When It Feels Like Everyone's Watching

It can feel like the whole world is watching you—and judging you—in those embarrassing moments. But are people paying as much attention to you as you think?

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:08Speaker 00

  In the 1998 movie The Truman Show, the lead character is Truman Burbank, played by Jim Carrey. Truman lives in a meticulously constructed world, where every moment of his life is broadcast to a global audience. Unbeknownst to him, his family, friends, and even his town are part of a massive reality TV set. In the film, Truman begins to notice inconsistencies, and he slowly uncovers the truth, that he's the unwitting star of a 24/7 show. Truman's experience is the ultimate exaggeration of a feeling we all get from time to time: that other people are paying very close attention

• 0:51Speaker 00

  to our appearance, our choices, and our behavior. Truman's world is literally designed to allow strangers to watch his every move. But in real life, most people are too preoccupied with their own lives to notice our zits, bad hair days, minor mistakes, and awkward comments. And if they do notice them, they usually quickly forget. Truman's growing fear of and panic over being the center of attention is justified. But ours usually isn't. When we're sure we're being scrutinized, science suggests it's typically not the case. In this episode, we'll dive into why this disconnect occurs, and you'll hear a story about a king who became terrified of a type of scrutiny that never materialized.

• 1:44Speaker 00

  I'm Dr. Katie Milkman, and this is Choiceology, an original podcast from Charles Schwab. It's a show about the psychology and economics behind our decisions. We bring you true and surprising stories about high-stakes choices, and then we examine how these stories connect to the latest research in behavioral science. We do it all to help you make better judgments and avoid costly mistakes.

• 2:19Speaker 01

  It is partly his dislike of the microphone that causes the speech impediment. It must have been engendered when he made his first speech in Wembley Stadium. It was a terrible failure and the scar has remained ever since.

• 2:31Speaker 00

  Lionel Logue penned this diary entry in 1937, over a decade after an event that was humiliating to Albert, the Duke of York. Logue was a speech and language therapist, and that year, he was preparing the Duke to speak on the day of his own coronation as king. It was a speech the Duke was never meant to give.

• 2:51Speaker 02

  It is, with a very full heart, I speak to you tonight.

• 3:04Speaker 02

  Never before has a newly crowned king...

• 3:09Speaker 00

  The Duke of York, Albert Frederick Arthur George, also known as Bertie, was the father of Queen Elizabeth II and grandfather to King Charles III. He was the son of King George V and Queen Mary. For this story, though, we'll focus on Albert and his older brother David.

• 3:29Speaker 03

  Both he and his brothers were actually pretty normal boys. They played around with their schoolmasters, they larked, they had jokes. The overhanging presence, though, was their father, George V, who was a very severe disciplinarian.

• 3:47Speaker 00

  This is Adrian.

• 3:48Speaker 03

  Hello, my name is Adrian Phillips.

• 3:51Speaker 00

  Adrian is a historian specializing in Britain in the middle of the last century. And in writing a book about Albert's brother, he learned a lot about the disciplinary environment the sons of King George V grew up in, an environment especially unforgiving to young Albert.

• 4:08Speaker 03

  The most important thing was that he was left-handed. Which in those days was deemed a great drawback. His father was particularly upset at the idea of a son being left-handed. And everything was done to force him into right-handedness from an early age, which seems to have created a whole web of traumas and tensions.

• 4:34Speaker 00

  Unlike Albert's brother David, who was described as being.

• 4:38Speaker 03

  Extremely self-confident, very outgoing, no shyness, whatever.

• 4:44Speaker 00

  Albert was more reserved, shy, and he stuttered. He had a stammer.

• 4:50Speaker 03

  His official biographer, Sir John Wheeler Bennett, suffered from a stammer himself. So actually wrote his book with an intimate, personal knowledge of exactly the problems that the stammer brings along with it. It brings feelings of inferiority, tension, complexes, particularly in a period of history and of the social class where there was very little tolerance and very little support for, in the largest sense, defect.

• 5:25Speaker 00

  Public appearances by the royals in the early part of the 20th century weren't as highly publicized as they are today.

• 5:31Speaker 03

  We're talking about a much more restricted circulation of information. And also because you had a much more respectful press in those days. That was not the kind of thing that would be mentioned at all. So it would be little known about and just not discussed in anything other than the most intimate family circles.

• 5:55Speaker 00

  So Albert's stammer was not public knowledge. And compared to his father and older brother, Albert was much less in the public view. Until a fateful speech at the British Empire exhibition in Wembley in 1925. If you've seen the film The King's Speech, this is where the movie begins.

• 6:14Speaker 03

  If you look at the newsreels of him at Wembley, which were silent, it's the technology of the day, there is just a couple of seconds where you see his face and he's standing up next to a clergyman delivering a speech, and he looks absolutely stricken. He looks like somebody who is in a very, very bad place. We know he didn't do well. Just how well, I don't think is possible to say, but certainly in terms of the damage it did to him psychologically, it was huge.

• 6:47Speaker 00

  It's likely that Albert felt his speech was a disaster. He had tried and failed at several forms of speech therapy before this event. His biographer describes his feelings at the time as, quote, "a secret dread that the hidden root of the affliction lay in the mind rather than the body." And yet, as a senior royal, public speaking was unavoidable and a growing duty. He felt he had to do something. That's when the duke's wife, Duchess Elizabeth, found Lionel Logue.

• 7:21Speaker 00

  The film The King's Speech features Colin Firth as the stammering Albert, all stiff in his naval uniform, and Geoffrey Rush as the unorthodox therapist Lionel Logue, barefoot in his modest London office. The real-life Logue was an Australian with a background in acting and an unconventional approach to speech therapy.

• 7:41Speaker 03

  Not being a native Britisher, he was not going to get terribly worried about being ultra respectful to the second in line to the throat. He was just another patient. He was just a human being with a problem who needed help.

• 7:57Speaker 00

  Logue's practice was shaped by what he'd experienced after World War I.

• 8:01Speaker 03

  He'd come to speech therapy. He'd observed, in a lot of cases, the dreadful effect of serving in combat in the First World War had on people psychologically, and stutters were a very common occurrence.

• 8:18Speaker 00

  Albert's wife convinced him to give Lionel Logue's therapy a try, and she accompanied Albert to his sessions.

• 8:24Speaker 03

  I think his starting point was the very simple one of breathing. It's a very natural part of speech. If you're lucky enough not to have a problem, you just don't notice it. It's when you start off with a problem that you need consciously to control how you breathe in order to start articulating clearly and fluently. Then there was a simple question of relaxation.

• 8:55Speaker 00

  Logue's approach emphasized humor, patience, and sympathy. And Albert, a trained naval officer, did as he was told.

• 9:03Speaker 03

  He was pretty open to direct individual, human-to-human way of being handled.

• 9:12Speaker 00

  Here's one of Logue's early diary entries about his new patient.

• 9:16Speaker 01

  ...has an acute nervous tension, is of a nervous disposition, well-built, with good shoulders, an extraordinary habit of clipping small words, and very often hesitating.

• 9:29Speaker 00

  Together, they made remarkable progress, not just with exercises and prepared speeches, but with something deeper: the Duke's confidence. Soon after meeting Logue, Albert embarked on a royal tour of Australia. He spoke publicly and relatively fluently at numerous small events. And for nearly a decade, the stammer that once paralyzed him was diminished. It seemed the biggest struggle was behind him.

• 9:58Speaker 00

  Then came 1936. His father, King George V, died.

• 10:04Speaker 04

  London is hushed, and all over the world, countless millions are waiting to take part in spirit in the last journey of His Majesty King George V.

• 10:15Speaker 00

  His brother David ascended to the throne, crowned as King Edward VIII, only to abdicate months later in order to marry a divorcee, which was a royal scandal at the time.

• 10:27Speaker 05

  A few hours ago, I discharged my last duty as king and emperor. And now that I have been succeeded by my brother, the Duke of York, my first words must be to declare my allegiance to him.

• 10:49Speaker 00

  And suddenly, unexpectedly, Albert was now set to be king.

• 10:54Speaker 05

  I present unto you King George, your undelten king. Wherefore all you who have come this day to do your homage and service, are you willing to do the same?

• 11:09Speaker 00

  From the sidelines, Albert was thrust into the limelight. He was crowned King George VI, and now it seemed the world was listening for what he had to say.

• 11:18Speaker 03

  Immediately after the abdication, the Archbishop of Canterbury mentioned the stutter publicly and made it clear that it was a disadvantage.

• 11:31Speaker 00

  Radio broadcasts and many more public appearances were in store for Albert.

• 11:36Speaker 06

  Logue, I've got the jitters. Woke up at one o'clock after dreaming I was in Parliament with my mouth wide open and couldn't say a word.

• 11:48Speaker 00

  That's another diary entry from Logue, from correspondence between himself and the new king. Logue was often at the king's side in advance of public speaking, marking up speeches with where to take breaks and where to breathe. Logue would visit the palace before the king's addresses to Parliament. He'd visit Windsor Castle before the Christmas broadcasts. But the speeches with the widest public scrutiny and where the king was under the most pressure were the ones during the war. One of the most consequential speeches followed Great Britain's declaration of war on Nazi Germany in 1939.

• 12:26Speaker 02

  For the second time in the lives of most of us, we are at war.

• 12:35Speaker 03

  All the rhetoric and performance of leadership could come from a politician. What was wanted from the head of state was a much quieter, much broader message about the simple faith, the question of duty, and what was needed to win the war.

• 13:05Speaker 00

  The public was listening for reassurance that the war would end and somehow all would be right in the world again. No speech was ever more important than the one he was scheduled to give nine months into the war.

• 13:18Speaker 03

  This was on Empire Day, which just happened to fall in the middle of the Dunkirk evacuation, when Britain was in absolutely desperate military state, when there was a strong chance that the bulk of the army was going to be lost. So it really was a moment of national crisis. And that speech was vital. And he and Logue worked on it long and hard, which was especially difficult because, given the uncertainty over the military and diplomatic situation, exactly what situation the king was going to have to talk about was not clear.

• 14:01Speaker 03

  So it was open-ended almost to the moment that the mic went on.

• 14:07Speaker 02

  Let no one be mistaken. It is no mere territorial conquest that our enemies are seeking. It is the overthrow, complete and final, of this empire and of everything for which it stands.

• 14:39Speaker 00

  Slow and steady, the king communicated hope and resolve to the empire with sincerity and quiet determination. His decision to stay in London during the Blitz of that same year, even after a direct hit on Buckingham Palace, gained him public respect, and his calm, measured delivery of speeches became a comforting trademark.

• 15:03Speaker 00

  Another diary entry from Logue after the king's home guard speech in 1944.

• 15:09Speaker 01

  After the broadcast, I shook hands with the king and congratulated him and asked him why he stopped on the W. And he replied with a grin, "I did it on purpose." "On purpose?" I said. He said, "Yes. If I don't make a mistake, people might not know it was me."

• 15:27Speaker 00

  One year later, on VE Day, marking the end of the war in Europe, the king rehearsed his speech with Logue as usual.

• 15:35Speaker 01

  I leave the table at 8:35 and go back to the broadcasting room. The king joins me, and we have another run-through. This leaves us just two minutes. One small alteration, and then the queen comes in, as she always does, to wish him luck.

• 15:51Speaker 00

  After the broadcast, the king and queen stepped out onto the balcony, illuminated by the floodlights and the massive nighttime crowds. The man who stood before them was not defined by any flaw. What the public saw and heard was a dignified and deeply respected king.

• 16:13Speaker 07

  There are tricks, there are tools, there are things stutters can do that will make them not sound like they're overtly stuttering. It's just, you're not showing this thing, you're masking it.

• 16:28Speaker 00

  This is Seth.

• 16:29Speaker 07

  Hi, my name is Seth Tishner.

• 16:33Speaker 00

  Seth is a researcher, speech-language pathologist, an assistant professor at Duquesne University. He knows firsthand, as a stutterer himself, how the king might have felt having to perform his very public role. Seth works with many patients who also want control over how they're perceived.

• 16:51Speaker 07

  You know, stutters think, how do they stutter? They can't do things, right? They can't speak here, they can't have this conversation, they can't give a public speech, they can't say what they want to say. What they equate that to is, well, I can't do this job, right? They catastrophize, they mind-read, where they'll say something like, "Oh, well, someone's judging me for my stutter."

• 17:14Speaker 00

  But how harshly are people judging those that stutter? How harshly might the public have actually judged the king for his stammer?

• 17:21Speaker 07

  I have this conversation with folks in therapy all the time, where, you know, the caveat is, yeah, there's jerks in the world, right? However, most of the world is more understanding than you think.

• 17:32Speaker 00

  In fact, it may not just be that people are more understanding than you think. It may be that they're paying less attention to your diction than you think. And that is why the story at the heart of the king's speech, a story of massive anxiety fueling preparation for a major oratory event, is the perfect entree for the topic of interest in today's episode.

• 17:58Speaker 00

  Seth Tishner is an assistant professor and program director at the Duquesne University Stuttering Clinic. Adrian Phillips is a historian and author specializing in early 20th century Britain. His book, The King Who Had to Go, examines the abdication crisis of Edward VIII. And a second book, From Churchill to Eden, explores the political world George VI had to navigate during and after World War II. You can learn more about Seth and Adrian and their work in the show notes and at schwab.com/podcast.

• 18:36Speaker 00

  King George's struggle with his stutter wasn't just about public speaking. It was about the crushing weight of perceived public scrutiny. To the king, each stumble echoed like a national embarrassment. But the truth is, most people probably weren't analyzing each pause or syllable with the kind of intensity he imagined. This brings us to a concept in psychology known as the spotlight effect. Coined by psychologists, including Tom Gilovich, the spotlight effect refers to our tendency to vastly overestimate how much others notice and judge imperfections in our appearance, decisions, and behavior. The miscalculation described by the spotlight effect

• 19:19Speaker 00

  plays out not just on the grand stages of history, but also in everyday life. It helps explain why a teenager, mortified by a bad haircut, might choose to skip prom, and why a successful consultant might lie awake fretting that their big presentation didn't have the intended impact because of a font mix-up on Slide 7. But how do we know that the way we think our imperfections are perceived most often doesn't mirror reality?

• 19:47Speaker 00

  In a series of ingenious experiments, Gilovich and his colleagues have demonstrated just how wrong we tend to be about how much attention others are paying to the very details we obsess over.

• 20:00Katy Milkman?

  Tom Gilovich is the Irene Blacker Rosenfeld Professor of Psychology at Cornell University, and he joins me to talk about the origins of his research, how the spotlight effect plays out in real life, and what we can all learn about letting go of a little bit of self-consciousness. Hi, Tom. Welcome back to the podcast.

• 20:18Speaker 09

  Oh, it's a pleasure, Katie.

• 20:19Katy Milkman?

  I'm really excited to talk about the spotlight effect. And I always like to begin with a definition. Could you just describe to us what the spotlight effect is exactly?

• 20:30Speaker 09

  Sure. It's the widespread belief that the social spotlight shines more brightly on us than it actually does. Or stated differently, that people believe that other people notice, think about, and remember the things that they've done and said than is actually the case.

• 20:50Katy Milkman?

  I love that. Could you give me an example of a setting where you've experienced the spotlight effect or where someone you know experienced the spotlight effect, just to bring the vision to life?

• 21:01Speaker 09

  Sure. We had a holiday party, like many departments do, and this one involved karaoke, an activity of which I'm reluctant to participate. But there was, the person who was organizing the event was very insistent. And of course, in my mind, it was a disaster. And I think objectively, it was a disaster. I remember it. I continue to be mortified. But having done work on the spotlight effect, I think not too many people think much about it. And if they do, they're probably more charitable than I imagine them being, just, oh, what a good sport he was with that voice getting up there.

• 21:45Katy Milkman?

  I love that. That's a great example. And also, it sounds like your holiday parties are a lot more fun than mine.

• 21:52Katy Milkman?

  So I'm a little jealous. I'm also terrible at karaoke, by the way. You've done some really fantastic research showing this empirically. Could you describe a favorite research study or two on the spotlight effect for us?

• 22:06Speaker 09

  Yeah, the one that received the most attention was a very simple study where we had people show up in our laboratory and we told them, thank you for showing up. First thing we need you to do for this study is to put on this shirt over your clothes. And we handed them a shirt with a big picture of the pop singer Barry Manilow. Everyone agreed to wear it. None of the students looked terribly happy about doing so, but they were all willing because this wasn't like putting up on a T-shirt of Bob Marley or Led Zeppelin that college students would assume other college students would think was cool. They were a little embarrassed about doing this. And then we told them, great, I've got the

• 22:50Speaker 09

  shirt on. We need you to go down the hallway to another room where other participants like yourself are gathered and another experimenter there will get you started. They walk down the hallway, they enter the room. There are other subjects there, busy filling out questionnaires. The experimenter gestures for them to come and take a seat at the far end of the room. So they have to walk by everybody. Just as they're about to sit down in the chair, the experimenter says, you know what? On second thought, I don't think this is going to work. Everyone has too much of a head start on you. Why don't you go back out in the hallway and talk to the other experimenter who will have something else for you to do. The participant

• 23:31Speaker 09

  then does this and that first experimenter is out there and says, this is a study of incidental memory, what people can remember that they weren't asked to remember. And we're going to ask those people there, did they notice who was on your T-shirt? And do they remember who it was? And we want to compare actual incidental memory with people's intuitions about it. So our first question to you is, how many of the people in the room will be able to tell us who's on your T-shirt? And the simple result is people overestimate by 100%. They think that about half the people in most of the studies we've done

• 24:12Speaker 09

  would be able to name who was on the T-shirt when about a quarter are able to. That difference is what we call the spotlight effect.

• 24:22Katy Milkman?

  I love that study. It's so interesting. And one of the things that you emphasized was how embarrassing it is to wear a Barry Manilow T-shirt. So I wanted to ask, to what extent you think that is a critical component of this? If they had been wearing a T-shirt that said something innocuous, like, I go to X college, would you still see an overestimation of how many other people remembered what their shirt was saying? Or is it the fact that it's embarrassing that creates this spotlight effect?

• 24:50Speaker 09

  We've done further research to look at both positive and negative things. The spotlight effect applies to your personal triumphs as well. We might be a little nonplussed to think about all these great triumphs we've experienced. They may not be noticed and they're quickly forgotten by other people as well. So we've done this in the context of studies where we have people engage in a group discussion. And after they've done so, we pull them out into separate cubicles and have them rank of the people in the group, who made the most comments that ran the risk of offending someone?

• 25:33Speaker 09

  Who had the greatest number of speech errors? Negative things, like the Barry Manilow study? Or positive things? Who made the most comments that most advanced the discussion? And in both cases, whether it's positive or negative, people overestimate how highly they are ranked. They think the things they've done stand out in other people's minds more than they do. We also did a Barry Manilow equivalent study and found the same results when it was a positive T-shirt. But there was an interesting twist here that's consistent with your question, which is, it's very easy to come up with a single image on a T-shirt that almost every college student

• 26:18Speaker 09

  would be embarrassed to wear. A little harder to come up with one that's everyone would assume that their peers would say, wow, that's really cool. So we couldn't do it. We had to give people a choice. And these studies were done in the late 90s. And so, you know, at the time, if we offered Cornell students a choice between wearing a T-shirt with the likeness of Martin Luther King, Bob Marley, or Jerry Seinfeld, everyone was able to pick one of those that they felt just fine about. And we got the same result, that they overestimated substantially, the number of people they ran into who would know who was on their shirt.

• 27:02Katy Milkman?

  That's really interesting. And I think helps explain what's going on, which is going to be my next question. Could you talk a little bit about why it seems to be the case that we overestimate, both for positive and negative experiences that we have, or positive or negative traits we have, or features of the shirt we're wearing?

• 27:23Speaker 09

  Yes.

• 27:24Katy Milkman?

  Whether other people will notice?

• 27:25Speaker 09

  We're highly attuned to making good impressions on people. And therefore, when we do something that is out of the ordinary, either positive or negative, we're super focused on it. And we might appreciate that other people are less focused than we are, and so we adjust for that fact. But as you've talked about in other episodes of your show, those kinds of adjustments tend to be insufficient. We don't adjust enough. And that insufficient adjustment creates this residual egocentrism, really, that is the spotlight effect.

• 28:07Katy Milkman?

  Are there ways that we can reduce the spotlight effect in our daily lives so that we make more accurate judgments of whether the zit on our nose will actually ensure that we can't get this job, or, you know, whether or not the embarrassing experience of standing up and engaging in karaoke at the holiday party will actually... Have a devastating impact on my reputation.

• 28:31Speaker 09

  Yeah, there's an exercise that clinicians who deal with people with great social anxiety do, which is to have them systematically say, okay, what are you anxious about? Who are the people who you're worried about? Okay, how many of these people are going to notice what you've just said or done? And people recognize, oh, yeah, there's a lot of people I'm concerned about. Not all of them are going to notice. How many will remember it a month from now? Of those people who remember it a month from now, how many are going to judge you harshly? And what you get is this shrinkage of all the thing there is to worry about.

• 29:15Speaker 09

  And when you think about it that way, it becomes a little less anxiety producing.

• 29:20Katy Milkman?

  That's really interesting. So in your studies, you're asking people how many people will remember? And they're getting the wrong answer. But it sounds like this exercise is positing that if you ask the question a few different ways to sort of force them to face the reality that this won't be a lasting impression and that there are other things they're noticing that should weaken the degree to which they show the bias when answering and estimating how many people will notice something. Am I thinking about that right?

• 29:46Speaker 09

  And you can also broaden it as well by getting them to reflect on their own thoughts about other people's behavior.

• 29:55Katy Milkman?

  What was the last time you remembered a T-shirt someone was wearing for more than

• 29:58Speaker 09

  Yeah.

• 29:59Katy Milkman?

  a day? I do that a lot when I worry about wearing the same outfit to teach, by the way. I don't know if you have these kinds of, but, but I try, I'm like, oh, can I wear this again? I wore it two weeks ago to teach and I really love this outfit, but will they remember? And then I think to myself, do I remember what anyone was wearing two weeks ago on any day of the week? The dean giving the faculty presentation at our faculty meeting. No, I can't remember any of it. And then I'm like, all right, it's okay. I can wear it again. So sometimes that sort of exercise certainly works for me.

• 30:32Speaker 09

  Yes, we did a parallel series of studies on essentially that. That is, do people notice the variability in the things that we do? And as we were running this study, set of studies, we referred to them as the bad hair day study that were often, oh, no, my hair is not behaving itself today. This is going to be terrible. We feel terrible. I don't think anyone really notices it. You're you. And we don't notice the days where the hair is spectacularly well behaved or the days where it's spectacularly not well behaved. We have a sense of the essence of the person and that's what stands out. The variability really, really doesn't.

• 31:16Katy Milkman?

  I love that origin and I love that message. Tom, I so appreciate you taking the time to talk with me today and I really appreciate this fascinating work you've done on the spotlight effect. Thank you.

• 31:27Speaker 09

  It's always a pleasure to speak with you, Katie, and I love your podcast. Makes my workouts go much more smoothly and much more pleasurable.

• 31:37Katy Milkman?

  Well, we love having you on it and we're really grateful. So, thank you very much.

• 31:44Speaker 00

  Tom Gilovich is the Irene Blacker Rosenfeld Professor of Psychology at Cornell University. In addition to being a star behavioral science researcher, he's also the author of several terrific books for general audiences, including The Wisest One in the Room and How We Know What Isn't So. You can find links to Tom's books and to his research on the spotlight effect in the show notes and at schwab.com/podcast.

• 32:14Speaker 00

  How might the types of phenomena explored on Choiceology be impacting your personal finances and portfolio? Listen to the Financial Decoder podcast to find out. Check it out at schwab.com/financialdecoder, or just search for it in your podcast app. What's fascinating about the spotlight effect is the breadth of its relevance. King George VI almost certainly imagined that every Brit who tuned in to listen to his Empire Day speech in 1940 would notice each falter in his diction and would lose all respect for his leadership if he stuttered noticeably. And he devoted massive time and energy to preparing. Now, we'll never know what the consequences might have been if he hadn't pulled off

• 32:59Speaker 00

  a nearly flawless speech. But research by Tom Gilovich and colleagues suggests that, even with a very real spotlight on him, the king almost certainly vastly overestimated the degree to which listeners cared specifically about the perfection of his diction. Mostly when judging people, we don't pay terribly close attention to the details they imagine will observe carefully, like the t-shirt they're wearing, whether they stumble over the occasional word, whether their stock portfolio had a bad or good day last Tuesday, and whether their singing voice was great at the holiday karaoke party. We typically focus more on the gist of a person, their decisions and their performance,

• 33:41Speaker 00

  and less on those small details they incorrectly anticipate will pay close attention to. Knowing this can be enormously empowering. Yes, it's okay to wear the same unremarkable outfit every two weeks because, no, other people won't remember when you wore it last. Yes, it's okay to give a toast at your sister's wedding with a zit on your forehead because most people won't notice, and even if they do, it's not what they'll remember. And yes, it's okay to buy an extended warranty on occasion that was a waste of money without forever being remembered by your family as "that moron who fell for the scammy sales pitch." Of course, occasionally, your gaffes will be remembered and become the butt of the forever retold family joke.

• 34:23Speaker 00

  And it's probably those rare moments when something trivial is noticed that make you so terrified your flaw will draw the spotlight. But 99% of the time, you're overthinking it. And the key is actually to be kind, reliable, and do your best without obsessing over small imperfections. Realizing that people aren't paying such close attention to your every move as you believe has another implication, too. It suggests subtlety may not be the best policy when it comes to making sure the people who matter are aware of your wins. So even if you think everyone already knows you nailed your sales goal last quarter because your name appeared on the team leaderboard, your boss might not have been paying close attention.

• 35:05Speaker 00

  Mentioning it again when summarizing your case for promotion is a decent strategy. That is, don't take it for granted that people will notice the things that do matter.

• 35:29Speaker 00

  You've been listening to Choiceology, an original podcast from Charles Schwab. If you've enjoyed the show, we'd be really grateful if you'd leave us a review on Apple Podcasts, a rating on Spotify, or feedback wherever you listen. You can also follow us for free in your favorite podcasting app. And if you want more of the kinds of insights we bring you on Choiceology about how to improve your decisions, you can order my book, How to Change, or sign up for my monthly newsletter, Milkman Delivers, on Substack. Next time, I'll speak with University College London professor Colin Fisher about his research on team synergy. I'm Dr. Katie Milkman. Talk to you soon.