Michael Stevens: Vsauce

Michael Stevens is the creator of Vsauce, one of the most popular educational YouTube channel in the world, with over 15 million subscribers and over 1.7 billion views. His videos often ask and answer questions that are both profound and entertaining, spanning topics from physics to psychology. As part of his channel he created 3 seasons of Mind Field, a series that explored human behavior. This conversation is part of the Artificial Intelligence podcast. If you would like to get more information about this podcast go to https://lexfridman.com/ai or connect with @lexfridman on Twitter https://twitter.com/lexfridman, LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman/, Facebook https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman, Medium https://medium.com/@lexfridman, or YouTube https://www.youtube.com/lexfridman where you can watch the video versions of these conversations. If you enjoy the podcast, please rate it 5 stars on Apple Podcasts https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/artificial-intelligence/id1434243584 or support it on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman. This episode is presented by Cash App. Download it (App Store https://apps.apple.com/us/app/cash-app/id711923939, Google Play https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.squareup.cash&hl=en_US), use code “LexPodcast”. Episode links: Vsauce YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/Vsauce Vsauce Twitter: https://twitter.com/tweetsauce Vsauce Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/electricpants/ Here’s the outline of the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. 00:00 – Introduction 02:26 – Psychology 03:59 – Consciousness 06:55 – Free will 07:55 – Perception vs reality 09:59 – Simulation 11:32 – Science 16:24 – Flat earth 27:04 – Artificial Intelligence 30:14 – Existential threats 38:03 – Elon Musk and the responsibility of having a large following 43:05 – YouTube algorithm 52:41 – Mortality and the meaning of life

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Lex Fridman?

  The following is a conversation with Michael Stevens, the creator of Vsauce, one of the most popular educational YouTube channels in the world, with over 15 million subscribers and over 1.7 billion views. His videos often ask and answer questions that are both profound and entertaining, spanning topics from physics to psychology. Popular questions include, "What if everyone jumped at once?" or "What if the sun disappeared?" or "Why are things creepy?" or "What if the Earth stopped spinning?" As part of his channel, he created three seasons of Minefield, a series that explored human behavior. His curiosity and passion are contagious and inspiring to millions

• 0:42Lex Fridman?

  of people. And so, as an educator, his impact and contribution to the world is truly immeasurable. This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast. If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube, give five stars on Apple Podcasts, support on Patreon, or simply connect with me on Twitter at LexFriedman, spelled F-R-I-D-M-A-N. I recently started doing ads at the end of the introduction. I'll do one or two minutes after introducing the episode, and never any ads in the middle that break the flow of the conversation. I hope that works for you and doesn't hurt the listening experience. This show is presented by Cash App, the number one finance app in the App Store. I personally

• 1:24Lex Fridman?

  use Cash App to send money to friends, but you can also use it to buy, sell, and deposit Bitcoin in just seconds. Cash App also has a new investing feature. You can buy fractions of a stock, say $1 worth, no matter what the stock price is. Brokerage services are provided by Cash App Investing, a subsidiary of Square and member SIPC. I'm excited to be working with Cash App to support one of my favorite organizations called FIRST, best known for their first robotics and Lego competitions. They educate and inspire hundreds of thousands of students in over 110 countries and have a perfect rating on Charity Navigator, which means the donated money is used to maximum effectiveness.

• 2:04Lex Fridman?

  When you get Cash App from the App Store, Google Play, and use code LEXSPodcast, you'll get $10, and Cash App will also donate $10 to FIRST, which, again, is an organization that I've personally seen inspire girls and boys to dream of engineering a better world. And now here's my conversation with Michael Stevens.

• 2:43Lex Fridman?

  One of your deeper interests is psychology, understanding human behavior. You've pointed out how messy studying human behavior is and that it's far from the scientific rigor of something like physics, for example. How do you think we can take psychology from where it's been in the 20th century to something more like what the physicists, theoretical physicists are doing, something precise, something rigorous?

• 3:10Speaker 01

  Well, we could do it by finding the physical foundations of psychology, right? If all of our emotions and moods and feelings and behaviors are the result of mechanical behaviors of atoms and molecules in our brains, then can we find correlations? Perhaps like chaos makes that really difficult and the uncertainty principle and all these things. We can't know the position and velocity of every single quantum state in a brain, probably. But I think that if we can get to that point with psychology, then we can start to think

• 3:51Speaker 01

  about consciousness in a physical and mathematical way. When we ask questions like, well, what is self-reference? How can you think about yourself thinking? What are some mathematical structures that could bring that about?

• 4:09Lex Fridman?

  There's ideas of, in terms of consciousness and breaking it down into physics, there's ideas of panpsychism where people believe that whatever consciousness is, is a fundamental part of reality. It's almost like a physics law. Do you think, what's your views on consciousness? Do you think it has this deep part of reality or is it something that's deeply human and constructed by us humans?

• 4:38Speaker 01

  Uh, starting nice and light and easy.

• 4:40Lex Fridman?

  Easy. Nothing I ask you today has actually proven answer. So we're just hypothesizing.

• 4:46Speaker 01

  So, yeah, I mean, I should clarify, this is all speculation. And I'm not an expert in any of these topics and I'm not God. But I think that consciousness is probably, um, something that can be fully explained within the laws of physics. I think that our, you know, bodies and brains and, and the universe and, and at the quantum level is so rich and complex. I'd be surprised if we couldn't find a room for consciousness there. And why should we be conscious? Why are we aware of ourselves? That is a very strange and interesting and important question.

• 5:29Speaker 01

  And I think for the next few thousand years, we're going to have to believe in answers purely on faith. But my guess is that we will find that, you know, within the configuration space of possible arrangements of the universe, there are some that contain memories of others. Literally, um, Julian Barber calls them time capsule states where you're like, yeah, not only do I have a scratch on my arm, but also this state of the universe also contains a memory in my head of being scratched by my cat three days ago. And for some reason, those kinds of states of the universe are more plentiful or more likely.

• 6:12Lex Fridman?

  When you say those states, the ones with that contain memories of its past or ones that contain memories of its past and have degrees of consciousness?

• 6:22Speaker 01

  Just the first part, because the, I think the consciousness then emerges from the fact that a state of the universe that contains.

• 6:32Speaker 01

  Fragments or memories of other states is one where you're going to feel like there's time. You're going to feel like, yeah, things happened in the past. And I don't know what'll happen in the future because these states don't contain information about the future. For some reason, those kind of states are either more common, more plentiful, or you could use the anthropic principle and just say, well, they're extremely rare. But until you are in one, or if you are in one, then you can ask questions like you're asking me on this podcast.

• 7:05Lex Fridman?

  Why questions?

• 7:07Speaker 01

  Yeah, it's like, why are we conscious? Well, because if we weren't, we wouldn't be asking why we were.

• 7:11Lex Fridman?

  You've kind of implied that you have a sense, again, hypothesis, theorizing that the universe is deterministic. What's your thoughts about free will? Do you think of the universe as deterministic in a sense that it's unrolling a particular, like there's a, it's operating under a specific set of physical laws? And when you have to set the initial conditions, it will unroll in the exact same way in our particular line of the universe every time?

• 7:44Speaker 01

  That is a very useful way to think about the universe. It's done us well. It's brought us to the moon. It's brought us to where we are today, right? I would not say that I believe in determinism in that kind of an absolute form. Or actually, I just don't care. Maybe it's true, but I'm not going to live my life like it is.

• 8:05Lex Fridman?

  What in your sense, because you've studied kind of how we humans think of the world? What's in your view is the difference between our perception, like how we think the world is, and reality? Do you think there's a huge gap there? Like we delude ourselves, that the whole thing is an illusion, just everything about human psychology, the way we see things, and how things actually are? All the things you've studied, what's your sense? How big is the gap between reality?

• 8:33Speaker 01

  Well, again, purely speculative. I think that we will never know the answer. We cannot know the answer. There is no experiment to find an answer to that question. Everything we experience is an event in our brain. When I look at a cat, I'm not even...

• 8:51Speaker 01

  I can't prove that there's a cat there. All I am experiencing is the perception of a cat inside my own brain. I am only a witness to the events of my mind. I think it is very useful to infer that if I witness the event of cat in my head, it's because I'm looking at a cat that is literally there and has its own feelings and motivations and should be pet and given food and water and love. I think that's the way you should live your life. But whether or not we live in a simulation, I'm a brain in a vat, I don't know.

• 9:29Lex Fridman?

  Do you care?

• 9:31Speaker 01

  Hmm, I don't really, well, I care because it's a fascinating question. And it's a fantastic way to get people excited about all kinds of topics, physics, psychology, consciousness, philosophy. But at the end of the day, what would the difference be? If you-

• 9:48Lex Fridman?

  The cat needs to be fed at the end of the day, otherwise it'll be a dead cat.

• 9:52Speaker 01

  Right, but if it's not even a real cat, then it's just like a video game cat. And, right, so what's the difference between killing a, a digital cat in a video game because of neglect versus a real cat? It seems very different to us psychologically. Like, I don't really feel bad about, oh, my gosh, I forgot to feed my Tamagotchi, right? But I would feel terrible if I forgot to feed my actual cats.

• 10:15Lex Fridman?

  So can you just touch on the topic of simulation? Do you find this thought experiment that we're living in a simulation useful, inspiring, or constructive in any kind of way? Do you think it's ridiculous? Do you think it could be true? Or is it just a useful thought experiment?

• 10:34Speaker 01

  I think it is extremely useful as a thought experiment because it makes sense to everyone, especially as we see virtual reality and computer games getting more and more complex. You're not talking to an audience in like Newton's time, where you're like, imagine a, a clock that has mechanics in it that are so complex that it can create love. And everyone's like, mm, no. But today, you really start to feel, you know, man, at what point is this little robot friend of mine gonna be like someone I don't want to cancel plans with? And, you know? And so it's a great, the thought experiment of do we live in a simulation?

• 11:17Speaker 01

  Am I a brain in a vat that is just being given? Electrical impulses from some nefarious other beings so that I believe that I live on Earth and that I have a body and all of this. And the fact that you can't prove it either way is a fantastic way to introduce people to some of the deepest questions.

• 11:37Lex Fridman?

  So you mentioned a little buddy that you would want to cancel an appointment with. So that's a lot of our conversations. That's what my research is, is artificial intelligence.

• 11:49Lex Fridman?

  And I apologize, but you're such a fun person to ask these big questions with.

• 11:53Speaker 01

  Well, I hope I can give some answers that are interesting.

• 11:57Lex Fridman?

  Well, because of you've sharpened your brain's ability to explore some of the most, some of the questions that many scientists are actually afraid of even touching, which is fascinating. And I think you're, in that sense, ultimately a great scientist through this process of sharpening your brain.

• 12:15Speaker 01

  Well, I don't know if I am a scientist. I think, you know, science is a way of knowing. And there are a lot of questions I investigate that are not scientific questions. On like Mind Field, we have definitely done scientific experiments and studies that had hypotheses and all of that. But, you know, not to be too like precious about what does the word "science" mean. But I think I would just describe myself as curious, and I hope that that curiosity is contagious.

• 12:46Lex Fridman?

  So to you, the scientific method is deeply connected to science because your curiosity took you to asking questions. To me, asking a good question, even if you feel, society feels that it's not a question within the reach of science currently, to me, asking the question is the biggest step of the scientific process. The scientific method is the second part, and that may be what traditionally is called science. But to me, asking the questions, being brave enough to ask the questions, being curious and not constrained by what you're supposed to think, is just true, what it means to be a scientist to me.

• 13:28Speaker 01

  It's certainly a huge part of what it means to be a human. If I were to say, you know what, I don't believe in forces. I think that when I push on a massive object, a ghost leaves my body and enters the object I'm pushing. And these ghosts happen to just get really lazy when they're around massive things. And that's why F equals MA. Oh, and by the way, the laziness of the ghost is in proportion to the mass of the object. So boom, prove me wrong. Every experiment, well, you can never find the ghost. And so none of that theory is scientific. But once I start saying, can I see the ghost? Why should there be a ghost? And if there aren't ghosts, what might I expect?

• 14:10Speaker 01

  And I start to do different tests to see, is this falsifiable?

• 14:16Speaker 01

  Are there things that should happen if there are ghosts? Or are there things that shouldn't happen? And do they, you know, what do I observe? Now I'm thinking scientifically. I don't think of science as, wow, a picture of a black hole. That's just a photograph. That's an image. That's data. That's a sensory and perception experience. Science is how we got that and how we understand it and how we believe in it and how we reduce our uncertainty around what it means.

• 14:40Lex Fridman?

  But I would say I'm deeply within the scientific community and am sometimes disheartened by the elitism of the thinking, sort of not allowing yourself to think outside of the box. So allowing the possibility of going against the conventions of science, I think, is is a beautiful part of some of the greatest sciences in history.

• 15:03Speaker 01

  I don't know. I I'm impressed by scientists every day. And revolutions in our knowledge of the world occur

• 15:15Speaker 01

  only under very special circumstances. It is very scary to challenge conventional thinking and risky. Because let's go back to elitism and ego, right? If you just say, you know what? I believe in the spirits of my body. And all forces are actually created by invisible creatures that that that transfer themselves between objects.

• 15:39Speaker 01

  If you ridicule every other theory and say that you're what you're you're correct, then ego gets involved and you just don't go anywhere. But fundamentally, the question of, well, what is a force? Is incredibly important. We need to have that conversation, but it needs to be done in this very political way of like, let's be respectful of everyone and let's realize that we're all learning together and not shutting out other people. And so when you look at a lot of revolutionary ideas, they were not accepted right away. And, you know, Galileo had a couple of problems with the authorities. And later thinkers Descartes was like, all right, look, I kind of agree with Galileo,

• 16:23Speaker 01

  but I'm gonna have to not say that. I'll have to create and invent and write different things that keep me from being in trouble, but we still slowly made progress.

• 16:34Lex Fridman?

  Revolutions are difficult in all forms and certainly in science. Before we get to AI, on topic of revolutionary ideas, let me ask on Reddit AMA, you said that is the earth flat is one of the favorite questions you've ever answered. Speaking of revolutionary ideas, so your video on that, people should definitely watch is really fascinating. Can you elaborate why you enjoyed answering this question so much?

• 17:00Speaker 01

  Yeah, well, it's a long story. I remember a long time ago, I was living in New York at the time, so it had to have been like 2009 or something. I visited the Flat Earth forums. And this was before the Flat Earth theories became as sort of mainstream as they are.

• 17:20Lex Fridman?

  Sorry to ask the dumb question, forums, online forums?

• 17:23Speaker 01

  Yeah, the Flat Earth Society, I don't know if it's dot com or dot org, but I went there and I was reading, you know, their ideas and how they responded to typical criticisms of, well, the earth isn't flat because what about this? And I could not tell, and I mentioned this in my video, I couldn't tell how many of these.

• 17:44Speaker 01

  Community members actually believe the Earth was flat or were just trolling. And I realized that the fascinating thing is, how do we know anything? And what makes for a good belief versus a maybe not so tenable or good belief? And so that's really what my video about Earth being flat is about. It's about, look, there are a lot of reasons the Earth is probably not flat. But a flat Earth believer can respond to every single one of them. But it's all in an ad hoc way. And all of these, all their rebuttals aren't necessarily going to form a cohesive, non-contradictory whole.

• 18:27Speaker 01

  And I believe that's the episode where I talk about Occam's razor and Newton's flaming laser sword. And then I say, well, you know what? Wait a second, we know that space contracts as you move. And so to a particle moving near the speed of light towards Earth, Earth would be flattened in the direction of that particle's travel. So to them, Earth is flat. Like, we need to be, you know, really generous to even wild ideas because they're all thinking. They're all the communication of ideas. And what else can it mean to be a human?

• 19:05Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, and I think I'm a huge fan of the "flat Earth" theory, quote unquote, in the sense that, to me, it feels harmless to explore some of the questions of what it means to believe something, what it means to explore the edge of science and so on. It's because it's a harm, it's a, to me, nobody gets hurt whether the Earth is flat or round, not literally, but I mean intellectually, when we're just having a conversation. That said, again, to elitism, I find that scientists roll their eyes way too fast on the flat Earth. The kind of dismissal that I see to this even notion, they haven't like, sat down and say, what are the arguments that are being proposed? And this is why these arguments are incorrect.

• 19:49Lex Fridman?

  So this is, you know, that should be something that scientists should always do, even to the most sort of ideas that seem ridiculous. So I like this, this is almost, it's almost my test when I ask people what they think about flat Earth theory, to see how quickly they roll their eyes.

• 20:08Speaker 01

  Well, yeah, I mean, let me go on record.

• 20:09Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 20:10Speaker 01

  And say that. The Earth is not flat. It is a three dimensional spheroid. However, I don't know that and it has not been proven. Science doesn't prove anything. It just reduces uncertainty.

• 20:27Lex Fridman?

  Yes.

• 20:27Speaker 01

  Could the Earth actually be flat? Hmm. Extremely unlikely.

• 20:33Lex Fridman?

  Yes.

• 20:33Speaker 01

  Extremely unlikely. And so it is a ridiculous notion if we care about how probable and certain our ideas might be.

• 20:43Lex Fridman?

  That's right.

• 20:43Speaker 01

  But I think it's incredibly important to talk about science in that way and to not resort to, well, it's true. It's true in the same way that a mathematical theorem is true. And I think we're kind of like being pretty pedantic about defining this stuff. But like, sure, I could take a rocket ship out and I could orbit Earth and look at it and it would look like a ball, right? But I still can't prove that I'm not living in a simulation, that I'm not a brain in a vat, that this isn't all an elaborate ruse created by some technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilization.

• 21:22Lex Fridman?

  Right.

• 21:23Speaker 01

  So there's always some doubt and that's fine. That's exciting.

• 21:29Lex Fridman?

  And I think that kind of doubt, practically speaking, is useful when you start talking about quantum mechanics or string theory. Sort of, it helps to me that kind of little, adds a little spice into the thinking process of scientists. So, I mean, just, I just, as a thought experiment, your video kind of, okay, say the Earth is flat. What would the forces, when you walk about this flat Earth, feel like to the human? That's a really nice thought experiment to think about.

• 21:57Speaker 01

  Right, because what's really nice about it is that it's, it's a funny thought experiment, but you actually wind up accidentally learning a whole lot about gravity

• 22:06Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 22:06Speaker 01

  and about relativity and geometry. And I think that's really the goal of what I'm doing. I'm not trying to like convince people that the Earth is round. I feel like you either believe that it is or you don't and like that's, you know, how can I change that?

• 22:21Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 22:21Speaker 01

  What I can do is change how you think and How you are introduced to important concepts like, well, how does gravity operate? Oh, it's all about the center of mass of an object. So, right, on a sphere, we're all pulled towards the middle, essentially the centroid geometrically. But on a disk, ooh, you're gonna be pulled at a weird angle if you're out near the edge. And that stuff's fascinating.

• 22:45Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, and to me, that's, that was, that, that particular video opened my eyes even more to what gravity is. It's just a really nice visualization tool of, because you always imagine gravity with spheres, with masses that are spheres.

• 23:01Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 23:01Lex Fridman?

  And imagining gravity on masses that are not spherical, some, some other shape, but here, a plate, a, a flat object is really interesting. It makes you really kind of visualize in a 3D much in a way, the force.

• 23:14Speaker 01

  Yeah, even if a disk, the size of Earth would be impossible, I think anything larger than like the moon, basically, needs to be a sphere.

• 23:27Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 23:27Speaker 01

  Because gravity will round it out. So you can't have a teacup the size of Jupiter, right? There's a great book about a teacup in the universe that I highly recommend. I don't remember the author. I forget her name, but it's a wonderful book. So, look it up.

• 23:44Lex Fridman?

  Okay.

• 23:45Speaker 01

  I think it's called Teacup in the Universe.

• 23:46Lex Fridman?

  Just to link on this point briefly, your videos are generally super, people love them, right? If you look at the sort of number of likes versus dislikes, this, this measure of YouTube, right, is incredible. And as do I. But this particular Flat Earth video has more dislikes than usual. What, what do you, on that topic in general, what's your sense, how big is the community, not just who believes in Flat Earth, but sort of the anti-scientific community, that naturally distrust scientists, in a way, that's, that's not in an open-minded way, like really just distrust scientists, like they're bought

• 24:31Lex Fridman?

  by some, it's the kind of mechanism of the, some kind of bigger system that's trying to manipulate human beings. What's your sense of the size of that community? You're one of the sort of great educators in the world that educates people on the exciting power of science. So you're kind of...

• 24:53Lex Fridman?

  Up against this community, what's your sense of it?

• 24:56Speaker 01

  I really have no idea. I haven't looked at the likes and dislikes on the Flat Earth video. And so I would wonder if it has a greater percentage of dislikes than usual. Is that because of people disliking it because they, you know, think that it's a video about Earth being flat and they find that ridiculous and they dislike it without even really watching much? Do they wish that I was more like dismissive of Flat Earth theories?

• 25:25Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 25:26Speaker 01

  I know there are a lot of response videos that kind of go through the episode and are pro-Flat Earth. But I don't know if there's a larger community of unorthodox thinkers today than there have been in the past.

• 25:43Lex Fridman?

  Okay.

• 25:44Speaker 01

  And I just want to not lose them. I want them to keep listening and thinking. And by calling them all, you know, idiots or something like that is no good because

• 25:56Speaker 01

  how idiotic are they really? I mean, the Earth isn't a sphere at all. Like, we know that it's an oblate spheroid. And that in and of itself is really interesting. And I investigated that in which way is down, where I'm like, really, down does not point towards the center of the Earth. It's, it points in a different direction, depending on what's underneath you and what's above you and what's around you. The whole universe is, is tugging on me.

• 26:22Lex Fridman?

  And then you also show that gravity is non-uniform across the globe. Like if you, this is, I guess, thought experiment, if you build a bridge all the way in, in, um, all the way across the Earth and then just knock out its pillars, what would happen?

• 26:40Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 26:40Lex Fridman?

  It'd be, and you describe how it'd be like a very chaotic, unstable thing that's happening because gravity is non-uniform throughout the Earth.

• 26:48Speaker 01

  Yeah, in small spaces, like the ones we work in, we can essentially assume that gravity is uniform.

• 26:55Lex Fridman?

  Right.

• 26:56Speaker 01

  But it's not. It is weaker the further you are from the Earth and it also is going to be, it's radially pointed towards the middle of the Earth. So a really large object will feel tidal forces because of that non-uniformness. And we can take advantage of that with satellites, right? Gravitational induced torque, it's a great way to align your satellite without having to use fuel or any kind of, you know, engine.

• 27:22Lex Fridman?

  So let's jump back to it. Artificial intelligence. What's your thought of the state of where we are at currently with artificial intelligence? And what do you think it takes to build human level or superhuman level intelligence?

• 27:34Speaker 01

  I don't know what intelligence means. That's my biggest question at the moment. And it's, I think it's because my instinct is always to go, well, what are the foundations here of our discussion? What does it mean to be intelligent? How do we measure the intelligence of an artificial machine or a program or something?

• 27:54Lex Fridman?

  Can we say that humans are intelligent? Because there's also a fascinating field of how do you measure human intelligence?

• 28:01Speaker 01

  Of course.

• 28:02Lex Fridman?

  But if we just take that for granted, saying that whatever this fuzzy intelligence thing we're talking about, humans kind of have it. What would be a good test for you? So Turing developed a test that's natural language conversation. Would that impress you? A chatbot that you'd want to hang out and have a beer with, you know, for a bunch of hours or have dinner plans with? Would, is that a good test? Natural language conversation? Is there something else that would impress you? Or is that also too difficult to think about?

• 28:30Speaker 01

  Oh, yeah. I'm pretty much impressed by everything. I think that if

• 28:34Lex Fridman?

  Roomba?

• 28:35Speaker 01

  If there was a chatbot that was like incredibly, I don't know, really had a personality? And if I didn't, the Turing test, right? Like if I'm unable to tell that it's not another person, but then I was shown a bunch of wires and mechanical components. And it was like, that's actually what you're talking to. I don't know if I would feel that guilty destroying it. I would feel guilty because clearly it's well made and it's a really cool thing. It's like destroying a really cool car or something. But I would not feel like I was a murderer. So, yeah, at what point would I start to feel that way? And this is such a subjective psychological question.

• 29:19Speaker 01

  If you give it movement, or if you have it act as though, or perhaps really feel pain as I destroy it and scream and resist, then I'd feel bad.

• 29:32Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, it's beautifully put. And

• 29:35Lex Fridman?

  Let's just say act like it's in pain. So if you just have a robot that not screams, just like moans in pain if you kick it.

• 29:44Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 29:45Lex Fridman?

  That immediately just puts it in a class that we humans, it becomes, we anthropomorphize it. It almost immediately becomes human.

• 29:54Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 29:55Lex Fridman?

  But that's a psychology question as opposed to sort of a physics question.

• 29:57Speaker 01

  Right. I think that's a really good instinct to have. You know, if the robot.

• 30:02Lex Fridman?

  Screams?

• 30:03Speaker 01

  Screams and moans, even if you don't believe that it has the mental experience, the qualia of pain and suffering, I think it's still a good instinct to say, you know what? I'd rather not hurt it.

• 30:16Lex Fridman?

  The problem is that instinct can get us in trouble because then robots can manipulate that. And, you know, there's different kinds of robots. There's robots like the Facebook and the YouTube algorithm that recommends the video, and they can manipulate in the same kind of way. Well, let me ask you, just to stick on artificial intelligence for a second. Do you have worries about existential threats from AI or existential threats from other technologies like nuclear weapons that could potentially destroy life on Earth or damage it to a very significant degree?

• 30:48Speaker 01

  Yeah, of course I do, especially the weapons that we create. There's all kinds of famous ways to think about this. And one is that, wow, what if we don't see advanced alien civilizations because of the danger of technology? What if we reach a point, and I think there's a channel Thody 2, geez, I wish I remembered the name of the channel, but he delves into this, this kind of limit of maybe once you discover radioactivity and its power, you've reached this important hurdle. And the reason that the skies are so empty is that no one's ever like managed to survive as a civilization once they have that destructive power.

• 31:33Speaker 01

  And when it comes to AI, I, I'm not really very worried because I think that there are plenty of other people that are already worried enough. And oftentimes these worries are just, they just get in the way of progress and they're, they're questions that we should address later.

• 31:54Speaker 01

  And, you know, I think I talk about this in my interview with the self-driving autonomous vehicle guy, as I think it was a bonus scene from the Trolley Problem episode. And I'm like, wow, what should a car do if like this really weird contrived scenario happens where it has to like swerve and like save the driver but kill a kid? And he's like, well, you know, what would a human do? And if we resist technological progress because we're worried about all of these little issues, then it gets in the way. And we shouldn't avoid those problems, but we shouldn't allow them to be stumbling blocks to advancement.

• 32:35Lex Fridman?

  So the, you know, folks like Sam Harris or Elon Musk are saying that we're not worried enough. So worry should not paralyze technological progress, but we're sort of marching, technologies marching forward without the key scientists, the developing of technology, worrying about the overnight having some effects that would be very detrimental to society. So to push back on your thought of the idea that there's enough people worrying about it, Elon Musk says there's not enough people worrying about it.

• 33:11Speaker 01

  Okay.

• 33:11Lex Fridman?

  That's the kind of balance is, you know, it's like folks who really focus on nuclear deterrence are saying there's not enough people worried about nuclear deterrence, right? So it's an interesting question of what is a good threshold of people to worry about these? And if it's too many people that are worried, you're right, it'll be like, the press would over-report on it and it'll be technological, halt technological progress. If not enough, then we can march straight ahead into that abyss that human beings might be destined for with the progress of technology.

• 33:48Speaker 01

  Yeah. I don't know what the right balance is of how many people should be worried and how worried should they be, but we're always worried about new technology, you know? We know that Plato was worried about the written word. He's like, we shouldn't teach people to write because then they won't use their minds to remember things. There have been concerns over technology and its advancement since the beginning of recorded history. And so, you know, I think- However, these conversations are really important to have because again, we learn a lot about ourselves. If we're really scared of some kind of AI like coming into being that is conscious or whatever and can self replicate. We already do that every day. It's called humans being born. They're not artificial.

• 34:32Speaker 01

  They're humans, but they're intelligent and I don't want to live in a world where we're worried about babies being born because what if they become evil?

• 34:41Lex Fridman?

  Right.

• 34:41Speaker 01

  What if they become mean people? What if they, what if they're thieves? Maybe we should just like, what, not have babies born? Like, maybe we shouldn't create AI? It's like, you know, we, we'll want to have safeguards in place.

• 34:56Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 34:56Speaker 01

  In the same way that we know, look, a kid could be born that becomes some kind of evil person, but we have laws, right?

• 35:04Lex Fridman?

  And it's possible that with advantage of genetics in general, be able to, you know, it's a scary thought to say that. You know, this, my child, if born, would be, would have an 83% chance of being a psychopath. Right? Like being able to, if it's something genetic, if there's some sort of, and what to use that information, what to do with that information is a difficult ethical.

• 35:36Speaker 01

  Yeah, I'd like to find an answer that isn't, well, let's not have them live. You know, I'd like to find an answer that is, well, all human life is worthy. And if you have an 83% chance of becoming a psychopath, well.

• 35:53Speaker 01

  You still deserve dignity.

• 35:54Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 35:55Speaker 01

  And you still deserve to be treated well. You still have rights.

• 36:00Lex Fridman?

  At least at this part of the world, at least in America, there's a respect for individual life in that way. That's, well, to me, but again, I'm in this bubble, is a beautiful thing. But there's other cultures where individual human life is not that important. Where a society, so I was born in Soviet Union. Where the strength of nation and society together is more important than the any one particular individual. So it's an interesting also notion, the stories we tell ourselves. I like the one where individuals matter, but it's unclear that that was what the future holds.

• 36:36Speaker 01

  Well, yeah, and I mean, let me even throw this out, like, what is artificial intelligence? How can it be artificial? I really think that we get pretty obsessed and stuck on the idea that there is some thing that is a wild human, a pure human organism without technology. But I don't think that's a real thing. I think that humans and human technology are one organism. Look at my glasses, okay? If an alien came down and saw me, would they necessarily know that this is an invention, that I don't grow these organically from my body? They wouldn't know that right away. And the written word and spoons and cups,

• 37:17Speaker 01

  these are all pieces of technology. We are not alone as an organism. And so the technology we create, whether it be video games or artificial intelligence that can self replicate and hate us, it's actually all the same organism. When you're in a car, where do you end and the car begin? It seems like a really easy question to answer, but the more you think about it, the more you realize, wow, we are in this symbiotic relationship with our inventions. And there are plenty of people who are worried about it, and there should be. But it's inevitable.

• 37:52Lex Fridman?

  And I think that even just us think of ourselves as individual intelligences may be silly notion, because, you know, it's much better to think of the entirety of human civilization. Living, all living organisms on earth is a single living organism.

• 38:10Speaker 01

  Right.

• 38:10Lex Fridman?

  As a single intelligent creature, because you're right, everything's intertwined, everything is deeply connected. So we mentioned Elon Musk. So you're a curious lover of science. What do you think of the efforts that Elon Musk is doing with space exploration, with electric vehicles, with autopilot, sort of getting into the space of autonomous vehicles, with Boring under LA, and Neuralink, trying to communicate, brain machine interfaces, communicate between machines and human brains?

• 38:46Speaker 01

  Well, it's really inspiring. I mean, look at the fandom that he's amassed. It's not common for someone like that to have such a following.

• 38:58Lex Fridman?

  An engineering nerd.

• 39:00Speaker 01

  Yeah, so it's really, it's really exciting, but I also think that a lot of responsibility comes with that kind of power. So like if I met him, I would love to hear how he feels about the responsibility he has.

• 39:12Speaker 01

  When there are people who are such a fan of your ideas and your dreams and share them so closely with you, you have a lot of power. And he didn't always have that, you know? He wasn't born as Elon Musk. Well, he was, but, well, he was named that later. But the point is that, that, that I want to know the psychology of becoming a figure like him. Well, I don't even know how to phrase the question right, but it's a question about what do you do when your, your, your following, your fans become so, you know, large that it's almost bigger than you?

• 39:54Speaker 01

  And how do you, how do you responsibly manage that? And maybe it doesn't worry him at all, and that's fine, too. But I'd be really curious. And I think there are a lot of people that go through this when they realize, whoa, there are a lot of eyes on me. There are a lot of people who really take what I say very earnestly and, and take it to heart and will defend me. And, whoo, that's, that's, um, that, that can be dangerous. And, and you have to be responsible with it.

• 40:24Lex Fridman?

  Both in terms of impact on society and psychologically for the individual? Just, just the, the burden psychologically on, on Elon?

• 40:31Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah. How does he, how does he think about that? Part of his, his persona?

• 40:38Lex Fridman?

  Well, let me throw that right back at you, because in some ways, you're just a funny guy. That gotten a humongous following, funny guy with a curiosity. You've got a huge following. How do you psychologically deal with the responsibility? In many ways, you have a reach, in many ways, bigger than Elon Musk. What is your, what is the burden that you feel in educating, being one of the biggest educators in the world? Where everybody's listening to you and actually, everybody, like the most of the world that uses YouTube for educational material, trusts you as a source of good, strong, scientific thinking?

• 41:24Speaker 01

  It's a burden, and I try to approach it with a lot of humility and sharing. Like, I'm not out there doing a lot of scientific experiments. I am sharing the work of real scientists, and I'm celebrating their work and the way that they think. And the power of curiosity. But I want to make it clear at all times that like, look, you know, we don't know all the answers. And I don't think we're ever going to reach a point where we're like, wow, and there you go. That's the universe. It's this equation. You plug in some conditions or whatever, and you do the math, and you know what's gonna happen tomorrow. I don't think we're ever gonna reach that point.

• 42:04Speaker 01

  But I, I, I think that there is a tendency to sometimes believe in science and become elitist and become, I don't know, hard, when in reality, it should humble you and make you feel smaller. I think there's something very beautiful about feeling very, very small and very weak, and to feel that you need other people. So I try to keep that in mind and say, look, thanks for watching. Vsauce is not, I'm not Vsauce, you are. When I start the episodes, I say, hey, Vsauce, Michael here. Vsauce and Michael are actually a different thing in my mind. I don't know if that's always clear. But yeah, I have to approach it that way because it's not about me.

• 42:46Lex Fridman?

  Yeah. So it's not even, you're not feeling responsibility. You're just sort of plugging into this big thing that is scientific exploration of our reality. And you're a voice that represents a bunch, but you're, you're just plugging into this big Vsauce. Ball that others, millions of others are plugged into.

• 43:06Speaker 01

  Yeah, I'm just hoping to encourage curiosity and, you know, responsible thinking and an embracement of doubt and being okay with that.

• 43:21Lex Fridman?

  So next week, talking to Christos Gudrow, I'm not sure if you're familiar who he is, but he's the VP of Engineering, head of the quote unquote YouTube algorithm or the search and discovery.

• 43:33Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 43:33Lex Fridman?

  Let me ask, first, high level, do you have, do you have a question for him that if you can get an honest answer that you would ask, but more generally, how do you think about the YouTube algorithm that drives some of the motivation behind, no, some of the design decisions you make as you ask and answer some of the questions you do? How would you improve this algorithm in your mind in general? So just what would you ask him? And outside of that, how would you like to see the algorithm improve?

• 44:09Speaker 01

  Well, I think of the algorithm as a mirror. It reflects what people put in and we don't always like what we see in that mirror.

• 44:18Lex Fridman?

  From the individual, mirror to the individual, mirror to the society?

• 44:22Speaker 01

  Both. In the aggregate, it's reflecting back what people on average want to watch. And when you see things being recommended to you, it's reflecting back what it thinks you want to see. And specifically, I would guess that it's not just what you want to see, but what you will click on and what you will watch some of and stay on YouTube because of. I don't think that, this is all me guessing, but I don't think that YouTube cares if you only watch like a second of a video, as long as the next thing you do is open another video.

• 45:02Speaker 01

  If you close the app or close the site, that's a problem for them because they're not a subscription platform. They're not like, look, you're giving us 20 bucks a month, no matter what, so who cares? They need you to watch and spend time there and see ads.

• 45:19Lex Fridman?

  So one of the things I'm curious about, whether they do consider longer term.

• 45:25Lex Fridman?

  Sort of develop your longer term development as a human being, which I think ultimately will make you feel better about using YouTube in the long term and allowing you to stick with it for longer. Because even if you feed the dopamine rush in the short term and you keep clicking on cat videos, the eventually you sort of wake up like from a drug and say, I need to quit this. So I wonder how much they're trying to optimize for the long term. Because when I look at the, you know, your videos aren't exactly sort of, no offense, but they're not the most clickable. They're both the most clickable and I feel I watched the entire thing and I feel a better human after I watched it, right?

• 46:06Lex Fridman?

  So like, they're not just optimizing for the clickability. Because this is, I hope, so my thought is, how do you think of it? And does it affect your own content? Like how deep you go, how profound you explore the directions and so on?

• 46:23Speaker 01

  I've been really lucky in that I don't worry too much about the algorithm. I mean, look at my thumbnails. I don't really go too wild with them. And with Mind Field, where I'm in partnership with YouTube on the thumbnails, I'm often like, let's pull this back, let's be mysterious. Usually I'm just trying to do what everyone else is not doing. So if everyone's doing crazy Photoshop, wah, kind of thumbnails. I'm like, what if the thumbnail's just a line?

• 46:50Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 46:51Speaker 01

  And what if the title is just a word? And I kind of feel like all of the Vsauce channels have cultivated an audience that expects that. And so they would rather Jake make a video that's just called Stains than one called, I explored stains, shocking.

• 47:07Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 47:07Speaker 01

  But there are other audiences out there that want that. And, you know, I think most people kind of, you know, want what you see the algorithm favoring, which is mainstream, traditional celebrity and news kind of information. I mean, that's what makes YouTube really different than other streaming platforms. No one's like, what's going on in the world? I'll open up Netflix to find out. But you do open up Twitter to find that out. You open up Facebook, you can open up YouTube because you'll see that the trending videos are like what happened amongst the traditional mainstream people in different industries. And that's what's being shown. And it's, it's not necessarily YouTube saying, we want that to be what you see. It's that that's what people click on.

• 47:48Speaker 01

  When they see Ariana Grande, you know, reads a love letter from like her high school sweetheart, they're like, I want to see that. And when they see a video from me that's got some lines in math and it's called Law and Causes, they're like, well, I mean, that, I'm just on the bus. Like, I don't have time to dive into a whole lesson. So, you know, before you get super mad at YouTube, you should say, really, they're just reflecting back human behavior.

• 48:12Lex Fridman?

  Is there something you would improve about the algorithm?

• 48:17Lex Fridman?

  Knowing, of course, that as far as we're concerned, it's a black box, so we don't know how it works.

• 48:21Speaker 01

  Right. And I don't think that even anyone at YouTube really knows what it's doing. They know what they've tweaked, but then it learns. I think that it learns and it decides how to behave. And sometimes they're, the YouTube employees are left going, I don't know. Maybe we should like change the value of how much it, you know, worries about watch time. And maybe it should worry more about something else. I don't know. But I mean, I would like to see, I don't know what they're doing and not doing.

• 48:47Lex Fridman?

  Well, is there a conversation that you think they should be having, just internally? Whether they're having it or not, is there something, should they be thinking about the long-term future? Should they be thinking about educational content? And whether that's educating about what just happened in the world today, news, or educational content like what you're providing, which is asking big sort of timeless questions about how the way the world works?

• 49:13Speaker 01

  Well, it's interesting. What should they think about? Because it's called YouTube, not our tube. And that's why I think they have so many phenomenal educational creators.

• 49:24Lex Fridman?

  Yes.

• 49:25Speaker 01

  You don't have shows like Three Blue, One Brown, or Physics Girl, or Looking Glass Universe, or Up an Atom, or Brain Scoop, or, I mean, I could go on and on. They aren't on Amazon Prime and Netflix, and they don't have commissioned shows from those platforms. It's all organically happening because there are people out there that want to share their passion for learning, that want to share their curiosity. And YouTube could, you know, promote those kinds of shows more. But like, first of all,

• 49:57Speaker 01

  They probably wouldn't get as many clicks and YouTube needs to make sure that the average user is always clicking and staying on the site. They could still promote it more for the good of society. But then we're making some really weird claims about what's good for society because I think that cat videos are also an incredibly important part of what it means to be a human. I've mentioned this quote before from Unumuno about, "Look, I've seen a cat like estimate distances and calculate a jump, you know, more often than I've seen a cat cry." And so, things that that play with our emotions and make us feel things can be cheesy and can feel cheap, but like, man, that's very human. And so, even the dumbest vlog is still so important that I don't think it, I have a

• 50:42Speaker 01

  better claim to take its spot than it has to have that spot.

• 50:46Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, it puts a mirror to us, the beautiful parts, the ugly parts, the shallow parts, the deep parts. You're right.

• 50:53Speaker 01

  What I would like to see is, you know, I, I miss the days when engaging with content on YouTube helped push it into my subscribers timelines. It used to be that when I liked a video, say from Veritasium, it would show up in the feed on the front page of the app or the website of my subscribers. And I knew that if I liked a video, I could send it 100,000 views or more. That no longer is true, but I think that was a good user experience. When I subscribe to someone, when I'm following them, I want to see more of what they like. I want them to also curate the feed for me. And I think that Twitter and Facebook are doing that in also some ways that are kind

• 51:36Speaker 01

  of annoying, but I would like that to happen more. And I think we would see communities being stronger on YouTube if it was that way. Instead of YouTube going, "Well, technically, Michael liked this Veritasium video, but people are way more likely to click on Carpool Karaoke, so I don't even care who they are, just give them that." Not saying anything against Carpool Karaoke, that is an extremely important part of our society, what it means to be a human on earth, you know, but.

• 52:03Lex Fridman?

  I'll say it sucks, but.

• 52:05Speaker 01

  Yeah. But a lot of people would disagree with you and they should be able to see as much of that as they want.

• 52:10Lex Fridman?

  Yes.

• 52:11Speaker 01

  And I think even people who don't think they like it should still be really aware of it because it's such an important thing. And such an influential thing. But yeah, I just wish that like new channels I discover and that I subscribe to, I wish that my subscribers found out about that because especially in the education community, a rising tide floats all boats. If you watch a video from Number File, you're just more likely to want to watch an episode from me, whether it be on Vsauce 1 or Ding. It's not, it's not competitive in the way that traditional TV was where it's like, well, if you tune into that show, it means you're not watching mine because they both air at the same time. So helping each other out through collaborations takes a lot of work, but just through engaging, commenting on their videos, liking their

• 52:50Speaker 01

  videos, subscribing to them, whatever, that I would love to see become easier and more powerful.

• 52:58Lex Fridman?

  So a quick and impossibly deep question, last question about mortality. You've spoken about death as an interesting topic. Do you think about your own mortality?

• 53:12Speaker 01

  Yeah, every day. It's really scary.

• 53:16Lex Fridman?

  So what do you think is the meaning of life that mortality makes very explicit? So why are you here on Earth, Michael? What's the point of this whole thing?

• 53:35Lex Fridman?

  What, you know, what does mortality in the context of the whole universe make you realize about yourself? Just you, Michael Stevens?

• 53:46Speaker 01

  Well, it makes me realize that I am destined to become a notion. I'm destined to become a memory. And we can extend life. I think there's really exciting things being done to extend life, but we still don't know how to like, you know, protect you from some accident that could happen, you know, some unforeseen thing. Maybe we could like save my connectome and like recreate my consciousness digitally, but even that could be lost if it's stored on a physical medium or something. So basically, I just think that

• 54:24Speaker 01

  Embracing and realizing how cool it is that like someday I will just be an idea. And there won't be a Michael anymore that can be like, no, that's not what I meant. It'll just be what people like, they have to guess what I meant. And they'll remember me. And how I live on as that memory will, will maybe not even be who I wanted to be. But there's something powerful about that. And there's something powerful about letting future people run the show themselves. I think I, I'm glad to get out of their way at some point and say, all right, it's your world now.

• 55:00Lex Fridman?

  So you, the physical entity, Michael, has have ripple effects in the space of ideas that far outlives you.

• 55:09Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 55:09Lex Fridman?

  In ways that you can't control, but it's nevertheless fascinating to think, I mean, especially with you. You can imagine an alien species, when they finally arrive and destroy all of us, would watch your videos to try to figure out what, what were the questions?

• 55:22Speaker 01

  But even if they didn't, you know, I still think that there will be ripples. Like when I say memory, I don't specifically mean people remember my name and my birth date. And like, there's a photo of me on Wikipedia, like all that can be lost. But I still would hope that people ask questions and, and, and teach concepts in some of the ways that I have found useful and satisfying, even if they don't know that I was the one who tried to popularize it. That's fine. But if Earth was completely destroyed, like burnt to a crisp, everything on it today. What would, the universe wouldn't care. Like Jupiter is not going to go, oh, no. And that could happen.

• 56:06Lex Fridman?

  That could.

• 56:07Speaker 01

  So we do, however, have the power to, you know, launch things into space, to try to extend how long our memory exists. And what I mean by that is, you know, we are recording things about the world and we're learning things and writing stories and all of this. And preserving that is truly what I think is the essence of being a human. We are. Autobiographers of the universe, and we're really good at it. We're better than fossils. We're better than light spectrum. We're better than any of that. We collect much more detailed memories of what's happening. Much better data.

• 56:49Speaker 01

  And so that should be our legacy. And I hope that that's, that's kind of mine, too, in terms of people remembering something or having some kind of effect. But even if I don't, you can't not have an effect.

• 57:04Lex Fridman?

  Right.

• 57:04Speaker 01

  That's, that's not me feeling like, I hope that I have this powerful legacy. It's like, no matter who you are, you will. But you also have to embrace the fact that that impact might look really small, and that's okay. One of my favorite quotes is from Tess of the D'Urbervilles. And it's along the lines of, "The, the measure of your life depends on, not your external displacement, but your subjective experience." If I am happy and those that I love are happy, can that be enough? Because if so, excellent.

• 57:38Lex Fridman?

  I think there's no better place to end it, Michael. Thank you so much. It was an honor to meet you. Thanks for talking to me.

• 57:42Speaker 01

  Thank you. It was a pleasure.

• 57:44Lex Fridman?

  Thanks for listening to this conversation with Michael Stevens. And thank you to our presenting sponsor, Cash App. Download it, use code LEGSPODCAST. You'll get $10, and $10 will go to FIRST, a STEM education nonprofit that inspires hundreds of thousands of young minds to learn, to dream of engineering our future. If you enjoy this podcast, subscribe on YouTube. Give it five stars on Apple Podcasts. Support it on Patreon or connect with me on Twitter. And now, let me leave you with some words of wisdom from Albert Einstein. "The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existence.

• 58:23Lex Fridman?

  One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day." Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.