Migrating Birds Have a Big, Clear Problem

Around this time of year, every night, a quiet exodus is occurring. Hundreds of millions of birds are migrating thousands of miles south for the winter. One of the biggest dangers for these tiny travelers? Glass. Researchers estimate that every year in the U. S., collisions with glass windows take out at least a billion birds. Even if the birds initially fly away, these collisions can cause concussions, broken bones, and other injuries; most victims don’t survive. After much reporting, NPR science correspondent Nell Greenfieldboyce https://www.npr.org/people/4494969/nell-greenfieldboyce has found … it doesn’t have to be this way. Scientists and researchers have studied how to stop collisions from happening, and examples around the country indicate that even little solutions can make a big difference. Interested in more seasonal animal science? Email us your question at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave http://plus.npr.org/shortwave. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

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• 1:00Emily Kwong?

  Okay, on to the episode. You're listening to Short Wave from NPR.

• 1:08Emily Kwong?

  Hey, short waivers. It's Emily Kwong here, and it is that time of year again. Can you feel the crispness in the air? Can you hear the crunch of dry leaves? Smell the haunting presence of pumpkin spice?

• 1:20Speaker 02

  Oh, god, pumpkin spice.

• 1:21Emily Kwong?

  That is NPR science correspondent Nell Greenfield Boyce. Hey, Nell.

• 1:25Speaker 02

  Hey.

• 1:25Emily Kwong?

  You don't want to talk about pumpkin spice today?

• 1:28Speaker 02

  I mean, it's fine in moderation, you know? But like, when I think about autumn, I think about real pumpkins and, you know, you said the leaves and whatever. But mainly, actually, I think about birds.

• 1:39Emily Kwong?

  The birds, yes. This is their time to migrate, right? There's a lot going south for the winter right now.

• 1:45Speaker 02

  Yeah, a lot. Like, every night, hundreds of millions of them are taking to the air. And like, we don't really notice, because this is happening in the dark at night while we're sleeping, but like, huge numbers of birds are flying overhead.

• 1:57Emily Kwong?

  I hear them in the morning when they're on trees. But why do they fly at night?

• 2:02Speaker 02

  Well, I mean, what I've been told is that there's fewer predators and that the air is cooler, it's more stable. And plus, you know, when they navigate, they use the moon and the stars.

• 2:11Emily Kwong?

  Oh, yeah.

• 2:12Speaker 02

  But that's actually kind of a problem in some ways because it turns out that means they can be drawn to artificial lights, like the kind humans put around buildings. And so when they come down to rest and refuel in the morning, they can encounter something that they have not been prepared for by evolution, and that is glass. Have you ever heard a bird hit a window?

• 2:35Emily Kwong?

  I have, and my heart drops every time I hear it.

• 2:38Speaker 02

  It's horrible, right?

• 2:39Emily Kwong?

  Yeah.

• 2:39Speaker 02

  It's like a sickening thunk. And it turns out glass is one of the biggest dangers for migrating birds. Researchers estimate that every year in the US.

• 2:48Emily Kwong?

  Yeah.

• 2:48Speaker 02

  Collisions with windows take out at least a billion birds.

• 2:52Emily Kwong?

  A billion? That's a lot of birds.

• 2:55Speaker 02

  Right? And migration season is when the numbers of collisions tend to spike. I mean, during this time of year, there are actually whole teams of people across the country that are waking up early every morning and going out and looking for collision victims that have been injured or are dead.

• 3:12Emily Kwong?

  I'm glad someone is looking out for these birds in this way. Where are volunteers doing that?

• 3:17Speaker 02

  So we're talking places like Dallas, Chicago, Philadelphia, San Diego, and then in the nation's capital, Washington DC, where I live. I mean, that's where a volunteer named Stephanie Haley found this poor little guy huddled on the sidewalk next to an office building.

• 3:37Speaker 02

  That's an Acadian flycatcher, this little olive green bird that migrates to Central and South America. I mean, she picked it up and they put it in like this brown paper bag.

• 3:51Emily Kwong?

  A good sign, the fluttering, which means that hopefully, you know, he's just stunned. And I'll take him to City Wildlife and the doctors will check him out.

• 4:02Speaker 02

  So, you know, the vets tried to treat him. They even put him in an oxygen chamber.

• 4:06Emily Kwong?

  How'd he do?

• 4:07Speaker 02

  Well, I'm sorry to tell you, but he did not make it. I mean, most collision victims do not survive. They can be going 30 miles per hour when they hit a window. And so that means even if they initially fly away, they can have like concussions and broken bones. But the thing is, there has been a lot of scientific research into how to stop this from happening. And there are examples, like there's a building in Chicago, that, you know, show that there are solutions that can make a huge difference.

• 4:36Emily Kwong?

  Bird strikes, a problem we created that we can fix.

• 4:40Speaker 02

  It's true.

• 4:42Emily Kwong?

  So today on the show, migrating birds and window collisions. We'll look at a problem that's often invisible until it is suddenly not. You're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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• 6:14Emily Kwong?

  Okay, Nell, so for this story, you went out with some bird-loving volunteers who, every morning, circle city sidewalks and collect window-strike victims. These are birds that have hit windows. Is this mostly a problem in urban places with a lot of buildings?

• 6:31Speaker 02

  No. I mean, it's just that cities are where people tend to look, right?

• 6:34Emily Kwong?

  Sure, yeah.

• 6:34Speaker 02

  The thing is, most collisions are not happening, like, way up in the sky. So it's not like it's just a skyscraper issue. Most collisions are happening down low.

• 6:43Emily Kwong?

  Oh, really?

• 6:44Speaker 02

  Like, below the tree line, when they come down to rest. And so, one-to-three-story buildings, like homes,

• 6:51Emily Kwong?

  Yeah.

• 6:51Speaker 02

  that accounts for a lot of the bird deaths, just because there's so many of those buildings.

• 6:55Emily Kwong?

  Okay.

• 6:56Speaker 02

  But, you know, in cities, there are lots of buildings close together, so people can, like, walk a set route every morning. And in these cities, it's become clear that a small number of buildings seem to account for a lot of the deaths. They have architectural features that are just like death traps.

• 7:12Speaker 04

  We call this the walkway of death. So this is a very deadly spot.

• 7:17Speaker 02

  So that's another volunteer in DC I walk with, Stephanie Dahlke. She showed me this skyway between two buildings. It's made of mirrored glass. And right near it, we found a dead, ruby-throated hummingbird. That's a little iridescent green bird. It's like no bigger than your thumb.

• 7:32Speaker 04

  It's just, it boggles the mind to think that these little guys can fly over the Gulf of Mexico. How do they manage that? It's amazing. But then we take them out with some glass.

• 7:41Emily Kwong?

  You mentioned that glass has a kind of mirrored effect. So do the birds just think the certain buildings are more sky?

• 7:49Speaker 02

  Yeah, so like, if the glass is reflective, you know, the birds will see sky and trees, and that's attractive to them. And if the glass is transparent, they think they can go, like, right through it. So I walked with this other volunteer, Elizabeth Fuse. She showed me this building that kind of wraps around a plaza. It has two sections that converge on this big glass atrium. And she was saying, like, this basically funnels birds towards this multi-story wall of glass.

• 8:15Speaker 05

  But you can see it converges? And you see how the reflection works? It looks like you could keep going.

• 8:20Speaker 02

  There, we found, like, this dead common yellow-throat, so that's a Songbird with this lemon colored chest and like this little black bandit mask.

• 8:28Emily Kwong?

  This is ridiculous. That bird deserved to make the journey to Mexico.

• 8:33Speaker 02

  It is really sad, right? Like, there are so many deaths. They're just like finding these bird corpses all the time. So they record all these deaths. They have this database, years of data. And it's this group called Lights Out DC that's been doing this. And, you know, basically, they want people to turn off artificial lights that attract the birds. But their numbers are used for other stuff, too, right? They're part of what's helped researchers make estimates of the total number of the dead. And they also use that data to get people to make changes, like to convince building managers to do stuff.

• 9:04Emily Kwong?

  That's powerful. I mean, that's the way to change something, right? Is to gather information, to gather data. This is important work they're doing. So what kind of changes do they want to see from cities and building managers?

• 9:17Speaker 02

  Well, one thing, like I said, is turning off nighttime lights. Or you could add new kinds of window treatments, okay? So I was talking to Brian Lenz. He's with the American Bird Conservancy. And he told me, like, you know, in the past, not too long ago, it wasn't clear how to fix windows.

• 9:33Speaker 06

  People used to say, put a hawk decal on your window and it's good because the birds will be scared of that. The only thing that does is keep the birds from hitting the hawk decal.

• 9:42Emily Kwong?

  Oh, no. This is taking me right back to childhood. My mom slapped a bunch of hawk decals on our kitchen window in the hope that birds would be spared. Sounds like there are better solutions out there. What are they?

• 9:53Speaker 02

  So there's been a lot of studies, okay? There's been years of research. There's new kinds of glass. And now they know that if you've got existing windows you want to treat, you need like a pattern of dots or lines that's a certain size. Basically, so the birds won't think they can fly through. And this is effective. Like, to see that, all you need to do is look at this convention center in Chicago. It's called McCormick Place.

• 10:17Emily Kwong?

  Oh, I've gone to conferences at McCormick Place. That's the one, it's right on Lake Michigan, right? And it's really big.

• 10:24Speaker 02

  Yeah. And a couple of years ago, they had a big mass collision. It made the news nationwide.

• 10:28Speaker 07

  An unusual situation at McCormick Place today. Nearly a thousand birds found dead.

• 10:34Speaker 02

  I was talking to Tina Phillips. She's with the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. She told me this was kind of a watershed moment. People who never even thought about birds were suddenly like, wait a minute. Thousand birds died in one night crashing into one building. So after that high profile event, the convention center's managers decided to put on these decals that are just like a pattern of dots all over the windows. And they had a lot of windows, okay, because they've got enough glass there to cover like two football fields. But data taken before and after shows that this actually reduced bird collisions there by 95%.

• 11:08Emily Kwong?

  Wow, that is a really big effect. It made that much of a difference to have the windows, the full window, not just a small part of it, but the full window covered in these dots.

• 11:17Speaker 02

  Yeah, I mean, you can still see through it, right? But I mean, to the birds, they see that and they're like, oh, I can't fly through there.

• 11:24Emily Kwong?

  That's a no go zone. Nice.

• 11:25Speaker 02

  There was another thing that happened after that event there in Chicago, okay? So after that mass bird death, the US Fish and Wildlife Service actually decided to host this big summit. So they invited all these people, like bird groups and architecture firms and dark sky groups and university researchers. Tina Phillips told me they'd all been working on this problem, but like separately. And so coming out of that meeting, we knew we needed to keep working together to really try to make this impact meaningful. So they formed this new group called the Bird Collision Prevention Alliance. And so it's now got this website and over 100 members, all kinds of organizations. They're meeting frequently and they're putting together like these toolkits for different

• 12:10Speaker 02

  scenarios, like say you're a cruise ship. What can you do to minimize birds being drawn to the illuminated ship out at sea and hitting the windows?

• 12:18Emily Kwong?

  I've never thought about that. That makes so much sense that cruise ships could be a part of the problem. What are the goals of this group overall? Is it to create some kind of bird protection law or policy?

• 12:31Speaker 02

  Well, I mean, they told me they're not really a politics group. I mean, some of their members are federal agencies, like the US Geological Survey. Brian Lenz says like, it's not about pushing policy at the national level.

• 12:42Speaker 06

  We're just focusing on the science and we're focusing on what's the best way to save birds at scale without getting bogged down in political conversations.

• 12:52Speaker 02

  He told me that most Building codes are actually local, so anything that's a solution is probably gonna, you know, mostly be at the local level.

• 13:00Emily Kwong?

  So are there places that have adopted new building codes locally?

• 13:03Speaker 02

  Yeah, I mean, DC is one of them. So it passed this law recently saying you have to have bird-friendly construction for like the bottom 100 feet of buildings, like office complexes or apartments.

• 13:13Emily Kwong?

  Nice.

• 13:14Speaker 02

  And there's similar laws in New York City and San Francisco. People are trying to get similar legislation passed in Chicago.

• 13:21Emily Kwong?

  Oh, no, this is so hopeful. I mean, this has been a Kwong family problem since the 90s for our house, but cool that it's, I don't know, starting to catch on in different cities. And even without building codes, you said that people have been able to put pressure on certain buildings, particularly problematic places.

• 13:39Speaker 02

  Yeah, like that convention center in Chicago made changes. And then Dallas is about to make major renovations to its convention center. And activists there have been saying, hey, look, this is an opportunity, you know, like we've gathered data around the existing convention center, showing it's a place where lots of birds die. Let's make the new one bird-friendly. And, you know, Tina Phillips told me because of that big collision in Chicago at McCormick Place.

• 14:03Emily Kwong?

  It's highly improbable that architects, you know, building in major cities with lots of glass are not aware now that this is an issue. You can't say people don't know.

• 14:14Speaker 02

  Yeah, it's just a matter of like, is there enough public pressure? I mean, there are costs to doing this, right? But the costs are minimized if the planning to make things bird-friendly is there from the start, rather than just trying to like build something and then deal with it after the fact.

• 14:28Emily Kwong?

  Sure.

• 14:29Speaker 02

  And so there are actually places like universities that are really clued into this and are pushing it forward. I mean, I was just visiting Missouri State University the other week, and they had a new building there. And they were showing me their bird-safe windows. You know, they had no idea I was thinking about this, but I was in the conference room and they were like, look at our windows, like, see the pattern? And they were so proud of it. They were showing visitors, so.

• 14:53Emily Kwong?

  That is so heartening. OK, well, what about individual houses and smaller buildings? You said they were a big part of this. Is there anything our listeners can do at home?

• 15:02Speaker 02

  So Brian Lenz told me, any window where you've ever heard that thunk, that needs to get treated. So you might think of it as a one-off, but that window has been proven to be a problem. And like, you may not be aware of everything that's happening there, right? Like, you're not at home 24/7.

• 15:19Emily Kwong?

  Yeah.

• 15:19Speaker 02

  And then think about windows that are near things that birds like, bird feeders, or bird baths, or fruit trees. And then, you know, you've got like, things that could be big and reflective, like sliding glass doors, or big-picture windows.

• 15:32Speaker 06

  If you take those windows and put a bird-friendly solution on the outside, and those are, we've got a list on our website,

• 15:42Speaker 06

  you probably will never hear another collision at your house again.

• 15:45Speaker 02

  I have a friend who recently went through this, who just built a cabin on some water and like, had this horrific experience over three or four days, three different birds hit the window.

• 15:55Emily Kwong?

  Oh, no.

• 15:55Speaker 02

  And so after that, he was just like, enough. And he went out and got one of these products and put it up. And since then, no problem. There is everything from do-it-yourself options, like just painting a window, to fancier products you can buy.

• 16:10Emily Kwong?

  Thank you for drawing our attention to these birds. At night, I'm going to be thinking about them making this journey.

• 16:16Speaker 02

  Yeah, I mean, it's amazing how far they go.

• 16:18Emily Kwong?

  The least we can do is to make their journey a little easier. Nell, Greenfield Voice, thank you so much for coming on Short Wave.

• 16:24Speaker 02

  Thank you.

• 16:27Emily Kwong?

  This episode was produced by Hannah Chin, and it was edited by our showrunner, Rebecca Ramirez. It was fact-checked by Tyler Jones. Jimmy Keely was the audio engineer. Beth Donovan is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy. I'm Emily Kwong. Thank you for listening to Short Wave from NPR.

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