But you know, what's happening is bikini medicine in my world where women are little

• 22:48Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Bikini medicine?

• 22:49Speaker 01

  With bikini medicine. So the only thing we need to worry about in women's health is the bikini area, the breasts and everything out of the bikini. And so, you know, the bikini bottom. And it's, like you said, we're not taking these drugs, you know, cardiovascular drugs on men. So let's take a statin, you know? My cholesterol went up through the menopause transition. I've been able to get it back down with HRT and diet, okay, very successfully. But my doctor recommended a statin. There is no data to suggest that statins decrease the primary risk of a heart attack in women. HRT does, and that was actually primary, like not the best of our options out there. So, oh, I could go on and on about this.

• 23:30Dr. Mark Hyman?

  No, it's good. It's good. It's good. I think it's good because I think, you know, we, we, um, we, we have to sort of empower women with the knowledge that we have now and not be stuck in this old story that we shouldn't do it. Now, the question I have really is, is if, if you're going through, uh, you know, menopause and you have no symptoms and you're good, should you take hormones?

• 23:54Speaker 01

  I would have a balanced conversation with that patient, and that's what I do in my clinic. I'm going to talk to her about, even though it's not recommended by the societies yet, except for the American Heart Association, well, they're a little bit on the fence, but I talk to her about the known protected benefits of hormone therapy. Her bones, her brain, her heart, if she's in the right window of opportunity. And I'll let her make a decision for herself. We'll talk about the risks, her family history, her needs, her wants. What's happening is the old menopause was HRT only for the shortest time, the lowest dose, only if you have severe symptoms and you're going to jump off of it. Okay? But what about the woman who kind of, luckily the 15%, who don't have the cliche symptoms?

• 24:37Speaker 01

  But I also say, what's your cholesterol? How's your insulin resistance? How's your joint pain? Because those symptoms are just now being recognized as part of the hormone deficiency that's going.

• 24:48Dr. Mark Hyman?

  For sure.

• 24:49Speaker 01

  And maybe we can help those things.

• 24:51Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah. And so to flip the question upside down a little bit, if, if a woman starts on hormones, is this something they should stay on long-term? And is this something that all women should do after menopause? Is this something we should kind of move towards thinking that all women should be done? Or is this more of a personalized approach?

• 25:10Speaker 01

  I definitely think it's personalized. I definitely, right now in the US, four to maybe eight percent of women who are eligible are on HRT. And people are saying that's over medical eyes. And I think that's ridiculous. We're just allowing your body to work in the fashion that it used to work before you enter this change. And, you know, before you washed your eggs. And so I think every woman deserves that conversation and to be allowed to make a decision for herself. And then if she decides to do it, we, I review it every year with them. How are you doing? How are you feeling? Have we developed any new medical problems? But it is absolutely possible that a woman can enjoy benefits of hormone therapy until

• 25:51Speaker 01

  she dies. I might die with an estradiol. So, and let, you know, and, but that's my personal choice, combined with my knowledge level and my family history.

• 26:02Dr. Mark Hyman?

  So I'm hearing the subtext, unless someone has significant reasons not to, like breast cancer risk, or they've had breast cancer and it's contraindicated, or ovarian cancer, or uterine cancer, which are hormone-dependent cancers that do flourish.

• 26:16Speaker 01

  Right. That would see your cancer would be said, yeah.

• 26:19Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Right. It seems like what you're.

• 26:21Speaker 01

  A severe liver disease, a recent, well, quite, you know, you're, and, you know, recent DTE. Yeah. So really contraindications, of course.

• 26:32Dr. Mark Hyman?

  But for pretty much everybody else, what I'm hearing you say is it's a good idea.

• 26:36Speaker 01

  It's something to consider, and it is something I discuss with every single patient.

• 26:40Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah. The other thing is, you know, women might have a sort of like the. Frog in cold water that gets turned up slowly and they don't know they're boiling to death. Like the changes can happen and be subtle and you think this is just a normal aging, but then you get them on hormones. I go, wow, this is a different me, right? This is a whole new, whole new experience.

• 26:59Speaker 01

  That is what I see in my clinic and that is what the menopause, you know, we have this little friend group of clinicians and we're multidisciplinary. The menopause and we text all day long. We share patient stories and ask questions in articles and you know, it's fun. And so, you know, it's retrospective. It's all these women saying, oh my gosh, I didn't realize that my my tendinitis, myitis, my vertigo, my palpitations went away, you know?

• 27:27Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, yeah.

• 27:28Speaker 01

  Um, it's pretty exciting. It's exciting stuff.

• 27:31Dr. Mark Hyman?

  So let's talk about testing. Um, you know, you know, what I've found is hormones fluctuate greatly. And, you know, when I was sort of in medical training, oh, don't worry about testing so much because they're all over the place. And, you know, you, you only want to test after they've stopped having their period to confirm they're in menopause. How do you see testing hormones in women and when should women start testing? What should they be testing? If you're checking hormones, it's a matter of when in the cycle you're chest testing, well, actually to be day one to three or day 18 to 23 to see what's happening with ovulation. How do you sort of think about this?

• 28:01Speaker 01

  I, I, here's my fantasy is that we have a CGM type thing, a continuous, a CHM, continuous hormone monitor. You know, why not? Why not? There's actually, I talked to someone who's trying to develop one where you start having symptoms, you pop that bad boy on, you follow yourself for a couple of months. It's tracking all the things, your estrogen, your progesterone, whatever. But, you know, we, we have these kind of poor fantasias for that right now in the form of, you know, you need to do testing over multiple days. It's, it's hard to, to read. And so the way I diagnose perimenopause is

• 28:35Speaker 01

  I talked to the patient. I absolutely believe her. I do a lot of blood work to rule out other things like autoimmune disease, hypoventilism, inflammatory disorders, nutrition. But like a spot hormone test because of all that crazy chaos is not going to help me that much. Certainly if I can't use her period to help kind of guide me a little bit, I'm doing hormone testing, you know, to see is she really postmenopausal and we missed it? Because we don't have a period to judge, but I, you know, I don't have a great, you know, easy blood, urine, saliva test that I think is 100% reliable. I really just listen to the patient, believe her, go there with her, you know, make sure nothing else was going on or overlapping with all the blood work and then we just drive into treatment.

• 29:17Dr. Mark Hyman?

  You know, it's interesting for, for, you know, premenopausal women, I think, you know, who are having a lot of symptoms. I always found that if I checked hormones sort of in the second half of the cycle, like the 18 and 23 of a normal 20 day cycle, that I could see what's going on with their ovulation because their progesterone would often be

• 29:35Speaker 01

  progesterone would be low.

• 29:36Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And their estrogen would be really high. And that would kind of give me a lot of clues about what's going on. And then I might just try progesterone with those women or I might try that and a tiny bit of estrogen. And, and that seemed to be a good sort of indicator. Is it, is it, is that a good practice?

• 29:51Speaker 01

  That's very reasonable, you know, if, if you can get it on day 18, just with modern, you know, we are lucky in the type of clinics we have, but sometimes, you know, the access that patients have to that kind of thing is, is, is pretty limited. Yes, but I, I think, you know, a really high estrogen with a really low progesterone is classic in ovulation, right? Or all of the ovulation, or that's either peri or PCOS for us. And, you know, giving her progesterone often is miraculous. This patient seems so happy.

• 30:20Dr. Mark Hyman?

  You can obviously see the ratio of LH and FSH change where you get high LH and low FSH, which is often correlated with PCOS. And we've seen that too. So it's kind of like, what about, you know, early on in the cycle? When is it indicated to do testing day one to three, you know?

• 30:35Speaker 01

  So typically most of what I learned, that was for fertility. And interestingly, you know, we fertility does a lot of work with AMH.

• 30:45Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Antimalarian hormone?

• 30:47Speaker 01

  Antimalarian hormone. They're actually looking at analogs of that or I think the blockers.

• 30:54Speaker 01

  These, there's two biotech companies that I know are working on, you know, medications that work with AMH to extend the life of the ovary. Because it seems that rise in AMH is accelerating the, the loss of the follicles in menopause. And if they can figure out a way to block that process, they think they can extend the life of the ovaries so that we have, we can enjoy more of our natural estrogen. But again, that's all in theory and they're testing it.

• 31:18Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And if you measure AMH, this, it should be lower in, in order to indicate better fertility. When it's higher.

• 31:24Speaker 01

  Right, which means longer, you have a longer time until you're menopausal. So I think there's, there's a lot of work to be done there in the menopause space. So I'm excited to see what's coming in the future for that.

• 31:35Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Let's talk about sex. I think, you know, one of the things that.

• 31:39Speaker 01

  We didn't talk about testosterone yet.

• 31:41Dr. Mark Hyman?

  No, that's what I want to get into. So, you know, you know, you, you've said before that, and I, this is sort of well known if you're a physician, is that, maybe not actually, most doctors, is that testosterone, absolute testosterone levels are higher than estrogen and progesterone levels in women.

• 31:56Speaker 01

  In women, it's a precursor to estradiol down the sin, you know, down the, down the pathway to create estradiol. Testosterone's the last step before we aromatize it to estradiol. So yeah, our natural testosterone levels are actually higher in pychograms, predensiliter than our estradiol levels. But then we lose those too.

• 32:14Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, and there's a lot of reasons for, for libido issues and sexual dysfunction in women. I once heard a woman, Susan Love, who wrote a book about women's health years ago, which was quite amazing. And she said the biggest sex organ for women is between their ears. And I think there's a lot of truth in that. But, but also women have vaginal dryness, they have lower testosterone, they have arousal dysfunction, there's all sorts of stuff that gets kind of.

• 32:38Speaker 01

  Orgasmic dysfunction.

• 32:39Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, and you know, and men got Viagra and all this stuff, but women kind of don't really seem to get, have this addressed very effectively. And what I've found is it can be really effectively addressed by, in addressing overall lifestyle issues and relationship issues, obviously, but sometimes using testosterone can be very effective. And it also is great for bone health and mood and energy and focus and has a lot of benefits. So. I'm curious about your perspective about the use of testosterone and how you use it, how you prescribe it. You know, I, one of the things I, I learned was that you could use it topically on the clitoris and you can get it compounded. And if women use a couple of drops every night, over a few weeks, it really increases their arousal, orgasm. And I, I think it worked because

• 33:24Dr. Mark Hyman?

  the women I prescribed it for would always call me back for reishi. So I figured that it was working.

• 33:31Speaker 01

  Yeah. So my friends, so in our menopause, we have three or four urologists who are females, you know, and they're in Ishwesh, the Sexual Medicine Wellness Conference. And they love topical testosterone in the vulva, especially if they're having, it's, there's so many testosterone receptors in that lower, in the entrotis as well. They love it for the clitoris too. So like doing that, if you look at the vulva, that they call it 12 to six when you apply the cream and they have it specially compounded to that. They're huge fans of that. Especially if they have GSM, Genital Uroinary Syndrome of Menopause, a combination of estrogen and testosterone, or the DHEA, which gets converted down the pathway to B, is helpful. So I love testosterone.

• 34:16Speaker 01

  I'm a huge fan. Clearly the data for HSD, hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which is the organ between our head. You know, but you know, does she have a good relationship?

• 34:26Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Doctors like to give these names.

• 34:28Speaker 01

  Yeah. Is she having pain? You know, we're ruling out all the other causes, making sure she has a stable relationship with a partner who she used to have a good libido with, or you know, layman's term libido, making sure she's not having pain. We got to fix that. And so all those things are addressed. And then testosterone really does seem to be helpful for the hypoactive desire issues. So the brain parts for females. Also, I use it off label. If my patients come in, I have a monitor in my office for muscle mass and visceral fat. I have an in body scanner, electrical and pedant scanner. So if she's coming in and she's, she's had a bone density and she's got low bone mass and she's sarcopenic, you know, I am recommending it off label because the data's

• 35:11Speaker 01

  very promising in combination with, we know that women with higher just natural testosterone levels have less of those diseases. So I'm just trying to help her, but she's got to eat the protein and lipopolites and do all the things as well. And that testosterone can be additive in that.

• 35:27Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And you use it topically or how do you use it?

• 35:30Speaker 01

  I do. So yeah, only on duckanoate is, and it's not even approved in the US is safe, you know, for the liver toxicity part of it. So testosterone therapy should be transmucosal or transdermal for safety reasons. And then in the US, there's no FDA approved formulation for women. So in some states than others, it's easier to get, sometimes you can do the male version of like T stem gel and you, but it's hard to dose. You know, it's like a pea size amount. Or, so most of my patients, because Texas, we really have a hard time getting the T stem from a pharmacist, will go around the block and do a compounded cream. So I'll do a transdermal testosterone cream to the patients and we'll kind of dose adjust,

• 36:15Speaker 01

  you know, based on her levels and her symptoms.

• 36:17Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And it doesn't cause women to grow mustaches and beards?

• 36:20Speaker 01

  If you stay in a physiologic range, if you don't overdose her, sure, if I give her enough, she will grow all sorts of things. But I, I try to keep my patients in a healthy physiologic range.

• 36:30Dr. Mark Hyman?

  I think that's so important. That is such a key statement and is to use hormones in a way that kind of matches your normal physiologic state for optimal health, not an excess amount. I mean, you see these muscle heads and gems that have huge levels of anabolic hormones that this is our super physiological and there are serious consequences to that. But if you're keeping people in an optimum range, it actually works. And I, I think, again, this is one of those areas that has been neglected for women that is so important to be addressed. And again, even that there isn't an FDA approved formulation, that you have to go hustle around and try to get this prescription covered or go to a compounded pharmacist, it doesn't make any sense, right?

• 37:10Speaker 01

  Exactly. It's so frustrating as a, as a clinician that I can't, it's so complicated sometimes to help my patients get what they need, just to feel normal again.

• 37:20Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, I think I think we're we're kind of hopefully coming out of the dark ages of women's health. I don't know if we are, but it feels like there's a lot of people out there now talking about it. There's you, there's people like Sarah Gottfried, there's others, you know, my friend Gabrielle Lyon are all kind of advocating for kind of a a new way of thinking about women's health. You know, it wasn't something I intended to go into, but it just became something that I was very much immersed in because of the population that I was dealing with. And I just learned so much from my patients and, you know, and often the the best source of learning is listening and asking what's going on with them, them telling you and then learning about the condition and how to sort of adjust your your treatment to match that. And I I think, you know, it's been

• 38:04Dr. Mark Hyman?

  a dark period because because of the women's health issue, there's been such a fear and such a resistance to hormone therapy across the medical disciplines. And and now it seems like it's shifting. Is this just on the fringe? Or do you think this is changing within traditional obstetrician gynecology?

• 38:20Speaker 01

  I definitely see it changing. I see like in the American ABOG, American Board of OB GYN, the Council on Resident Education, I was a program director for like 10 years. So they are pushing to have a menopause curriculum. I see, you know, more and more people contacting me, other clinicians who are like, help me, help me, I want to learn more, you know, the the rate of people signing up to get certified by the Menopause Society is skyrocketing. You know, I think people are becoming aware, mostly due to social media platforms, the news, you know, and patients, this generation of menopausal and perimenopausal women is not putting up with it. She knows there's a better life for her, that she doesn't have to suffer, and she wants more information.

• 39:01Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Love you to talk about this case that you shared a little bit earlier with me about the six-year-old woman who had allergies, migraines, weight gain over eight years, lost her parents, and it was it's a really great case and talks about how we think about people going through this phase of life differently.

• 39:15Speaker 01

  Yeah, so I'm

• 39:16Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And by the way, before you do, I just want to say, it doesn't matter what phase of life you're in as a woman, whether you're a teenager going through hormonal changes in your 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s and beyond, we take care of all of it. We're just sort of focusing a little bit on menopause now, but this applies across the board. And we, you know, have different issues at different ages. But looking at the life cycles of women is really a core part of what we do.

• 39:37Speaker 01

  I agree. And I think

• 39:39Speaker 02

  As I mentioned before, it's a window of opportunity. It's often the symptoms that bring you into the, to talk to the functional medicine practitioner, but it opens the door for a conversation about everything. Yeah. Which is really important. I'm going to look back on this. So this is somebody who didn't come to me initially for menopause, but she happened to be in the menopause transition. She was 52. I think her last menstrual period was about six months before she came to see me. And she had this history of allergies and migraines. So just so you know, I'm going to talk as I go through this. One of the things that comes up for me with allergies and migraines is thinking about the role of histamine in some of her symptomatology. The last eight years, so as she's entered the menopause transition, her weight's been going up. And she had what's a very common occurrence.

• 40:22Speaker 02

  She lost both of her parents, unfortunately. Her partner had a serious health issue. So there's been a lot of added stress. And face it, mortality was right in front of her. So that can bring up a lot of things about, oh, my gosh, what does it mean to be getting older and what's going to happen for me? She'd also noticed in the last three years, she was starting to have some hot flashes and sleep disruption, brain fog, which she in particular linked to more sugar and carbohydrate intake. And at the same time, she was craving more of those foods as she was more stressed. A little bit of a vicious cycle. And we started her really on a nutrition plan while we were gathering some of the data. Yeah. And our original nutrition plan was kind of what we talked about.

• 41:05Speaker 02

  Whole food, plant-based diet, minimizing those processed carbohydrates, even trying a low histamine diet to see if we could sort of clear the decks and what would happen with her allergies and her migraines. Recommended doing a sleep study, some breath-based practices, which we know have shown some evidence for reducing the hot flashes. It's just helping support her. Yeah. With all the stuff that she's been dealing with. And then when we got her labs back, her estrogen was not measurable. So she's not making any at all. Some women will make a little bit. She had some yeast overgrowth. Like some mark in her gut. We had some elevated markers and it also showed up in her stool test. And she had intestinal methane overgrowth as well, which was probably playing a big role with some of her digestive issues.

• 41:50Speaker 02

  And this estrobolone that we talked about. Yeah. And she was showing some evidence of increased intestinal permeability. Her LDL particles were higher than we wanted to see it.

• 42:00Dr. Mark Hyman?

  So she had bad bugs growing her gut, too much yeast, too many bugs in the wrong spot. She got bloating and, you know, she had leaky gut and all these things were causing allergies, inflammation and making everything worse.

• 42:12Speaker 02

  Yes. So it wasn't just the hormones.

• 42:14Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah.

• 42:15Speaker 02

  Yeah. And I think that's a really important piece.

• 42:17Dr. Mark Hyman?

  But I want to ask you this, your experience too, Sandy. Like what I've found is that, that if I start with all these other things, the hormones are often getting in the line, that, that actually the hormones are often screwed up as a downstream consequence of other upstream causes.

• 42:31Speaker 02

  Yes.

• 42:32Dr. Mark Hyman?

  It's not usually the hormones themselves are the issue, right? I mean, think about it, like, we all have hormones, they all should be working. Why aren't they working? Like, it's like, if you have a toxin like mercury, that's a bad thing. If you have a parasite, that's something that's an upstream cause, right? But if you have screwed up hormones, it's usually the consequence of something else that's screwing them up. It's not a primary thing. It can be.

• 42:54Speaker 02

  It can be.

• 42:55Dr. Mark Hyman?

  It can be.

• 42:56Speaker 02

  It can be.

• 42:56Dr. Mark Hyman?

  But you could have an ischialoma producing insulin as a tumor. Or you could have, you know, I don't know what else. You could have a lot of things. You'd have a cortisol producing tumor and have Cushing's. So there's a lot of things that, you know, obviously aren't what you're doing.

• 43:08Speaker 02

  Right.

• 43:08Dr. Mark Hyman?

  But for the most part, a lot of it, I see as downstream. Is that your experience?

• 43:13Speaker 02

  It is, and I will say with the exception of menopause, because while a lot of women get better, there's still a subset that the estrogen itself being so low can be playing a role with some of the symptoms.

• 43:24Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Okay.

• 43:25Speaker 02

  So, because there is a, there's a documented change in those hormone levels.

• 43:29Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, but like 85 year women are not having hot flashes.

• 43:31Speaker 02

  True.

• 43:31Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And they have low estrogen.

• 43:32Speaker 02

  True.

• 43:32Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Right? So what's going on?

• 43:34Speaker 02

  Well, that's true. That's true. Actually, about 15% of them will continue to have that.

• 43:37Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Oh, boy.

• 43:38Speaker 02

  We don't know what's going on with those women, but, and, oh, and one other thing that showed up for her, she had some common nutrient deficiencies. Her B12 was low, her vitamin D was low. And we mentioned about vitamin D playing a role as actually a hormone as well.

• 43:51Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah.

• 43:51Speaker 02

  So we targeted all those things and she was feeling better, especially the brain fog and fatigue. So that responded really well to the nutrition approaches and addressing her gut.

• 44:01Dr. Mark Hyman?

  So you basically fixed your gut, got an elimination. Diet and heal the the microbiome, which is a core part of what we do in functional medicine.

• 44:07Speaker 02

  Right.

• 44:07Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And whatever you've got, it's kind of usually plays a role, whether it's heart disease or diabetes or cancer, or allergies or autoimmune disease, or autism, or ADD, or hormonal issues. We really have to look at the gut as a central feature. And so you're saying just by getting rid of the bad bugs, getting rid of the bad foods, put her on foods that healed her gut and things that healed her leaky gut, she improved.

• 44:30Speaker 02

  And supporting her nutritionally, absolutely.

• 44:32Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Migraines got better.

• 44:33Speaker 02

  Migraines got better. Migraines got better, allergies got better. Yeah.

• 44:38Dr. Mark Hyman?

  So Sydney, we did all these things. You did all these incredible things. You diagnosed her with all these imbalances. We corrected them and we do this kind of work at the UltraWell. And so we do deep dives. We find all these things that need to get corrected. We correct them and people's health just dramatically improves. But sometimes, you know, with the hormone issue, you need to use hormones. And it's not that they're bad or good. And I think we get into this binary thinking in medicine. It's good, it's bad, it's good, it's bad. And the truth is, it's got to be personalized.

• 45:05Speaker 02

  Right.

• 45:05Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And it's different for everybody. And there are some rules and principles that I think we follow in functional medicine around prescribing hormones, which I want to get into, but tell us the rest of the story with this woman. You got her mostly better, but then she was still having very low estrogen.

• 45:20Speaker 02

  Right.

• 45:21Dr. Mark Hyman?

  What did you do?

• 45:22Speaker 02

  She came back in about three months later and articulated that she was feeling better. The brain fog, the fatigue, her migraines, her allergies, they were all better. But it's interesting, the hot flashes were continuing and her sleep was being more affected. So she now came back saying, you know what, I think I do want to try hormones. We had this conversation back and forth. And of course, you're going to do your due diligence. Before prescribing hormones, you want to make sure that she's up to date with her mammogram. And there's no concern there that she hasn't had any dysfunctional bleeding, that it raises a red flag and you want to make sure that there's no hyperplasia or anything going on there.

• 45:54Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Heavy bleeding in the perimenopausal area, where you get like precancerous stuff in the uterus, and you can check that with a vaginal ultrasound.

• 46:00Speaker 02

  Right.

• 46:01Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Right?

• 46:01Speaker 02

  Right. And she didn't have any of that. So we decided.

• 46:06Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And now we have something really cool we do is a liquid biopsy, which we didn't have years ago, which is essentially ability to track cancers through a blood test. It looks at fragments of cell-free DNA where we can actually see, oh gee, well, maybe we should screen and see, not just with a mammogram, which misses a lot, but actually a gallery test, which looks at liquid biopsy. And then you say, gee, I'm pretty comfortable. This person is not having some latent cancer. And I'm going to throw some estrogen on it and give her a problem.

• 46:31Speaker 02

  Right. So we decided to try hormones and my general thinking about hormones, you know, that term bio-identical like created a lot of confusion back in the day, but my favorite way to do it is to use a patch, which has a lot of customizable doses and it's an estradiol that is pharmacologically exactly the same as what your own ovaries would have produced before menopause. I like it because it's convenient. You put it on twice a week. It gives you a steady amount of estrogen. And like I said, there's a range of doses. Because she's symptomatic, I'm going to start with a mid-level dose. We started with a mid-level dose for her. Because she has her uterus, she does need progesterone, because progesterone is going to protect overstimulation or overthickening of that lining of the uterus. And we can also

• 47:16Speaker 02

  take advantage of progesterone because it has some calming, sedating effects and give it at night. So it might also help her sleep.

• 47:23Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Like the body's natural valium.

• 47:24Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 47:25Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah.

• 47:25Speaker 02

  Yeah, absolutely. So that's what we did. We started her on a patch.

• 47:28Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And was that an oral progesterone?

• 47:30Speaker 02

  The progesterone is oral. For her it was.

• 47:32Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And it's, and it's not just the progesterone that we used to prescribe, Provera.

• 47:35Speaker 02

  Right.

• 47:36Dr. Mark Hyman?

  My joke with that one, it's, it's called methoc� progesterone. It makes women fat, hairy and depressed.

• 47:44Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And it does. It's horrible. In fact, it makes, it makes people eat more. I use it during cancer treatment to get people to eat more.

• 47:51Speaker 02

  Yes.

• 47:52Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And so when cancer patients are starving because they're, and losing weight, they give them this to increase their appetite. Right?

• 47:58Speaker 02

  Yep. And we can, we can talk about that because I think the Women's Health Initiative, which prompted everybody to throw their hormones in the garbage, one of the downsides of it, or one of the potential flaws of it, two of them actually, most of the women were in their 60s. So they're a decade past the average age of menopause and physiologically, women are in a different place than, they may not get the same tissue responsiveness to estrogen. And they used Primorin, which is conjugated equine estrogens.

• 48:24Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Horse estrogen.

• 48:25Speaker 02

  Horse estrogen.

• 48:26Dr. Mark Hyman?

  I mean, but it means pregnant mare's urine. Primorin, that's actually how they got the name. It's get it from pregnant mares and then they concentrate it. And it's horse estrogen, which is very different than ours and is very inflammatory.

• 48:39Speaker 02

  Yes.

• 48:39Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And quite toxic.

• 48:40Speaker 02

  And when it's given by mouth, it goes through the liver and creates higher C reactive protein inflammation markers, higher clotting factors, it worsens insulin resistance instead of better insulin resistance.

• 48:51Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Higher triglycerides.

• 48:52Speaker 02

  Higher triglycerides. So all of the things that were blamed on estrogen and hormones may have been more a function of the older age group of the women when they started and the formulation and the route of administration.

• 49:02Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah, so they used, they used basically the wrong kind of estrogen and the wrong kind of progesterone.

• 49:07Speaker 02

  And the wrong route of administration.

• 49:09Dr. Mark Hyman?

  And the wrong route of administration. So yeah, that's sort of the philosophy we use basically is use as little as possible for a short time as possible for with a form of the hormone that's same as your body makes and give it by bypassing the liver through your skin, hopefully, or under the tongue or there's a million ways to do it. But, but basically it's, it's doing it mostly trying to mimic nature.

• 49:34Speaker 02

  Right.

• 49:35Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Right, and not overdoing it and not underdoing it.

• 49:37Speaker 02

  Right, so that brings up another point, right? It is not common practice, once you put somebody on hormones, to follow up blood levels.

• 49:45Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Amazing.

• 49:47Speaker 02

  You know, and for me, I-

• 49:49Dr. Mark Hyman?

  It's like, it's like giving a person a blood pressure pill and not checking their blood pressure.

• 49:52Speaker 02

  Exactly.

• 49:52Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Or giving them a cholesterol pill and not checking their cholesterol.

• 49:55Speaker 02

  So, so we want to see, does it help the symptoms? But we also want to see, well, well, what is your blood level? Because that can help you gauge. For example, if I started a given dose of a patch and she comes back and she's still having hot flashes, how well is she absorbing that patch? Is it enough to get a measurable rise in her estrogen or not? Because then that can guide the dosing. I also, just from trying to thread the needle of risk and benefit, I don't believe in supplementing somebody's estrogen to the level it was when she was in her twenties. Or trying to get the benefits, but not really drive too much estrogen. So we mitigate risk.

• 50:29Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Yeah. And, and you know, I don't view this any, but I often will check estrogen metabolites on women who are taking hormones.

• 50:36Speaker 02

  Yes.

• 50:37Dr. Mark Hyman?

  So I can assess whether or not they're producing toxic estrogens. I will often look at their genetic shipments and genetic testing. There's genetics around estrogen metabolism. We can look at like COMT and other hormones, methylation hormones, methylation pathways like MTHFR. And basically in English, that means we can check various enzymes that are involved in detoxifying estrogen and whether they're working well or not. And then we can use science to find the right cofactor for that enzyme, which is a nutrient, right? And so we can start to build a very scientific way of, of personalizing here. And this is where all medicine is going. We're all going to be doing this. And right now, sadly, very few people get this. And it's really why we, we do the work we do at the Ultra Wellness

• 51:19Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Center to get people the chance to get access to the future of medicine now. And, and, and the good news is people get better. Like, it's just amazing to see these stories that you're telling. It's so satisfying because, you know, people have, have all these symptoms, not just menopause, like allergies, migraines, gut issues, like this woman had. And, and you were able to get all that sorted and then get her back on track. And, you know, people can come back and basically have a resolution of a lot of these really difficult problems that we don't have good solutions for in traditional medicine. When it comes to supplements, you only want the best for your body, the kind with the highest quality, cleanest and most potent ingredients you can get. That's exactly what you'll find at my supplement store, where I've hand-selected each and every product

• 52:01Dr. Mark Hyman?

  to meet the most rigorous standards for safety, purity and effectiveness. These are the only supplements I recommend to my patients, and they're also what I use myself. Whether you want to optimize longevity or reduce your disease risk, or you're looking to improve your sleep, blood sugar, metabolism, gut health, you name it, drhyman.com has the world's best selection of top quality, premium supplements, all backed by science and expertly vetted by me, Dr. Mark Hyman. So check out drhyman.com because when it comes to your health, nothing less than the very best will do. That's drhyman.com, D R H Y M A N dot com. If you love this podcast, please share it with someone else you think would also enjoy it. You can find me on all social media channels at Dr. Mark Hyman. Please reach out. I'd love to hear your comments and questions. Don't forget to rate, review, and subscribe to the

• 52:46Dr. Mark Hyman?

  Dr. Hyman Show wherever you get your podcasts. And don't forget to check out my YouTube channel at Dr. Mark Hyman for video versions of this podcast and more. Thank you so much again for tuning in. We'll see you next time on the Dr. Hyman Show. This podcast is separate from my clinical practice at the Ultra Wellness Center, my work at Cleveland Clinic, and Function Health, where I am Chief Medical Officer. This podcast represents my opinions and my guests' opinions. Neither myself nor the podcast endorses the views or statements of my guests. This podcast is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional. This podcast is provided with the understanding that it does not constitute medical or other professional advice or services. If you're looking for help in your journey, please seek out a qualified medical practitioner. And if you're looking for a functional medicine

• 53:31Dr. Mark Hyman?

  practitioner, visit my clinic, the Ultra Wellness Center, at ultrawellnesscenter.com, and request to become a patient. It's important to have someone in your corner who is a trained, licensed healthcare practitioner and can help you make changes, especially when it comes to your health. This podcast is free as part of my mission to bring practical ways of improving health to the public. So I'd like to express gratitude to sponsors that made today's podcast possible. Thanks so much again for listening.