#3 The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Edison Invented The Modern the Modern World

What I learned from reading The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented The Modern World by Randall Stross Edison starts his first business at 12 years old (11:00) Edison's discipline (20:00) Edison's rivalry with Alexander Graham Bell (38:00) Edison's friendship with Henry Ford (1:00:00) Edison's stoic nature (1:15:00) The death of Thomas Edison (1:21:00) ---- Founders Notes gives you the ability to tap into the collective knowledge of history's greatest entrepreneurs on demand. Use it to supplement the decisions you make in your work. Get access to Founders Notes here. ---- “I have listened to every episode released and look forward to every episode that comes out. The only criticism I would have is that after each podcast I usually want to buy the book because I am interested so my poor wallet suffers. ” — Gareth Be like Gareth. Buy a book: All the books featured on Founders Podcast

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• 0:00David Senra?

  Having one's own shop, working on projects of one's own choosing, making enough money today so one could do the same tomorrow. These were the modest goals of Thomas Edison when he struck out on his own as full-time inventor and manufacturer. The grand goal was nothing other than enjoying the autonomy of entrepreneur and forestalling a return to the servitude of employee. Edison's need for autonomy was primal and unvarying. It would determine the course of his career from the beginning to the end.

• 0:34David Senra?

  That was an excerpt from the book that we're going to be talking about today. The title is "The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World", and the author is Randall Strauss. It's the main source material for today's discussion as we look into the life of one of the most famous people of the 19th century.

• 1:01David Senra?

  Let's go ahead and start with a part from the introduction of the book.

• 1:07David Senra?

  Thomas Alva Edison is the patron saint of the electric light, electric power, and music on demand. The grandfather of the wired world. The great-grandfather of iPod Nation. He was the person who flipped the switch. Before Edison, there was darkness. After Edison, media saturated modernity. Edison is famously associated with the beginnings of movies, which is where the modern business of celebrity begins. But he deserves to be credited with another, no less important, discovery related to celebrity that he made early on in his own public life, and by accident. The application of celebrity to business.

• 1:51David Senra?

  The celebrity is distinguished from the merely well-known by the public's bottomless desire for closeness, for learning anything and everything about the person.

• 2:03David Senra?

  The first celebrities in American history were political and military figures, the founders, and Lincoln.

• 2:11David Senra?

  Treating them as objects of fascination, the public experienced a feeling of personal and wholly-spirious closeness. In the 1870s, Edison joined the ranks of larger-than-life demagogues, making way for the civilian celebrity.

• 2:29David Senra?

  Other 19th century figures like Mark Twain and P.T. Barnum also gained fame on a scale impossible to imagine in an earlier time for those who worked outside of politics. But Edison's celebrity exceeded everyone else's. He achieved it well before he and others had created the technology to mass-produce visual intimacy on a larger-than-life scale. When Edison initially became famous, the public could see him only with the images conjured up by newspaper texts supplemented with the occasional line drawing. There's a funny anecdote that we're gonna touch on later, dealing with newspaper texts

• 3:10David Senra?

  and trying to recoup some costs from the newspapers themselves. Back to the book. During his lifetime, however, the technology for depicting images advanced rapidly. His face became so well-known that an envelope mailed on a lark from North Carolina with nothing but his picture on it to serve as both name and address, arrived in his hands in New Jersey a few weeks later. No one at the time would have predicted that it would be an inventor of all occupations who would become the scenographer of the age. In retrospect, fame may appear to be a justly-earned reward for the inventor of practical electric light, yet Edison's fame came before light.

• 3:55David Senra?

  It was conferred for an earlier invention, the phonograph. Who would have guessed that the announcement of the phonograph's invention would be sufficient to propel him in a matter of a few days from obscurity into the permanent above? Any one of dozens of technical breakthroughs that had come before had much greater impact on the US economy. Their creators were more likely candidates for the top rank of fame. Eli Whitney's cotton gin. Robert Fulton's steamboat. John Jethro Wood's iron-tipped plow. Cyrus McCormick's reaper. Charles Goodyear's rubber manufacturing process. Samuel Morse's telegraph.

• 4:40David Senra?

  Alicia Graves' Otis elevator.

• 4:44David Senra?

  Lucian Smith's barbed wire and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. These were prior inventions that fundamentally changed the US economy. Why would the phonograph, of all things, have made its inventor famous beyond imagining? More mysterious is that it was not just the phonograph itself. It would take two decades before the machine was ready to be actually commercialized on a mass scale. But the mere idea of the phonograph that instantly seized the imagination of everyone who heard it, inspiring essayists to expect machines capable of thinking as well as speaking. That's actually an interesting thought. 150 years later, we're still expecting machines to be capable of thinking.

• 5:30David Senra?

  That's exactly what machine learning and artificial intelligence is all about. And this seems to be a desire that you see throughout human history, something that we're still experiencing today. Back to the book. Edison's admirers endowed him with fantastical powers that would permit him to invent anything he wished. One humorist suggested that he invent a pocketbook that will always contain a dollar or two. Edison did not himself lack for self-confidence and held fast to the conviction that he could remove any technical obstacle that impeded his progress, no matter what field of invention he explored. This conviction would lead him into blind alleys, but it also led him to astonishing success, planned and unplanned.

• 6:16David Senra?

  More than anything else, the utterly fearless range of his experimental activities draws our attention today.

• 6:25David Senra?

  Fearlessness was needed when he elected to become a full-time inventor at the tender age of 22, a bold step for a young man without family money. His mother, a former schoolteacher, provided the homeschooling that constituted the entirety of his education. Other than two brief stints at local schools.

• 6:49David Senra?

  These circumstances, along with his progressive loss of hearing, nurtured the autodidact in Edison's makeup. That's actually interesting. The more biographies I read and the more podcasts I make about these biographies, a common theme with historically great peoples, their autodidacts. Many of them, like Abraham Lincoln, had almost no schooling. And they relied on books and other resources to teach them whatever their mind was passionate about. The same thing you'll see throughout Edison's life. He just attacked with complete focus what he was interested in.

• 7:28David Senra?

  So I'm gonna go back to the book. "His father introduced his son to the highly esteemed writings of Thomas Paine, but young Edison did not inherit his father's interest in politics. He did, however, show an entrepreneurial bent that resembled his father's. Before Edison the inventor made a..."

• 7:50David Senra?

  Before Edison the inventor made an appearance, Edison the boy tycoon had emerged. The opportunities he discovered as a 12-year-old wheeler and dealer were opened when he persuaded his mother to let his home studies end so that he could take a position as a newsboy on a train that ran from Port Huron to Detroit. Once on board, he saw that he could buy goods cheaply in the big city and retail them in a little port here on at a nice markup. He opened two stores, a newsstand and a fresh produce stand, and hired two other boys to staff them and share in the profits." He's doing this at 12 years old.

• 8:33David Senra?

  "At age 15, Edison expanded into newspaper publishing using a galley-proof press and worn type he bought secondhand and set up in the baggage car of the train. When a British passenger happened to catch a glimpse of the adolescent publisher at work, he bought the entire run of Edison's Weekly Herald as souvenirs. Edison later heard he planted mention in The London Times that it was the first newspaper in the world to be printed on a train in motion."

• 9:06David Senra?

  In his spare time, Edison spent time with a small chemistry laboratory that he set up in the baggage car. Flammable chemicals did not travel as well as the printing page. When a bottle of phosphorus fell and set the car on fire, the conductor ejected Edison, his chemical laboratory, and his printing press. It's interesting because there's another story that we're going to talk about much later in Edison's life involving a massive fire.

• 9:34David Senra?

  The other diversion that occupied Edison's every spare moment was telegraphy's Morse code, which he tried to absorb on his own through osmosis, sitting close by the telegraph instruments in the railroad offices, listening and watching. Edison fell into the good graces of James Mackenzie, a station agent, when he rescued Mackenzie's son, who was playing obliviously on the train tracks, when an uncoupled freight car rolled toward the tyke. Edison happened to be looking out the window just in time to dash out and swoop the child out of harm's way, but not in time to prevent the child's mother from catching sight of the near fatal miss and fainting.

• 10:19David Senra?

  This was the tale that was told, and it invites being treated as acrofall.

• 10:27David Senra?

  Here's our weekly podcast reminder that I have a huge problem pronouncing certain words. So I'll do the best I can, but I'm going to make mistakes.

• 10:40David Senra?

  Were it not for the corroborating facts and Mackenzie's palpable gratitude, he, meaning Mackenzie, became Edison's personal Morse code tutor, and Edison soon became proficient. It was told as the preamble to the main event, which was Mackenzie taking considerable pains to teach Edison, and Edison's own willingness to practice Morse code about 18 hours a day. So Edison's capacity for extended bursts of work would be his principal vanity for his entire life. And it's something that he was extremely proud of, and something that he did even in his 60s, 70s, and into his 80s. This intensive tutelage soon enabled him to become a professional telegraph operator.

• 11:30David Senra?

  So, just to summarize where we're at right now. Edison convinces his mom at the age of 12, "Hey, let's stop our home studies. Let me go to work." He gets interested in all kinds of things, including chemistry and making his own newspaper, starting his own businesses, wholesale business, reselling, and moving goods from the big city to the smaller ports. And I want to skip ahead a little bit in the book to Edison at 21.

• 12:02David Senra?

  And we're going to go back to the book for this. Edison filed patent applications as fast as the ideas arrived. The first application that was successful, the first of 1,093 patents that he would accumulate, was for the Legislative Chambers Vote Recorder, which could shorten tabulation by hours.

• 12:23David Senra?

  With buttons provided at each member's desk, the chamber speaker could see twin dials displaying running totals for "aye" votes or "nay" votes. The deficiency of the manual voting system seemed obvious to Edison, but not to his prospective customers.

• 12:42David Senra?

  When Edison and his investor met with a politically savvy operator, whose recommendation would be needed to secure a sale in the Capitol, the insider's reaction to Edison's invention was undisguised horror. The minority faction would not embrace an expedited voting process because it eliminated the opportunity to lobby for votes, nor would the majority want a change either. The vote recorder was a bust, and the lesson Edison drew from that experience was that invention should not be pursued as an exercise in technical cleverness, but should be shaped by commercial needs. So this is interesting for two parts.

• 13:22David Senra?

  One, there's a lot of things, characteristics in Edison's life that if he was alive today, people would consider him... Having autism or Asperger's syndrome, his ability to have a singular focus, it's detriment to everything else. He would work 18 hours a day, fall asleep in his laboratory. The day of his wedding, he worked all night, fell asleep, was woken up at midnight, and realized, "Oh, I got married today, maybe I should go home." And the second thing that was interesting about that paragraph, was he realized at 21 that he needs to have a way to be able to make money to support his goal of becoming an inventor.

• 14:08David Senra?

  Thomas Edison is remembered as a great businessman.

• 14:14David Senra?

  That may actually be inaccurate. Sure, he made a lot of money, he died a millionaire, and at this time in history, it's very impressive. But he also squandered away larger potential business

• 14:30David Senra?

  transactions and opportunities, because he... Business never came first. He always wanted to invent. He just needed to make money, as the opening paragraph said. He just wanted to make money so he could continue to invent tomorrow. And so this lesson that he's learning at 21, it stays with him throughout his whole life, where he'll drop some inventions because they can't support themselves.

• 14:55David Senra?

  Let's go back to the book. The vote recorder had temporarily pulled Edison away from his core expertise, telegraphy, which was that day's preeminent high-tech field. So at this time, it'd be very similar to being like a software engineer or a programmer today, where the preeminent high-tech field is making applications or computer programs or software. But there was no such thing as computers in Edison's day. So telegraphy was at the forefront of technological change, and that's where Edison would spend his time and where he would develop an expertise.

• 15:29David Senra?

  So back to the book. Traders in stocks and gold were keenly interested in whatever means provided them with a faster communication that gave them a competitive edge. Anyone who helped them gain an edge was paid a premium and a bright telegraphy expert like 22-year-old Edison could make a nice living inventing and manufacturing improved equipment, or at least it seemed to him. After a year in Boston, Edison took the big step and quit his day job, which happened to be a night job, resigning his position at Western Union to try to make his living as a full-time inventor and manufacturer in the field of telegraphic equipment. Okay, so I bring that up for two, I included that in the podcast for two points, for two

• 16:14David Senra?

  reasons. One, it's really interesting that 150 years ago traders in stocks and gold were paying for faster communications. The reason I say it's interesting is because that still continues to this day. I just, I read this book by Michael Lewis, one of my favorite authors, and it's called Flash Boys. And the entire book is about high, high interval, not trading, high interval trading of stocks, where in the book, there's one company that spends $300 million to run faster fiber optic cables from Chicago to Wall Street.

• 16:57David Senra?

  And they do this because it allows us to see prices of stocks at like a fraction of a second before somebody else. So then they can have a computer buy that stock at the lower price and then immediately sell it at the higher price within less than a second.

• 17:12David Senra?

  So again, one of the themes that this podcast is always going to constantly explore is that the names change, the technology changes, but human nature usually stays the same. It's definitely evolving, our human nature is definitely evolving way slower than technology is. And the second part that I found interesting was that at 22, with no safety net to fall back on, no rich parents, no, none of that, Thomas Edison has the fortitude to say, you know what, I love inventing. I'm going to quit my job and do this full-time. And he makes the move at 22 and he's self-employed till he dies at 84. So this is a very important part in, in his life.

• 17:54David Senra?

  And I think one of my favorite quotes of Edison is, he has this quote, he says, "I never did a day's work in my, in my life. It was all fun. He truly loved tinkering and inventing, so much so that he dedicated almost every single waking hour to doing so." And we'll hear some more about this. So I want to go into another little anecdote, a little story that's in this book. And again, if you're interested in Thomas Edison, I would recommend reading it. It's a fantastic book. Very well-written. It's about 300 something pages. It takes about 10 hours to read, but it's going to go into way more detail than

• 18:34David Senra?

  we will here. And this story is all about his discipline. Just like I mentioned earlier, he had a singular focus. He found what he loved and he decided to dedicate his life to it. And anything that took away from that, he would usually avoid. So let's go back to the book.

• 18:53David Senra?

  "Judging by the accounts of his contemporaries, at the time he set off on his own in 1869, he was not just well, he was not just respected, but also well right, well-liked. So much so that he could work harder than everyone else without antagonizing his peers. He was open to participating in long bull sessions at his boarding house and had opinions he did not keep to himself." So he's living at a boarding house at this time. And he's around a lot of other young men in their twenties. "A fellow boarder, a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later described the clear division of labor in their long conversations. Edison did the talking and

• 19:32David Senra?

  he, the listening. Still, Edison remained wholly unpretentious and clubbable. He was also trusted, the person who on one occasion could collect contributions from more than 50 coworkers and friends to get a gift for a departing employee without anyone worrying that the funds would end up in his pocket. Trust was not unrelated to Edison's temperance, a characteristic rare in that circle."

• 20:01David Senra?

  And here's part of his discipline. "Edison was disinclined to drink with the, with his fellows because it would pull him off track, interfering with his greatest, greatest pleasures: tinkering, learning, and problem-solving."

• 20:17David Senra?

  Those may be my greatest pleasures too. Tinkering, learning, and problem solving. His outlook was secular and matter of fact, and it's probably something you enjoy too, if you're listening to a podcast about history and historical figures. You're definitely interested in learning. His outlook was secular and matter of fact. He once got in trouble when he sacrilegiously, for sacrilegiously transcribing J dot C dot, whenever Jesus Christ came across the wire. He could not understand the fuss over his JC when BC, for designating historical time, was regarded as perfectly acceptable. His early career was fueled by something other than resentments, which he lacked.

• 21:02David Senra?

  Whatever advantages in education or financial resources that other inventors enjoyed were of no interest to him, nor did he regard his partial deafness as an impediment. He claimed that the deafness was actually an advantage, freeing him from time wasting small talk and giving him to undisturbed time to think out my problems. Later in life, he would say that he was fortunate to have been spared all the foolish conversation and other meaningless sounds that normal people hear.

• 21:35David Senra?

  Immune to the clanging sounds of the city, Edison's ear provided him with a soothing insulation, better suited to the conditions of modern city life than those of the average persons. The insulation would also prove helpful when he became famous, partially protecting him from the unceasing demands from strangers for conversation and speeches. This goes back to my assumption, after studying, not only reading this book, but watching Thomas Edison documentaries and reading about him, about his life online, I'm pretty, it goes back to, I'm pretty sure he was autistic or Asperger's. He, he was not comfortable, even though he was extremely famous, one of the most famous

• 22:19David Senra?

  people of his time, he did, he, just like I said, his, his hearing protected him from having these conversations or delivering speeches that he didn't want to do. He just wanted to focus on his work.

• 22:34David Senra?

  There's also some parts of his personality that are actually pretty funny. And I love this, uh, this story, uh, that's in the book. And, uh, it's only a few paragraphs, but I love the way it ends. And it has to do with, um, since Edison is the one that, that invented the phonograph, which is again, before the phonograph, uh, in case you don't know. There was no, you couldn't record speech. So it was the first device able to reproduce human speech. If you wanted to see like Abraham Lincoln give a speech, you had to be there or you had to read about it later, but there was no recording it and then playing it back. Um, so he, he, this anecdote, uh, talks about, well, if you could talk, if you could hear

• 23:18David Senra?

  anybody's voice in human history, who would it be? So let's, let's go to the book for that. Edison's fame came, came suddenly while he was still young. Between the ages of 30 and 35, he became the first hybrid celebrity inventor. This book, meaning the one that we're reading from, examines how he became one of the most famous people in the world. And once fame arrived, how he sought to use it for his own ends with uneven success. He could act as a master of his own image only sometimes. He did not understand the power of the press to shape the life story of a celebrity and to create or destroy should it wish to do so.

• 24:02David Senra?

  He directed assistants to maintain newspaper clippings about him, a practice that he would maintain his entire life. The existence of those scrapbooks suggests that Edison gave up an appealing attribute of his young adulthood. His utter indifference to the expectations of others. After Edison became a household name, he would pretend that nothing had changed, that he was as indifferent as ever. But this stance is unconvincing. He did care, at least most of the times. When he tried to burnish his public image with exaggerated claims of progress in his laboratory, for example, he demonstrated a hunger for credit unknown in his earliest tinkering.

• 24:43David Senra?

  The mature Edison post fame is most appealing when he returned to acting spontaneously without weighing what action would serve his public image.

• 24:56David Senra?

  One occasion when Edison cast off the expectations of others in his middle age was when he met Henry Stanley, who had come to visit him at his laboratory. Edison provided a demonstration of the phonograph, which Stanley had never heard before. Stanley asked in a low voice and a slow cadence, "Mr. Edison, if it were possible for you to hear the voice of any man whose name is known in the history of the world, whose voice would you prefer to hear?" "Napoleon's," Edison replied, Edison without hesitation. "No, no," Stanley said piously. "I should like to hear the voice of our Savior."

• 25:36David Senra?

  "Well," explained Edison, "you know, I like a hustler."

• 25:41David Senra?

  I just, when I read that, I chuckled. I just thought it was hilarious. Most people would expect him to, to maybe say at the time, like, Jesus Christ, or, or any other religious figure. He's like, "No, I'll take Napoleon, the hustler." Um, Edison was definitely a hustler. That's definitely something you're, you, if you read the book, that you'll come away with.

• 26:03David Senra?

  Okay, so I want to skip ahead. Um, we're not going to follow like a linear, um, like, obviously, the books would take 10 hours to read, so I'm not going to read the whole thing. I'm just highlighting things that really stuck out to me. And so we, we might jump back and forth in the timeline. But, uh, this part is about the debut of the phonograph, uh, fame, and his trip to the White House.

• 26:28David Senra?

  However ill-advised, the debut came off not just smoothly, but brilliantly. So this story takes place before the anecdote about him wanting to hear the voice of Napoleon. It's when he actually, uh, demonstrates what the phonograph is capable of doing for the first time in public. On December 7th, 1877, Edison walked into the New York offices of Scientific American. He placed a small machine on the editor's desk, and with about a dozen people gathered around, turned the crank. "How do you do?" asked the machine, introducing itself crisply. "How do you like the phonograph?"

• 27:09David Senra?

  It itself was feeling quite well, assured its listeners, and then cordially bid everyone a good night. "To the editors of Scientific American, the performance was utterly astounding." Now, keep in mind, there was no such thing as recorded voice, recorded music. You can even say Edison's the great-grandfather of the podcast. Because there's no, without the invention of the phonograph, there would be no podcasts, no ability to record a voice and then play it back at your convenience on demand.

• 27:41David Senra?

  How could such a small machine mimic so accurately the human voice? Even for someone thoroughly familiar with the science underlying the machine, it is impossible to listen to the mechanical speech without his experiencing the idea that his senses are deceiving him. Edison's choice of favoring this journal with the demonstration was shrewd, as the editorial staff was familiar with the latest experiments that attempted to recreate the human voice. The state of the art was not impressive. Large machines, the size of a pipe organ, endowed with keyboards, pipes, and rubber larynx and lips, were supposed to deliver a human-like sound,

• 28:22David Senra?

  but were only able to reproduce what sounded like a single monotonous note of an organ. And yet somehow Edison could coax what sounded like a naturally infected human voice from a few pieces of metal, set up roughly on an iron stand, about a foot square. So this is the idea that if you have a new technology, it should be at least 10x better than what it's replacing. And he's getting a better sound out of a much smaller and much simpler machine.

• 28:49David Senra?

  So it kind of makes sense why, right after this, the press converges on his laboratory in Menlo Park. He gets the name "The Wizard of Menlo Park" from this. And he just keeps inventing, and with every new invention, his fame just grows and grows. And this continues for the next 50 years of his life, till his death. Oh, well, I guess this sentence is a great way to summarize that. "Thanks to Scientific American, Edison would never again enjoy the sweetness of anonymous obscurity." That is definitely true. "Edison had no idea how greedily the public grabs for a piece of a person who has become famous. He thought he could personally respond to every stranger who wrote him for an autograph or for money.

• 29:34David Senra?

  This quickly proved impractical. Six days after the publication of "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he told an assistant he had written 52 letters that night and had sent 23 more for Edward Johnson, one of his employees, to handle. A 'begging letter,' as they were called, might begin with the mention of some personal connection. Mrs. Andrew Coburn, for example, wrote Edison on behalf of her husband, who had worked for him, you will remember, in his Newark shop. 'I am entirely beaten down,' she wrote, as she described her husband's confinement to bed with a fractured elbow that had become infected and now required amputation. Could he assist them? He sent her a check for $5.

• 30:20David Senra?

  But this was not the conclusion of the episode. A few weeks later, Mrs. Coburn was back with a request for $50 as a loan to start a sock and leggings business. Then, Mr. Coburn dictated a follow-up letter, and separately, the surgeon wrote asking for payment for the amputation. Mrs. Coburn followed the next month with a renewed plea for assistance. Not all the begging was done by the less powerful. Edison received a plea for financial assistance from an official in a position of power over his professional future. Zenas Wilber, who was the Patent Office's chief examiner of electrical apparatus...

• 31:03David Senra?

  He, meaning Xena's Wilbur, said he needed, he had to borrow $200 or $250 immediately and confidentially. It placed Edison in a difficult position. He had Bachelors send Wilbur, uh, Bachelors, somebody that works for Edison. He had Bachelors send Wilbur $200 under a name and address that could not be traced back to Menlo Park. The reason I include that is because,

• 31:31David Senra?

  one, it's very insane that somebody that relies on Edison getting his patents approved is asking Edison for money, therefore creating a potential issue in their relationship. But this actually unbeknownst to Edison at the time, leads him to, uh, access to the White House, which we're about to find out here. Wilbur would do Edison a favor a few weeks later when Edison made a rare four-way outside of his laboratory and arrived in Washington DC on April 18th. He had accepted an invitation from Professor George Barker of the University of Pennsylvania to demonstrate the phonograph at the National Academy of Sciences meeting.

• 32:11David Senra?

  Before the meeting, a reporter with a local paper happened to see Edison standing alone outside of the Smithsonian, looking around intently, apparently studying the rich foliage and taking in a beautiful blue sky. The reporter approached and, as a conversation starter, ventured, "Handsome ground these." Yes, Edison agreed. But then he pointed to what he had been studying so closely. "What an immense stretch of telegraph wire without support." Again, this goes back to Edison's focus. This reporter thinks he's outside enjoying the beautiful day and Edison's looking at telegraph wires. "The phonograph demonstration was set up in the office of the Academy's secretary,

• 32:54David Senra?

  a place that did not accommodate all who wished to witness the performance. The double doors in the adjoining hall were removed so more people could crowd in for a peek. Edison sat at the secretary's desk nervously twisting a rubber band."

• 33:11David Senra?

  While Charles Bachelor, again, Bachelor is one of Edison's employees, recorded and played back the sounds that had become a routine. In the reception following, Edison was described as shy and shrinking, and did not show off at all ornamentally. He confessed to a reporter that he did not like to be pressed by crowds, and he had not enjoyed the Academy's president's welcome because he had not been able to hear a word he had said.

• 33:40David Senra?

  Having come to town, there was no respite from the press of the curious. The demonstrations continued all day and into the evening, and continued later in the Washington office of the Philadelphia Inquirer. The press could not get enough of Edison. Finally Edison was set free and joined Academy members at the US Naval Observatory for a look at the stars. It had been a long day and was not over yet. It was then that Xenus, again, this is the person that just asked Edison for $200, and the one that works in the Patent Office. It was then that Xenus Wilber came up with a brilliant idea. President Rutherford Hayes should not miss out on hearing the phonograph for himself,

• 34:24David Senra?

  and should get a demonstration before morning arrived. Calling up the White House was easily accomplished. Hayes liked to answer the phone himself, since there were only a few dozen telephones in the entire Capitol at the time. So think about how crazy this is. Imagine today in 2017, calling up and getting the president on the phone. He's answering, it rings directly to the president. I found that amazing. Nor did Wilber, the Patent Examiner, have difficulty speaking with Hayes, the president. They were cousins.

• 34:59David Senra?

  I mean, it's an amazing piece of serendipity here. The person that works in the Patent's Office, who you had previously loaned money to, happens to be the cousin of the president.

• 35:11David Senra?

  A command performance by Edison was quickly arranged and he headed to the White House, arriving around 11 o'clock that night. He showed off the phonograph of the President for about an hour and a half. His country asked still more of him. The First Lady and several of her friends wanted a demonstration too. So Edison had to run through the routine still one more time, finishing at about 2:30 in the morning. I just love that part. The second day brought even more attention. Edison and the phonograph were installed in the office of the Senate's Committee on Patents, and then the House's Committee, attracting drop-in visits from members and leaving Congress without a quorum for nearly an hour. So think about that.

• 35:56David Senra?

  Edison was getting so famous and people were so excited about his inventions, that he shut down Congress for an hour. That's amazing. After Edison's return home, the press added new expressions to the lexicon of "hyiography." Having been honored by the most distinguished men in the country, the New York Sun said Edison had received more attention than if Robert Fulton, Sir Isaac Newton, or Galileo had appeared. Beneath Edison's unassuming appearance, a reporter for another paper sensed something else hiding beneath his hat: a kingly crown. So, they're starting to pick up that this guy's a big deal, his inventions are changing

• 36:41David Senra?

  the world that we live in. And again, this is before he's even invented the modern electric light. And they're saying that he's becoming almost like a monarch. So I want to skip to another part of the book. So something I'm finding fascinating, spending all this time reading and researching biographies, is how many of these historical figures, their lives constantly interweave and interact with other historical figures? So, in this book, there's a bunch of different relationships, both good and bad, adversarial and friend, that Edison...

• 37:24David Senra?

  Makes over his life. So some of those are adversarial, like the one with Nikola Tesla, which leads to the Battle of the Currents. Something we're not going to talk about today, but the Battle of the Currents was, which Edison wound up losing, was Edison favored direct current electricity, which brings electricity in one direction. And Tesla invented alternating current electricity, which is what we use today, which did electricity moves both directions. So there's all these anecdotes in the book about him interacting with these people that come to be famous in their own right. Now, I want to talk to you about

• 38:07David Senra?

  the relationship he had with somebody that's also super famous that you're going to recognize their name is Alexander Graham Bell. The person, the inventor that's credited with the telephone. Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell were the same age. They were not friends. They were both rival inventors. And it's interesting because they would both improve on one another's inventions. And I want to talk, this section of the book is all about what they were working on and how the two interacted. And this is, again, this is Edison's adversary. It was while Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant were experimenting with acoustic telegraphy

• 38:48David Senra?

  that Bell accidentally and famously discovered that the instrument could convey any form of sound. The precise moment of discovery in June 1875 did not involve speech in a crystalline form. Bell, with ear pressed against a vibrating reed, could hear the faint blurry sound of Thomas Watson's voice, but could not make out any words. This was sufficient to provide Bell with the insight that later led to the telephone. The more famous rendering, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you", which was, came almost a year later after Bell had filed the patent for the telephone and built a working model. So this sentence, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you",

• 39:32David Senra?

  is widely credited as the first sentence uttered over the telephone.

• 39:40David Senra?

  Young Bell and Edison were the same age, each improving the major invention that the other had come up with first. Edison following Bell, then Bell following Edison. Edison, in fact, had been close to devising a working telephone himself. After Bell's success, the next best thing for Edison was to come up with an indispensable improvement: the carbon transmitter that captured the human voice far better than Bell's magnetic design. Edison also devised an entirely new kind of receiver, based on the electromotograph, which involved a chalk cylinder, chemicals, friction controlled by varying current, and a hand crank.

• 40:23David Senra?

  It would never prove to be a practical design for the ordinary speaking telephone, but it could reproduce music clearly and at an astounding volume. Initially, Bell and Edison were direct competitors in the brand-new telephone business, playing upon the public's interest in musical performance to show off their wares by holding telephone concerts in exhibition halls. Bell lacked the gifts of the born showman. However, in May 1877, he offered a concert lecture to an audience of 300 who had gathered at Chickering Hall in New York City for an evening, heavy on lecture, light on concert.

• 41:05David Senra?

  The New York Times described Bell's presentation on sound and electricity to be exhaustive. "The lecturer's supplemental visual aids were panned as complex and not very intelligible." At last, the audience was treated to what we may guess they had been waiting for most eagerly: "The novelty of hearing recognizable organ music piped via telegraph connection from a location miles away." So this is kind of an interesting anecdote as well. Before the telephone became what we know it is today, they thought it would be primarily used to play music in your home. And not as a direct, uh, one-to-one communication device.

• 41:49David Senra?

  Um, and that's why you see that they're, they're doing these, what they call concert lectures at concert halls. They're trying to play music for them instead of not realizing, it's interesting, even the inventors of these things, not realizing the potential of their own inventions. Something that, that is very common throughout history and again, continues to this day. Edison was no showman either, and being partially deaf, hated speaking before a group. He could rely, however, upon an energetic promoter as his proxy. So here's this guy, Edward Johnson, that's gonna do the, um, he's a former sales agent and a former telegrapher himself, and he's the one that's gonna do, um, Edison's, uh, promotion and, and demonstrations. Johnson was technically knowledgeable, had his own ideas for invention,

• 42:33David Senra?

  and possessed a gift for extolling the virtues of whatever was his preoccupation of the moment. Edison, Bachelor, and Johnson oversaw preparations to launch their own concert tour of the musical telephone. They were calling it the musical telephone. Kinda goes to what I was just saying, what they thought the use was gonna be. About the time of Bell's concert lecture in New York City, Edison and his assistants were still working out the kinks while giving concerts in nearby Newark. Edison had yet to show the public a telephone that conveyed human conversation in addition to music, but he had local boosters. The Woodbridge Independent, more press, confided,

• 43:16David Senra?

  "We should not be at all surprised if Edison taught this child of his inventive fancy to talk." "Mr. Edison had been so often scoffed at," the New York Daily Advisor, advertiser observed, "that if, that it has no other effect upon him than to stimulate him to increased study and labor." So let me read that whole quote again. "Mr. Edison had been so often scoffed at that it had no other effect upon him than to stimulate him to an increased study and labor." This goes back to his singular focus and his ability to just, he, he, he so believed in his, what, his own thoughts and his own, uh, interests.

• 43:59David Senra?

  That even though, again, with great fame is gonna come great criticism, it didn't really have an effect on them.

• 44:07David Senra?

  It's really interesting and really rare in people. In what readers of 1877 were expected to regard as a humorous touch, the reporter concluded that were Edison to succeed in devising a telephone for speaking, what an instrument of torture it would be in the hands and at the mouth of a distant and irate mother-in-law. So this one reporter is rather prescient, realizing that, hey, you can also talk, and if you can talk, then you're gonna, you might be receiving calls from people you actually don't want to speak to, like a, uh, an irate mother-in-law.

• 44:40David Senra?

  The big-city debut of Edison's musical telephone was arranged for Philadelphia in mid-July 1877. A three-way contest was underway. Alexander Graham Bell's musical telephone had been eclipsed by the recent debut of a competing musical telephone developed by rival inventor Alicia Gray. Would Edison's in turn best Gray's? The competition was as keenly followed as a sports rivalry. The New York Times did not even wait for the formal debut of Edison's telephone. The paper dispatched a reporter to the public rehearsal held the day before. This actually doesn't turn out very well. The early Times verdict was awful.

• 45:21David Senra?

  Compared to Gray's, Edison's telephone was not nearly as loud, its note not as sweet. It might work well as a practical instrument in sending telegraphic messages, the paper reported, but as a device producing sounds intended to please the human ear, it lagged the competition. When Johnson saw the review, he was in Philadelphia overseeing preparations for the performance. Again, Johnson is the guy that's doing all the performances for Edison. He wrote Edison that the New York Times man is a fool, but he was happy that the rehearsal had come off, period. His telephone had be, was behaving erratically and he begged Edison to send him a new, more dependable one from the laboratory.

• 46:04David Senra?

  He also had to pay off the newspapers. This is what I mentioned earlier, it's really interesting, uh, well, let me just read it, you'll see why. "He also had to pay off the newspapers which had their hands out. The New York Daily Graphic explained that it was customary for subjects to order extra copies in order to indirectly reimburse the newspaper for the additional expense of providing engraved illustrations that would accompany the, that would accompany the upcoming story. Johnson agreed to take 100 copies and asked Edison to sign up for a similar amount." Again, how crazy is this? So, there's obviously a value to press. Um, the press is building up the legend of Edison, it's getting the public, um, excited

• 46:49David Senra?

  for Edison's invention, but they're not doing it just to, to, for the benefit of the readers. They're actually coming with their hands out and asking for basically a bribe. "Hey, we're gonna cover you, but you know, buy a hundred or a few hundred copies of our, of our newspaper." So, I, this may be the first time I've ever come across this, maybe I'm being naive, but I thought it was interesting enough to include into this podcast, so. "On the day of the concert, Edison responded at last to Johnson's pleas and placed a new telephone on the 8 a.m. train bound for Philadelphia. Alas, when Johnson arrived at the Pennsylvania Railroad Depot to pick up the package, it could not be found.

• 47:30David Senra?

  It turned out to be in the hands of an express company and would not appear until too late that evening. In the end, Johnson had to use it as effective equipment that had been used in the rehearsal. The demo gods gave their blessings to the event however, and now The Times was impressed in every aspect. The volume was excellent, the sound being easily heard by the crowd of 3,500. The songs were deemed musically enjoyable and one, and one even was encore'd, though the performers were five miles away."

• 48:06David Senra?

  Johnson knew that by the turn of a hair, their performance might have been the most ridiculous farce ever heard of. Yet the narrow version of disaster did not slow down his calculations of future profits to be earned charging admission to similar exhibitions. Johnson was as sanguine as any businessperson in the new telephone business about the commercial potential in using telephones to deliver music. But even he could not keep up with the general public. Let the credit for the most far sighted vision of that moment go to one Joseph Hippel of Spruce Mills, Iowa, who in March 1877, had a fully developed scheme for piping music

• 48:48David Senra?

  directly to the home rather than to exhibition halls. Hippel proposed that relay teams of musicians could perform at one central location during the late afternoon and evening hours, providing music on tap, the same as water and gas. Hippel's idea of music on demand was beautiful in conception, but advanced no further than Hippel's exposition in a letter to the editor of New York Daily Graphic. So, this may sound funny to us, because we live in the age of on-demand media saturation. But, this Hippel guy had the idea of on-demand music in 1877.

• 49:32David Senra?

  So, at this point, we understand that the public is willing, in this case, there's 3,500 people at this concert, they're willing to go see a concert where the players are not physically present, and they're willing to actually pay for this privilege. So, the interesting part is, what the book says is, Edison was in the perfect position to realize the business potential in music, but he did not. Telegraphy remained his principal interest. Around the time of the telephone concerts, he redoubled his efforts to complete a complicated contraption of 30 wheels that would convert taps on an alphabetic keyboard into unique vibrations for acoustic telegraphy.

• 50:13David Senra?

  He did have a vision of delivering signals directly to households, but it involved sending the human voice, not music. By attracting telephones to gas pipe, excuse me, by attaching telephones to gas pipes that were already in place in the home, Edison thought it should be possible to use the gas instead of electricity as a medium for conveying sound waves.

• 50:40David Senra?

  The musical telephone offered the opportunity to enjoy live music without being immediately present. And again, keep in mind, there's multiple people working on the same thing at the same time, including Edison and Alexander Graham Bell. Their constrictions of geography were loosening, but not those of time. One could listen to performances only synchronously, that is, at the same time the players performed. In retrospect, one can see the need for an invention that permitted the enjoyment of music asynchronously, at the time of the listener's own choosing. Kind of like a podcast. Edison came up with the first gadget that would eventually fill this need. The process that produced the invention could not be labeled careful planning,

• 51:23David Senra?

  but it was something more than pure serendipity. It was the byproduct of working on the state of, it was the byproduct of working on state-of-the-art communications technology, while remaining receptive to chance insight and re-combing bits of recently secured experience. This part is extremely important. That throughout the book,

• 51:47David Senra?

  they constantly hit on the point that you cannot plan what you're going to invent. You can have a general theme and a general direction you want to go to, but the, it takes a long time to invent things. That's why he dedicated so many hours of his life to it. And you need to tinker. So I love this, this one sentence. I love this sentence because it summarizes the relationship of Bell and Edison.

• 52:11David Senra?

  Bell invented the telephone while tinkering with acoustic telegraphy. Edison invented the phonograph while tinkering with the telephone. So they both thought they were working on something else, and it wound up being vastly different, both of which being inventions that we still use to this day. Or derivatives of, or derivatives of things we use today. Initially, telephones were regarded as instruments to be used only by telegraph company employees.

• 52:40David Senra?

  Think about that. Initially, telephones were regarded as instruments to be used only by telegraph company employees. Again, no one's still thinking that everybody's gonna have a telephone in their in their home one day, or better yet, everybody's gonna be walking around with one in their pockets. Instead of sending messages in Morse code, the operator would transmit the message verbally. But if the messages had to be transcribed manually at the receiving end by a human operator, the capacity of the system to carry a given quantity of messages would be dramatically constricted. So the bottleneck here is the human. So you gotta figure a way to reduce that bottleneck. Some way needed to be devised to record the message mechanically. The practicality of the telephone appeared to hang in the balance.

• 53:24David Senra?

  The technique that Edison used most effectively in handling the press was the seemingly offhand disclosure about what he had discovered, leaving the impression that he was parting the curtain only enough to provide a glimpse of what he had actually achieved and withholding the remainder from public view.

• 53:43David Senra?

  He left it to the reporters to draw their own conclusions. The New York World referred excuse me, The New York World, another publication, referred to Edison's telephone transmitter and speaking telephone, the electric pen, and a sewing machine prototype that was powered by tuning forks as a few selected from hundreds equally curious and more or less practical importance. So what they're saying there is that Edison gives them a little bit of information and lets their imagination run wild, and they're just, they're making it seem like Edison's capable of having hundreds of inventions at the same time that are all equally impactful, even though that's not true. When the newspaper estimated that the number was hundreds and regarded all to be equally significant,

• 54:28David Senra?

  it was in effect creating a superhero. A man who was only 30 years old lifted up to a plane above his contemporaries, including Alexander Graham Bell.

• 54:41David Senra?

  One cannot help but feel a little sympathy for Bell and the competition between the two men. The acclaim for his telephone was quickly superseded by the attention that Edison's improvements drew, and then by Edison's phonograph. This was especially galling because Bell had come so close to inventing the phonograph himself. He had understood how sound waves could be recorded on paper, but he also knew that the motion of one's hand could generate waves that produced similar sounds. Indenting a medium to save and then reproduce those waves had not occurred to him, however.

• 55:15David Senra?

  And here's this quote from Bell. "It is a most astonishing thing to me that I could possibly have let this invention slip through my fingers," Bell said in early 1878. He recovered sufficiently to imagine that he could improve on the phonograph without violating Edison's patents, using a technique which can be turned to immediate account, so as probably to realize a large fortune in a couple of months or so. So that's a direct quote from Bell, saying he thinks his improvements will lead to a large fortune. What you're gonna see here is Edison, Bell, other inventors, some of their workers, they all thought they were gonna print money. And sometimes they did, but most times they did not.

• 55:55David Senra?

  Time would show that he really did not have the germ of the idea for what would become formidable competition for the phonograph: his graphophone. His graphophone would play wax-coated discs rather than foil-wrapped cylinders, but it would be a long while before it was ready for market. No quick, large fortune for him, but none for Edison either.

• 56:22David Senra?

  So, the book talks a little bit more about their relationship and the constant competition between these two inventors, but I think that's a good synopsis of how they were both competing at the same time with each other and then trying to come at their inventions from a different angle. And it's just really hard to compete with Edison when he had the press building him up, like they said, into a superhero.

• 56:49David Senra?

  I want to share another quick anecdote from the book that I found rather interesting, kind of random, but it's a really short, interesting story.

• 57:01David Senra?

  So, we're gonna go, now this story takes place at Edison's laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, where he spends, spent most of his time before making the move to New York City. Work proceeded on the electric light at the same time. In July, the laboratory began experimenting with bamboo for a useless filament in place of cardboard. This created the need for bamboo hunters, to search, to travel, and search out the varieties with characteristics most suitable for the purpose. The first bamboo hunter dispatched was John Segador, who was a laboratory staff member known for his fierce temper. His lab mates liked to provoke him just for their own entertainment.

• 57:45David Senra?

  On one occasion, they were rewarded richly when Segador told this group, "The next man who provokes me, I will kill him." The threat was received as entertainment and instantly forgotten. The next day, a colleague directed a sarcastic remark at Segador as before, but this time, Segador left without a word, and was next seen marching back up the hill toward the lab with his gun. The building quickly emptied. This brought an end to the sarcasm. So, this happens in July. In late August, Edison sent Segador first to Georgia and Florida to collect bamboo specimens,

• 58:28David Senra?

  and then on to Cuba, turning botanical research into an adventure. For Segador, the adventure did not last long. He arrived in Havana on a Tuesday. That Friday, he died of the black vomit, today known as yellow fever. Edison placed the blame on the victim himself, writing a mutual friend that he had cautioned Segador about his diet and about drinking cold drinks, "But as you, as you know, he was very self-willed, and would always do in these respects about as he pleased, and this, I doubt, not caused his death."

• 59:05David Senra?

  Okay, so I referenced earlier how Edison constantly interacts with other famous business people and inventors of his day, and a lot of these were adversarial or competitive. Maybe because a lot of these guys were also inventors and they were around the same age doing similar things at the same time. So it didn't allow them to develop friendships. But the next, I want to tell you a little about Thomas Edison's friendship that he develops with Henry Ford. And this is a more positive interaction than the previous interaction with Alexander Graham Bell. So let's go to the book and learn a little bit about Thomas Edison and his friendship with Henry Ford.

• 59:50David Senra?

  So now we're going to jump about 20 years ahead. So let's go back to the book. "In 1896, when Thomas Edison first met Henry Ford, Edison was famous and Ford was not. If Edison failed to remember the encounter afterward, the likely reason is not self-absorption, but lopsided arithmetic. One luminary, many strangers clamoring to meet him. The occasion was a convention of the Association of Edison Illuminating Companies, held at a beach hotel near Coney Island. Edison was attending in an honorific role, having sold off his electric light interest and thrown himself into his mining venture."

• 1:00:32David Senra?

  So after he, let me just interject here, after he loses the battle of the currents with Tessa, he's, even though the electric light made him even more famous, he decided he wasn't his passion, he didn't want to think about it anymore. So he takes a five-year detour and buys a mine and they're mining for iron ore. He spends a lot of money and it winds up failing after five years, but this is what he's doing at this time. "It was not his customary practice to spend time outside of his own workplace." This is again, another theme that runs throughout his book. He didn't, he would eliminate almost all distractions, even like a reporter, when he was still, has laboratory in New Jersey, he'd report like, "Oh, we want to give you some

• 1:01:15David Senra?

  press for your latest invention, will you come into New York for an interview?" And he would say, "No, if I go into New York, I lose the entire day. Why don't you come here and we can talk while I work?" So again, it's something that he developed when he was really young and as far as I can tell stayed with him till he died. So it was not his customary practice to spend time outside of his own workplace, but for three days he settled into the role of passive conventioneer. At dinner on the first day, Edison found himself seated at a large oval table with senior representatives of various large electric companies. The conversation centered on the bright prospects for the industry poised to supply the power for electric cars that would replace horses.

• 1:02:00David Senra?

  In the midst of these happy speculations, the superintendent of the Edison Illuminating Company in Detroit, Alexander Dow, spoke up to mention a curiosity. Dow's chief engineer, the then thirty-three-year-old Henry Ford, whom he had brought along with him, was an amateur inventor who had just built a cart that was powered not by electricity, but by a gasoline-powered engine. It was equipped with four bicycle wheels, and Ford called it a "quadruple cycle."

• 1:02:35David Senra?

  Asked to explain how his carriage was powered, Ford addressed everyone at the table, and Edison cupped his ear trying to catch Ford's words. A man seated by Edison offered to change places with Ford so that Edison could hear better. Once the switch was affected, Edison peppered Ford with questions. Ford sketched out his answers. Then came the moment that Ford would say changed his life. "Young man, that's the thing," Edison told him, pounding the table for emphasis. "Electric cars must keep near to power stations. The storage battery is too heavy. Steam cars won't do either, for they have a boiler and a fire.

• 1:03:18David Senra?

  Your car is self-contained, carries its own power plant. No fire, no boiler, no smoke, and no steam. You have the thing. Keep at it." With encouragement from the man whom Ford regarded as the greatest inventive genius in the world ringing in his ears, Ford returned home with the conviction that he should persevere. He told his wife, "You are not going to see much of me until I am through with this car."

• 1:03:48David Senra?

  The two had a second conversation too, Ford recalled. Edison invited Ford to ride with him on the train back to New York City at the conclusion of the convention. Edison did not resume their conversation about the internal combustion engine, but instead spoke of other topics, including his boyhood memories of Michigan.

• 1:04:11David Senra?

  There is no question that Ford felt much encouraged. He would later regard Edison with worshipful regard and spend stupendous sums to honor the inventor. Whether Edison dispensed as large a dollop of encouragement as Ford perceived is open to doubt, however. Edison was reliably polite in such situations, but he virtually never praised the technical feats of others. Edison's subsequent actions suggest that he forgot the encounter, if he remembered it at all. If he remembered it at all, he chose to pretend he did not. The second encounter came 11 years later, in 1907, when Ford, now the head of his own

• 1:04:53David Senra?

  company, wrote Edison with a mixture of familiarity and worshipfulness.

• 1:04:59David Senra?

  "My dear Edison," it began, "I'm fitting up a den for my own private use at the factory, and I thought I would like to have a photograph of about three of the greatest inventors of this age to feast my eyes on in idle moments. Needless to say, Mr. Edison, needless to say, Mr. Edison is the first of the three, and I would esteem it a great personal favor if you would send me a photograph of yourself."

• 1:05:25David Senra?

  If Edison remembered the earlier encounter with Ford, his response to Ford's simple request for a photograph seemed strange. Edison instructed his secretary not to respond. This was likely prompted by a spasm of competitiveness. Ford was one of the many internal combustion engine-equipped car manufacturers that competed with the electric car equipped with Edison's new-developed alkaline battery.

• 1:05:53David Senra?

  This episode is of interest because it occurred when Ford was not yet a household name and was merely one of more than 100 automobile manufacturers. The next year, he introduced the Model T. His fame swiftly reached the altitude of Edison's and his business success far exceeded that of the older man's. This change in relative status made possible a friendship, not because Edison sought the company of the famous and successful. He did not seek the company of anyone, but because it removed the basis of Edison's fear that a business acquaintance sought to move close for ulterior reasons. As for celebrity, the two men now shared personal knowledge of the tribulations that came with fame.

• 1:06:38David Senra?

  This is a really interesting paragraph. So not only was Edison a loner his whole life, but he was wary after being famous for so long that if he's interacting with people that aren't as famous or aren't as rich as he is, a lot of them just want something from him. And Ford, being much more financially successful, wouldn't need anything from Edison. So this actually laid the ground for a friendship that lasted their entire lives, or at least the life of Edison.

• 1:07:09David Senra?

  Let's go back to the book. "Such was Edison's inherently solitary nature, however, that he would not likely have been willing to meet Ford in person again had it not been for the behind-the-scenes arrangements of William B., the sales manager at Edison's Storage Battery Company. In April 1911, B. persuaded Edison to make amends for ignoring Ford's earlier quest for a photograph and prepare one inscribed with a carefully measured compliment. Quote, 'To Henry Ford, one of a group of men who have helped to make the USA the most progressive nation in the world,' end quote." B sent it off to Ford with a cover letter claiming that Mr. Edison was only too glad to send you his photograph.

• 1:07:53David Senra?

  At the same time, B sent through an intermediary a note inviting Ford to visit Edison at his laboratory. Ford accepted. That was the easy part for B. Persuading Edison to make himself available for Ford's visit required months of unsuccessful efforts. Finally, after B had arranged for Ford to pay his visit in January 1912, Edison reluctantly acquiesced. "Guess I'll be here on the 9th."

• 1:08:23David Senra?

  That's really funny. I don't know if Edison was still maybe wary of developing friendships, but...

• 1:08:33David Senra?

  He just says, "Yeah, I guess if I have to, I'll be here. And if that Ford guy's gonna be here, I guess I'll talk to him." That's kind of what I took away from that paragraph.

• 1:08:43David Senra?

  Ford arrived eager to make a pitch to his hero. Would Edison be willing to design an electrical system, battery, generator, and starter for the Model T? The car in its current incarnation had none. It had started with a hand crank, which at best was inconvenient to use, and when it kicked back, dangerous. Edison did not accept Ford's offer immediately, but was sufficiently intrigued to mold the proposition over and return with a counterproposal later in 1912. Would Ford be interested in financing the development work on Edison's battery? His note to friend Ford explained that he had self-financed his battery experiments with profits from other lines of businesses, but these funds limited what he could do.

• 1:09:29David Senra?

  "Alternatively, I could go to Wall Street and get more, but my experience over there is as sad as Chopin's funeral march. I keep away." Those are Edison's words, saying, "If you can't help me out, I guess I can go to Wall Street and raise money." No major business figure detested Wall Street as much as Thomas Edison, except Henry Ford. Henry Ford would not permit Wall Street to get a hold of his revered Edison. He stepped forward to offer Edison forgivable loans at 5% annual interest to finance the development work on the battery. The loans were secured by future royalties that Edison's laboratory would earn from batteries.

• 1:10:10David Senra?

  Ford said Edison could expect sales to Ford Motor of $4 million a year. It paid homage to his expertise in electrical systems, it gave a new direction for his battery work, and in case the electric car did not succeed commercially, it provided complete autonomy, free of obligation to report to Wall Street's financiers about his spending. Once staff members for Ford and Edison worked out legal and financial details, Edison signed off on the agreement in November 1912. The next month, the first slice of $150,000 arrived. The following March, another $100,000. And by the end of the year, Edison had borrowed a total of $700,000. More payments from Ford followed.

• 1:10:57David Senra?

  Edison did not abandon his previous ambitions to make a success of an electric car. He simply made Henry Ford his new partner. In January 1914, Ford announced that he planned within the year to begin manufacturing an electric car using a lightweight battery that Edison had been preparing for some time. Ford told reporters, "I think Mr. Edison is the greatest man in the world, and I guess everyone does." Ford, who had also just announced the adoption of the $5 day, effectively doubling the wages of virtually all of his workers, was at this historical moment the single most influential business person in the country. The New York newspapers, however, had not realized it.

• 1:11:40David Senra?

  When they reported on the plans for the Ford Edison electric car, they mostly paid compliments to Edison. Ford was portrayed as the party in the transaction who was most in need. The headline said, "Henry Ford Seeks Mr. Edison's Aid."

• 1:11:57David Senra?

  I included that part in there because it goes back to the part about how the press was essential in building the mythology of Thomas Edison. And even though in this case Ford's success had superseded Edison's, they were still buying into the narrative that Edison was the greatest inventor, like you just heard Mr. Ford say, that he thought Mr. Edison is the greatest man in the world. Edison was not averse to the flattery, but more important, he responded to the opportunity to have a relationship with an equal, another technically inclined person who had been pushed into the strange land of the extremely famous. The two men brought their families together too, intertwining personal and business ties.

• 1:12:39David Senra?

  The Edisons visited the Fords at their home in Dearborn, Michigan. The Fords came down to Fort Myers, Florida to share a winter vacation, discussed their mutual interest in gardening, and motored together in the Everglades area. Edison did not realize that the combination of the two families would increase a celebrity index exponentially greater than his alone, drawing reporters and curiosity seekers an unwedded attention to his remote winter hideaway. On the evening that the Fords arrived, 2,000 people came out to welcome them and ogle. Seeing reporters present, Edison is said to have complained, "There's only one Fort

• 1:13:21David Senra?

  Myers, and now 90 million people are gonna find out." So based on this book and other research, it appears that Henry Ford and Thomas Edison had a genuine friendship. A little later on, we're gonna talk about how Ford continued to spend an insane amount of money just to honor his friend, including donating $5 million in Thomas Edison's name. And this is taking place in the early 1900s. $5 million is a lot today, but 100 years ago was a much greater sum. What I want to talk to you now about is this wonderful anecdote that illustrates Thomas

• 1:14:02David Senra?

  Edison's level of Stoicism, his indifference almost to tragedy in deterring his focus on invention. And this happens much later in his life. So let's go ahead and go back to the book, uh, let's go ahead and go back to the book for this. Edison had the ability to remain imperturbably content even when disaster struck. In the early evening of December 7th, 1914, an explosion rocked his film finishing building, part of the complex of buildings surrounding his laboratory. The building was swiftly evacuated just ahead of the fire that swept the two-story structure. As the film stock fed the flames, the fire jumped to the surrounding buildings,

• 1:14:47David Senra?

  where it was fed by the rubber and chemicals used in record manufacturing. These buildings were made of reinforced concrete. The material that Edison had boasted was completely fireproof. I guess that that was incorrect. Their combustible contents, however, fed temperatures who melted the floor and soon the walls collapsed. Even the newest building, less than two years old, and said to be in a state, and said to be state-of-the-art in fireproof construction, succumbed when its contents, phonograph records, caught fire. Liquid chemicals poured down the sides of the building as streams of flame. The high temperatures rendered the efforts of the firefighters, who had been summoned from six neighboring communities, largely ineffectual.

• 1:15:33David Senra?

  Ten to fifteen thousand people gathered to watch. The fire had broken out at the dinner hour when Edison happened to be at home. He was one of the first to get to the scene. Neither he nor his assistants thought that the fire would spread to the neighboring concrete buildings, and no one initially took action to save what they could. When Mina arrived, this is his wife at the time, she rushed in and out of the company's general offices, carrying papers out of harm's way, while Edison stood by and watched the firefighters. Her rescue efforts ended only when the flames reached that building too. For seven hours, the firefighters did their best in the bitterly cold night, but the fires claimed ten of the eighteen buildings of the complex.

• 1:16:18David Senra?

  Miraculously, the disaster claimed only one victim, William Trober, an employee who had rushed back into a building with a fire extinguisher under his arm, believing erroneously that some of his coworkers were still inside.

• 1:16:34David Senra?

  The facilities for phonograph and record manufacturing were lost. The estimated damage was three to five million dollars, of which the company told reporters insurance covered about three million dollars. This later number appears to have been dispensed in order to give employees, dealers, and customers reassurance that the Edison works would have no difficulty recovering. A private letter, however, suggested the insurance coverage was minimal, as Edison had been supremely confident when he began to build concrete buildings that covered for fire damage was superfluous. Once the embers were cool and company managers could take stock, they discovered that in some way the fire had been considerate,

• 1:17:16David Senra?

  skipping over 2,000 galleries, 2,000 gallons, of high-proof alcohol that came through undamaged. They also discovered that all the master molds of the company's recordings were undamaged. But on the night of the fire, when none of this was known, when the fire had yet to be contained and was still hopping from one building to the next, and when the prospects were the bleakest, Edison's equanimity was put to a test. His immediate reaction? He cracked jokes, laughed, and declared, "Although I'm over 67 years old, I'll start all over again tomorrow."

• 1:17:58David Senra?

  Nothing could rattle him. I love that story. That's amazing. Imagine your life's work at the time you think is burning down in front of you, and you're laughing, saying, "Okay, we'll back to work tomorrow." So I want to skip ahead. This was taking place in the, in the, in 1914. I want to jump ahead to 1929. This is about two years before Edison passes away.

• 1:18:30David Senra?

  I want to talk about his death and, and uh, something that Henry Ford does right before, uh, before he dies. For Edison's 82nd birthday in February 1929, Henry Ford made a gift of $5 million to establish a technical school in Edison's name. Later that year, he arranged to dedicate the opening of Greenfield Village with an enormous celebration called Light's Golden Jubilee, honoring Edison on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the invention of the incandescent light. President Herbert Hoover, John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, Marie Curie,

• 1:19:09David Senra?

  Orville Wright, and Will Rogers were among the 500 invited guests who joined Ford and Edison for the festivities. After the evening banquet, Edison, Ford, and Hoover walked to the unlit Menlo Park Laboratory to play scripted melodrama, fancifully recreating the first lighting of the electric light. The radio announcer solemnly intoned, "Mr. Edison has two wires in his hands. Now he is reaching up to the old lamp. Now he is making the connection. It lights! Light's Golden Jubilee had come to a triumphant climax." Americans around the country who were listening to the live broadcast had dutifully followed the instruction to turn off their household lights

• 1:19:54David Senra?

  until Edison had once again provided the world with light. And then, upon cue, they turned on their lights again as car horns blared.

• 1:20:06David Senra?

  After the Light's Golden Jubilee, Edison lived two more years. Working less, napping more. He summoned the energy in January 1931 to sign off on one more patent application. Its issuance brought his personal total to 1,093, the leader in the patent office by a wide margin.

• 1:20:32David Senra?

  Health matters, naturally enough, became Edison's principal preoccupation at the end. He remained unshakably certain that he was an expert on medical matters, and had long before developed an all-encompassing claims for a milk-only diet. When Mina Edison's sister Jane had died suddenly in 1898, Edison wrote Mina expressing shock, and admonished that if Jane had only been put on a milk diet, nature would have had the opportunity to throw off the poisonous defective digestion, and she would be strong and hearty today. Over time, Edison had become more attached to milk as an ever-reliable tonic.

• 1:21:17David Senra?

  In 1930, he explained he did fine with just nothing but one glass of milk every two hours. He maintained that eighty percent of our deaths are due to overeating. This conviction arose from his insight that auto-intoxication, that is, the accumulation of diseases in the bowels, was the cause of most deaths. The solution was a matter of diet and lubrication. He was the same medical authority who years before had said that clothing that pinched was literally a killer. Pressure anywhere means that certain part of your body is deprived of its natural flood, and starvation and death begin when the body is pressed and choked.

• 1:22:02David Senra?

  The theories did not protect him from kidney failure. In August 1931, he collapsed in his living room floor and spent ten days near death. By October, he was too weak to leave bed, and remained mentally drowsy, according to his doctor. He passed in and out of a coma and hovered on the edge of death for two weeks. Newspapers issued multiple bulletins each day reporting the slightest sign of improvement or decline.

• 1:22:30David Senra?

  In the early morning of October 18th, 1931, Thomas Alva Edison died at the age of 84, at home with his family at his bedside. That day, The New York Times carried 22 stories about Edison's life and death. The blanket coverage was mirrored across all media outlets. For more than 50 years, Edison had promoted his own image and the notion that it was his hands alone that had performed miracles. That preparatory work made the eulogies he received upon death easy to write. His genius was credited in The Times with bestowing upon humanity the gifts of the

• 1:23:13David Senra?

  electric light, the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a thousand of other inventions.

• 1:23:22David Senra?

  The asterisk that should have been attached to each major invention was long gone and history became the simplest form of story. In the beginning, before Edison, there was only darkness.

• 1:23:36David Senra?

  The governor of New Jersey suggested that everyone in the state turn off their lights at 7:00 PM on the day of the funeral, as a reminder of what life would have been like if the inventor of the incandescent light had never lived.

• 1:23:51David Senra?

  And I think that's a good place to leave the story of Thomas Edison. I just want to give you a few updates on, about this podcast. I'm gonna have a, we're gonna be doing a weekly publishing schedule, so we're gonna be putting out one new podcast on a historically great figure every week. If you want to support this, moving forward, every single podcast we do is gonna be ad-free, just like this one was, so it starts right into the story, and then there's no interruptions, there's no ad in the beginning, the middle, or the end, or any of that stuff. And I do that because I listen to a lot of podcasts as well, and ads interrupt my enjoyment. So, I don't want to create a podcast that would do that.

• 1:24:32David Senra?

  I want, what I'm trying to do here is just convey my love of history and my love of biographies and reading to you, and hopefully that comes through. With that said,

• 1:24:43David Senra?

  I did set up a Patreon for this podcast. What I'm gonna do is every other episode will be released exclusively to Patreon members. And that's a good way to get support for the podcast by, from the people that actually enjoy the podcast, instead of having to read ads or try to sell you something, which I definitely don't want to do. So, if you want to support this podcast and you want to make it possible for me to make even more podcasts in the future on Historically Great Figures, please consider subscribing to the Patreon. It's only $5 a month, and for that you'll get hours of entertainment every month. You can also support by leaving a review. Please leave a five-star review in iTunes.

• 1:25:27David Senra?

  How you do that? You go to your podcast app, you search for Historically Great, you click on that, and then it'll say "Leave a Review." You can just leave five stars and save. It takes less than a minute. It helps spread this podcast to other people. The more reviewed, the more positive reviews we get, the more likely you are to, people are to see this when they're searching in the App Store for new podcasts.

• 1:25:51David Senra?

  The second thing you can do is, in the show notes,

• 1:25:55David Senra?

  I leave a link for this book, for The Wizard of Menlo Park, and every book that we're gonna be doing. If you click that link, it's an Amazon affiliate link. So what that means is, at no additional cost to you, if you buy the book, Amazon gives me a small percentage of sale, again, at no cost to you. And it's a great, simple, passive way to support this podcast. You'll get a book that you really enjoy, part of which I covered here, if you do want to go deeper on the Live Thomas Edison. And that's all I have for now. Thank you so much for listening. If you do enjoy this, please subscribe in your podcast player, and share this episode, or any of the episodes that you really like, with a friend or on social media. Any little bit that you can do really helps, and I'd really appreciate it.

• 1:26:40David Senra?

  And I will talk to you next week, and we'll talk about another Historically Great figure. Thank you.