How Anthropic builds products like Claude Code before the AI models are ready | Dianne Penn

Dianne Penn is Head of Product for Anthropic’s AI Research and Labs teams. She joined in 2023 as Anthropic’s first technical product manager, when the entire product team was five engineers, and has since helped ship every model from Claude 2 through Fable, and helped incubate Claude Code, MCP, Skills, computer use, tool use, and reasoning. Before Anthropic, she helped build Alexa’s AI at Amazon and, before that, traded high-yield bonds at JP Morgan Chase. *In our in-depth conversation, we discuss:* 1. What Anthropic’s early days were like 2. The inflection points that turned Anthropic from an underdog into the fastest-growing company in history 3. How exactly Claude got so good at coding 4. The eval-driven development loop her team is pioneering 5. How to find joy in AI when everything is moving this fast 6. Why Claude’s willingness to push back is key to its success 7. Where human judgment remains irreplaceable *Brought to you by:* WorkOS—Make your app enterprise-ready, with SSO, SCIM, RBAC, and more: https://workos.com/lenny Mercury—Radically different banking, now with Command: https://mercury.com/ *Episode transcript:* https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/anthropics-first-technical-pm-on *Archive of all Lenny's Podcast transcripts:* https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/yxi4s2w998p1gvtpu4193/AMdNPR8AOw0lMklwtnC0TrQ?rlkey=j06x0nipoti519e0xgm23zsn9&st=ahz0fj11&dl=0 *Where to find Dianne Penn:* • LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/dianne-na-penn Where to find Lenny:* • Newsletter: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com • X: https://twitter.com/lennysan • LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lennyrachitsky/ *In this episode, we cover:* (00:00) Introduction (02:31) Early Anthropic days (08:55) Big milestones (13:50) Inside the exponential (20:02) Token maxing (23:30) Anthropic Labs and the incubation model (27:30) How the research role works (31:35) How to become a top researcher (35:18) Frontier model safeguards (39:38) Hiring in the AI era (44:16) Building an eval set (47:48) Evals vs PRDs (49:55) The importance of hands-on leadership (52:46) Finding joy in AI (58:10) How Dianne uses Claude (01:01:05) Avoiding overreliance on AI (01:03:50) The constitution that makes Claude better (01:07:11) AI writing and verification (01:11:40) Where human brains will continue to be valuable (01:14:10) Navigating AI with kids (01:16:26) Alignment, the future of the PM role, and burnout (01:21:54) Lightning round and final thoughts *Referenced:* • Anthropic: https://www.anthropic.com • Golden Gate Claude: https://www.anthropic.com/news/golden-gate-claude • Dario Amodei’s website: https://darioamodei.com • Scaling Laws and Interpretability of Learning from Repeated Data: https://www.anthropic.com/research/scaling-laws-and-interpretability-of-learning-from-repeated-data • Tokenmaxxing: How Top Builders Use AI To Do The Work Of 400 Engineers: https://www.ycombinator.com/library/Pa-tokenmaxxing-how-top-builders-use-ai-to-do-the-work-of-400-engineers • Garry Tan on X: https://x.com/garrytan • Anthropic co-founder on quitting OpenAI, AGI predictions, $100M talent wars, 20% unemployment, and the nightmare scenarios keeping him up at night | Ben Mann: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/anthropic-co-founder-benjamin-mann • Anthropic’s CPO on what comes next | Mike Krieger (co-founder of Instagram): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/anthropics-cpo-heres-what-comes-next • Introducing Labs: https://www.anthropic.com/news/introducing-anthropic-labs • Louis CK | about airplane Wi Fi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=me4BZBsHwZs • What happens after coding is solved? | Fiona Fung (Manager of the Claude Code and Cowork Teams): https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/building-the-most-ai-pilled-engineering • The Anthropic Hive Mind: https://steve-yegge.medium.com/the-anthropic-hive-mind-d01f768f3d7b • How to build a company that withstands any era | Eric Ries, Lean Startup author: https://www.lennysnewsletter.com/p/how-to-build-a-company-that-withstands • Fallout on Prime Video: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0CN4GGGQ2 • Fallout (video game): https://fallout.bethesda.net • Claude Tag: https://www.anthropic.com/news/introducing-claude-tag *Recommended books:* • Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High: https://www.amazon.com/dp/0071771328 • How to Raise an Adult: Break Free of the Overparenting Trap and Prepare Your Kid for Success: https://www.amazon.com/How-Raise-Adult-Overparenting-Prepare/dp/1627791779 • Incorruptible: Why Good Companies Go Bad... and How Great Companies Stay Great: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0FWZZBPZB _Production and marketing by https://penname.co/._ _For inquiries about sponsoring the podcast, email [email protected]._ Lenny may be an investor in the companies discussed.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

  In 2023, when I started, nobody said Anthropic and Claude and coding in the same sentence.

• 0:06Lenny Rachitsky?

  I want to go back to the beginning of Anthropic. I remember feeling, man, these guys have no chance. OpenAI is so far ahead.

• 0:14Speaker 00

  At the time, I saw people were starting to use these models not just for code autocomplete, but actually writing long form code. It's not an opportunity for us to train Opus 3 to be better at. That was the inflection.

• 0:26Lenny Rachitsky?

  I always think about Opus 4.5, a year later, during winter break when everyone was home, able to code.

• 0:31Speaker 00

  What was magical about Opus 4.5 is we also now not just had a model, but a vehicle, a great product experience like Claude Code. Opus 4.5 wouldn't have had that moment without a product like Claude Code. And Claude Code wouldn't have had that type of adoption accelerated without Opus 4.5.

• 0:50Lenny Rachitsky?

  I want to talk about how the product role is changing.

• 0:53Speaker 00

  For my team, the way to drive user value is to figure out the right user feedback. The evals, we actually have a saying on the team of evals are the new PRDs.

• 1:02Lenny Rachitsky?

  Something Gary Tan's been talking about. If you're willing to spend $100,000 a year right now in tokens, you're living the way somebody in 2028 is going to live.

• 1:10Speaker 00

  You have to sweat the tokens as much as you sweat the pixels. You have to be using the models to come up with good and great, the better ideas. And there's no substitute for that.

• 1:20Lenny Rachitsky?

  People need to be more ambitious with AI tools these days because they're just capable of so much.

• 1:25Speaker 00

  One thing I asked the team is, let's say Claude 8 comes around. What changes in what users do? What does that mean for how you're building today?

• 1:36Lenny Rachitsky?

  Today, my guest is Diane Penn, Head of Product for the AI Research and Labs Teams at Anthropic. She joined Anthropic as the first technical product manager over three years ago, which is a lifetime in AI time. When the product team was just five engineers, she's helped ship every model at Anthropic from Claude 2 through Fable. She's also helped incubate and launch Claude Code, MCP, skills, Claude Design, and also core capabilities like computer use, tool use, and reasoning. It is always such a treat and so mind expanding to get to talk to someone who's at the very center of AI and product management. It's hard to imagine someone who has seen more of where things are going than the Head of Product for Anthropic's Research and Labs Teams. Before we get into it, don't forget to check out lennysproductpass.com

• 2:21Lenny Rachitsky?

  for a year free of the hottest and most beautifully crafted AI products in the world, available exclusively to Lenny's newsletter subscribers. With that, I bring you Diane Penn.

• 2:36Lenny Rachitsky?

  Diane, thank you so much for being here and welcome to the podcast.

• 2:40Speaker 00

  Thank you, Lenny. It's so nice to see you again.

• 2:43Lenny Rachitsky?

  I want to go back to the beginning of Anthropic, the early days. I remember when Anthropic first launched, this was, I don't know, the first model when it launched years ago, three years ago, something like that.

• 2:55Speaker 00

  It was.

• 2:56Lenny Rachitsky?

  Three years. I remember just like feeling that, man, these guys have no chance. OpenAI is so far ahead. They're just like, what are they thinking? How is this possible? OpenAI has won, it's too late. Things are very different now. The latest number I saw was Anthropic was making like, I don't know, $50 billion in ARR. That's like what companies used to go public at. Like very successful companies went public at $50 billion in valuation. Anthropic reportedly is making that every single year. You joined as one of the earliest PMs. There were something like five engineers when you joined. The model hadn't even launched when you joined. What was it like in those early days of Anthropic?

• 3:40Lenny Rachitsky?

  What's something that might surprise people about what it was like at the beginning?

• 3:44Speaker 00

  I think a big part of what's made Anthropic today actually has been very much the core of even the early days. So I joined in 2023. Like you said, we had five product engineers. There was one engineer for the entirety of our API business, if you believe. And I think a big portion of it was the culture was really strong. And I think this is something I emphasize for folks who are interested in the company. Really do walk the walk of the mission and the culture and the values. And the energy was very much like a startup. And I think you're right, we were very much trying to find our identity in the early years.

• 4:29Speaker 00

  Like, I think there's one piece around the technology, but how does that technology bring value to users? Bring value to society and what could it possibly be? And I think the early years were us exploring that in different ways. Like we did start with Claude.ai, like another chatbot chat assistant, and evolving into things like tool use. I think one of the moments where really we started to get into our groove was shipping things like Golden Gate Claude. I don't know if you like remember that.

• 5:01Lenny Rachitsky?

  No.

• 5:02Speaker 00

  So this was actually up for about 24 hours or so. We had just published one of our early interpretability research in early 2024. And one of the examples was essentially you could have what's called like features of the model within the layers, which express certain types of thematics. So one of the themes that the researchers was able to identify was, let's say, bullet point writing. Another one was people and places. And one that really came up frequently that resonated was the Golden Gate Bridge. And so when you actually essentially dialed up that feature,

• 5:46Speaker 00

  Claude would obsess about the Golden Gate Bridge. So meaning in every one of its responses, it would come back and talk about the Golden Gate Bridge. So if you said like, give me a recipe for making spaghetti, it would say, here is a recipe. And the orange color is just like international red that the Golden Gate Bridge looked like. And so it was like really quirky and we very much wanted to, in that situation, just bring that user, bring it to the masses and bring it to people who are starting to use Claude. And so the entire experience, actually, we spun up on our Claude.ai website within 24 hours.

• 6:29Speaker 00

  And that took like engineering, product, design, our like research teams all working together. And we were really, really proud of it. I think it maybe reached only 2,000 people, to be honest. But it made us feel like, oh, we can actually bring new user experiences, showcase our research in a way that's different and authentic to us. And in a very startup-y like pace. That to me was like one of those like maybe hidden inflection points of we were starting to find our identity, that we could build products, build experiences that were different for what our competitors had seen, what was already out there. And I think that obviously labs, Claude Code, et cetera.

• 7:14Speaker 00

  Like we then started to identify ourselves as what do we actually think the world? How to think about AI, how to bring that closer to the public. But it was a very bottoms up culture. And so that entire experience was very bottoms up. I see engineers, I see designers donating time to work on. And so I like to always use that as an example of like what the early days were like. But the culture and the values have very much, I think, stayed the same since those early days.

• 7:46Lenny Rachitsky?

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• 8:30Lenny Rachitsky?

  or a unicorn expanding globally, WorkOS is the fastest path to becoming enterprise-ready and unblocking growth. It's essentially Stripe for enterprise features. Visit workos.com to get started or just hit up their Slack where they have actual engineers waiting to answer your questions. WorkOS allows you to build faster with delightful APIs, comprehensive docs, and a smooth developer experience. Go to workos.com to make your app enterprise-ready today. What are some of the other big inflection moments as you think about just Anthropic going from just this like lab that's trying to compete with this juggernaut of OpenAI at that point? To what it is today? What are some moments that stick out of like, wow, that really changed things?

• 9:10Speaker 00

  Definitely when we were training and testing Opus 3. I think that was the moment when the company, I think we were less than 200 people still at that point. And it was very clear that we needed and wanted to create a frontier model. And that was very important in terms of like our ability to reach like users, consumers, and to showcase our research. And we were looking for ways for also, why should somebody choose Claude? And that was like a core question. And that was a core question we were getting asked in the early days.

• 9:52Speaker 00

  And I think with Opus 3, it launched, I think, early March 2024, but there was many, many months of various teams across inference, across research, fine tuning, pre-training that rallied at different points and towards a common goal. And I think everybody that was involved was like really proud. I remember being the PM, us, the research leads, myself, we were all in our, this was around December, so we were all at home in our various parents' homes and seeing everybody's background of like their childhood room. And everybody is working really hard to figure out that like, what are we training the model for?

• 10:37Speaker 00

  Is it showing up the right way? So I think that was really powerful in terms of just building a lot of trust. And a lot of our research leads have actually, from that time, are now like leading reinforcement learning, leading our character work, alignment work. So that foundational trust, I think, also helped us work well now with any of our production models across product and research because we were working just so much in the trenches together in the early days.

• 11:08Speaker 00

  And then I think there were things like identifying that coding was important. Right? In 2023, when I started, nobody said anthropic and Claude and coding in the same sentence. I think competitor models like GPT-4 at the time was used a bit for coding, but it was one of many use cases. And one thing that, for example, I saw was people were starting to use code, these models, not just for code, not just like code autocomplete, but actually writing long form code. And it's that an opportunity for us to train, you know, OPUS 3 to be better at. And it ended up being a relatively smaller change from a training perspective,

• 11:53Speaker 00

  but it ended up helping us differentiate in the early days competitively for users and actually bring a lot of the very early Claude enthusiasts and developers, because we were providing a value that they didn't really think was possible at the time.

• 12:10Lenny Rachitsky?

  It's so interesting. You talk about OPUS 3, like that's so long ago and just like, it's hard to think that was a big inflection. And so this is really interesting to hear that that was internally a big milestone. It almost feels like this confidence you all built that, wow, we could really ship a frontier model, which is now today so not great if you compare it to what we've got today. What I always think about is OPUS 4.5, which was, and interestingly, like a year later, also during winter break, when everyone was home able to code, was that another big milestone?

• 12:38Speaker 00

  Yeah, OPUS 4.5 was definitely another large moment. I think what was magical about OPUS 4.5 is we also now not just had a model, but a vehicle, which is like a great product experience like Claude Code. One thing we say a lot on the team is you need frontier products in order to have frontier models and for people to feel the magic of frontier models. And I think, you know, we felt the magic of Claude Code for very, for, for, for many months before that. But the fact that the model essentially got to a level of intelligence

• 13:21Speaker 00

  where at a very broad level, users can experience both frontier intelligence in new use cases, allow it to run things end to end in an energetic manner. I think that was the inflection. It was actually both. I, I think OPUS 4.5 wouldn't have had that moment without a product like Claude Code. And Claude Code, I think, wouldn't have had that type of adoption accelerated without OPUS 4.5.

• 13:50Lenny Rachitsky?

  So kind of speaking on this, on this thread, Dario, interestingly, if you look back at all his predictions, he's just like, okay, coding is going to be solved. There's a hundred percent in like a year, something like that. He kept talking about how we're going to do, like AI is going to do all our code. And I remember everyone being like, there's no way. This is way too complicated. How is, how is AI ever going to get really good at this very complex thing that humans do? No, this is going to be humans for a long time. He was completely right.

• 14:17Lenny Rachitsky?

  Something else that he talks a lot about is this exponential that we're, now we're, now that we're on, that's the way he describes it now. We're like, we're on the exponential curve. I remember not long ago, we were, new models were being released and everybody was like, okay, we're done. There's no more upside. It's plateauing. It's over. There's no more room to grow. And now it's like the opposite. Now we're inside, like if you think about the curve of the exponential, we're like inside of the exponential now, which by definition means every improvement is a massive jump because we're like on that hockey stick part. What's it like just being on the inside of this crazy historic moment when AI is improving so fast? So much is being unlocked. What is it like?

• 14:58Lenny Rachitsky?

  And how should people prepare for the coming acceleration of more and more improvement from AI?

• 15:05Speaker 00

  One thing I like to say on the team is most of us weren't like actively working yet when the internet transitioned from this novelty to something that everyone can use. And it feels like that's just taking humans, I think analogies are helpful. And so like the analogy of that is, I think, a couple of things. Number one is adaptability becomes very important. I think we, we have evals, we have, you know, on the safety side, safety testing, red teaming, on the capabilities and product side, new prototypes, products like Claude Code, Tag and others.

• 15:50Speaker 00

  But it's very hard to predict the exact moment or the exact model. And so the adaptability of when you're faced with new information, how do you then make better decisions versus keeping the same plan? And so like that agility is really important. I think another piece is with that, how do you actually be thinking very first principles? And reason through what's next? What's the so what? How do we invest in new products? How do we invest in explaining the differences to users? So a lot of the, a lot of the experiences, I think of being in that exponential is that pace,

• 16:30Speaker 00

  understanding how you operate and make better decisions and then applying that first principles thinking to then do something that maybe we pull up a plan that we would, we're expecting a few months from now, but now the model can actually do and work on and actually bring that to users. So this is things like cowork, skills, tag, you know, it's a very positive self-reinforcing loop. And I, I think a big part of it also is just having the like trust in each other, like making sure we have like, we're, we're thinking through the right decision-making, we're bringing folks along.

• 17:12Speaker 00

  Some teams might see the exponential, feel it faster than others. So how do we kind of have the grace to bring the organization, the growing organization and company along on that?

• 17:22Lenny Rachitsky?

  So what I'm hearing here is you almost don't know what will be possible with every model release. And so the important things to focus on is being adaptable as things emerge. To your point, the product itself has to stay up to, has to catch up to what is possible. To your point, again, just like it can do so much, but people may not understand how to do it and may not be able to do it. So the product making it easy and even just like telling you, here's something you could do feels like an important part. Is that roughly what you're describing?

• 17:52Speaker 00

  I, I think so. I think there's some really interesting graphs in the original scaling law papers. And I think folks are very familiar with the scaling laws in the lens of, as you add in more compute and data, what's called loss, AKA the loss from next token prediction goes down. And so it's a very smooth linear curve of like the models get more intelligent as you scale them up. What's actually also interesting in that paper is there are these like very different emerging capability graphs. And so, for example, as you add in more data and you train the models with more compute,

• 18:33Speaker 00

  you essentially see these actually discontinuous emerging capabilities jump. So the models go from one plus one being a thing that it can't calculate to a thing that it can reliably calculate. And so these emerging capabilities, this like some nature of like predictability is, is, is not necessarily everyone knows the exact moment, like you need the evals to be able to assess that has actually always been a part of how this technology works. And also what makes like things like safety harder, because unless you have the evals, unless you have the systems to test, these jumps might actually happen and you don't know.

• 19:15Lenny Rachitsky?

  Hmm. That's so interesting that you may have developed this like AI brain that can do something you're not even aware of. And so part of the job is just uncovering, wow, I just got really good at this thing. What can we do with that?

• 19:27Speaker 00

  I think there's like product overhang and user overhang, like to maybe put it in our PM language, even on today's models. And I think there's like a lot that we could be exploring on like our current opuses and definitely with like Fable, for example. And that, that discovery is actually another part of what's been in the early days of Anthropic's DNA. And I think is also continuing to be a big part of how we operate in product and labs and across research.

• 20:03Lenny Rachitsky?

  This makes me think about something Gary Tan's been talking about, president of YC. I don't know what his title is. He's had this interesting point that if you're willing to spend a hundred thousand dollars a year right now in tokens, you're living the way somebody in 2028 is going to live. Because by then it'll be really cheap. Everyone can work this way. But if there's this alpha opportunity right now to just live in the future, go crazy on token spend. And so there's a big opportunity for people to learn what the future is like and also just build much faster. Thoughts on this idea and the value of token maxing, let's call it?

• 20:37Speaker 00

  Yeah, I think I, I take more of like a almost product lens. It's almost like token spin is more the input and really the output is what you described of experimentation. And I think if we were orienting like goals around experimentation, I feel like that, that might be the better framing of the outcomes and therefore there might be different ways of achieving that outcome. I will say internally, some of the most creative thinkers, the best like prototypers, do spend a lot of time with Claude, with every new version of a research model that we have. And so there is something around, you have to be like using the models

• 21:19Speaker 00

  to then come up with good, then great, then better ideas. And there's no substitutes for that. It's very hard to come up with a perfect strategy without touching the technology when it's moving this quickly. At the same time, I think there's other things that we could be doing. Like, so one thing that we do a lot is actually working in public and internally within Anthropic. And so in the early days, when we had less product surfaces, there was a Slack channel where everyone, almost the entire company was testing early versions of Claude and trying different use cases, like people were not calling them use cases,

• 22:02Speaker 00

  but you might be asking it to edit an essay or to come up with the right way to send this email. Like they were all different use cases, but we all worked in public. And the way you would see magically is different users or different, different folks on the team coming up with an idea and then other people trying different variations of that idea. And then within maybe Ten or so requests, there was something magical or potentially in a use case that emerges. And I think there's a lot in not just individuals figuring out by themselves how to use this technology. I think we could be doing more to actually bring like that communal discovery.

• 22:48Speaker 00

  And when we do experimentation, like experimentation is not always necessarily a individual sport.

• 22:55Lenny Rachitsky?

  It's so interesting. Yeah, this idea that we're just, we're not sure what this is capable of or what we could do with it. And it takes all this poking around and people trying things, hearing what other people are trying to figure out what's possible. Such an interesting, I don't know, technology. We're just like, okay, here's what, oh, I figured out it could do this thing. What are you going to do with that?

• 23:13Speaker 00

  I think in a broad theme, we know, right? We know that the models can write great essays or can write long form writing. But individual pain points of what can you actually solve with that? And bring it to like a user level that people can use. Um, I think is something that is more exploration or experimentation based.

• 23:33Lenny Rachitsky?

  So following this thread, you oversee product for the labs team, which is extremely cool. We've had Ben Mann on the podcast, Mike Krieger, whom both work on labs now. Talk about labs. What is labs? What's come out of labs? Many people have heard of these things and how do they work? That enables them to create such innovative ideas outside of even the core Anthropic product team.

• 23:57Speaker 00

  The thesis of labs in many ways is identifying and pulling the thread on the thread of discontinuous large bets that might not be in the core roadmap. And figuring out, is there a there there? And also, what is the 10x, 100x, 1,000x of the there there? And so, for example, things like Claude code, I think.

• 24:26Lenny Rachitsky?

  I've heard of it.

• 24:29Speaker 00

  Things like Claude code, things like skills, and most recently Claude design, MCP. The thing that we really try to emphasize within the teams is, especially right now, there are so many things that could be built. What does it mean then to have a discontinuous bet? And I think one approach that we're taking this year is it can be very strongly held opinion about the theme or the area. And then more weakly held about the exact prototype. And so like, there is a culture of experimentation. There's a lot of the bottoms up, like engineers on the team are very self-enabled,

• 25:13Speaker 00

  self-driven to test out different ideas. And sometimes we have a thesis and it might not work yet. And so we then might revisit it in one to two model generations. And so this idea of like these prototypes that actually end up just helping us learn, like that's also valuable, even if it doesn't lead to something immediately shipping. And so I think that allows the incubation and like the charter of labs to really accelerate and see around corners more broadly for Anthropic.

• 25:44Lenny Rachitsky?

  It's so funny to think about a labs within an Anthropic, which was already so innovative and creative and just, you know, shipping like crazy, that there's value to still creating a labs team within Anthropic. What enables labs to work as well as it has? Because you listed all these products and it's like, what else has Anthropic shipped? This is like, feels like all the biggest wins almost. I'm sure there are many that I'm not thinking about right now. What's, what's kind of core to creating a successful labs org within, within a large company?

• 26:12Speaker 00

  I think the team culture, like similar to broadly at Anthropic, I think the team culture is very valuable. I think Ben sets an incredible vision and pushes people to think about the 10x, 100x of the idea. And, you know, are the teams, the pods within labs is small. Sometimes these ideas start with one engineer, right? And I think sometimes when there's almost really large teams pursuing very ambiguous, large ideas, you end up actually being slowed down because of that.

• 26:53Speaker 00

  So I think it's culture. I think, you know, we actually also select for folks who actually want to do that zero to one experimentation. And it's not easy. There's a lot of bets that we end up turning down or turning off.

• 27:12Speaker 00

  And maybe, you know, we revisit them in the future. But that's hard. That's hard when you pour your heart and soul, you're acting as a founder for a bet and it's not working yet. So I think it's like that type, selecting for that type of personality, folks who are really passionate and deep about the zero to one.

• 27:30Lenny Rachitsky?

  So you lead product for the research team. You work with the researchers at Anthropic. A lot of people kind of get a sense of what is research? What do researchers do? I think a lot of people don't totally understand these very valuable people at all the AI labs. The way I think about it, and I want to help people understand, help me understand just what are researchers doing all day? What I imagine is they have a hypothesis for how to improve the model. They find data, they tweak some algorithms, they check, adjust how it's trained, and they test it, see how it did, keep iterating and keep trying to find ways to improve the model. Is that roughly right? Slash, help us understand what researchers are doing all day.

• 28:08Speaker 00

  That's really, I think that's a lot of, uh, maybe the, like, the more day to day. I think one piece around researchers and like research organizations like at Anthropic is there's also a vision of the future, like more broadly. So for example, things like, I think even at the founding of the company, researchers were talking about, how do we get Claude to use a computer? How do we get AI to like navigate a screen, right? So there is a lot of actually very founder-like energy is how I describe it. Within researchers are really bold and ambitious researchers. And we have a ton of those at Anthropic.

• 28:52Speaker 00

  So there's one layer of vision of what this technology can go. And then I think on this other side of the loop, there's also, now that this technology or Claude is in people's hands, how do we make it better today? So it's a medium and long term and a lot of energy thinking about that lens of the future. And also in the immediate and short term, what are the improvement areas we can make? And so like, I think you're describing a really good sense of how do we make iterative improvements on different versions of Claude? The way that like my team works with researchers is kind of being very integrated and embedded in, in those loops,

• 29:34Speaker 00

  particularly areas where there's a lot of impact on users. So this is things like vision, computer use, coding, agent to coding, tool use, test time compute, things where there's a direct user impact. And then figuring out what are the ways to

• 29:55Speaker 00

  bring the user feedback and ground it in a level that is understandable for user, for researchers, and also actionable for researchers. And I think that's the second piece is actually a big part of the job and sometimes a hard part of the job. So for example, we might get feedback on claude.ai, Claude hallucinated. It's very vague. If you bring that to a researcher and you say, please fix Claude from being hallucinated, it's not very actionable. And so part of the time of the team is understanding, okay, what's the trajectory of why that user gave that feedback? And it's like consented. And so we, we, we look at, okay,

• 30:41Speaker 00

  what should Claude have called tools in that moment? Or from its current knowledge, or it called the right, looked at the right document, but it looked at the wrong facts. In the first case, that would have been a failure on tool use. On the second case, it would have been a failure on, let's say, search or knowledge insertion, search synthesis. Or it could be something around alignment. And so bring that level of detail to researchers, coming up with like, is this a big enough problem? Figure out things like evals to then describe, well, we've improved it. Like those are the levels of actionability and it's the day-to-day language of their researchers.

• 31:25Speaker 00

  And so we try to stay very close to how to bring that in an actionable manner between users to, to the core model training and the research development loop.

• 31:36Lenny Rachitsky?

  I was talking to someone the other day about how it feels like research, AI research is the place to be now. If you want to be very successful in life. What does it take to become a really successful researcher? From what you can tell, you know, not everyone can get in, not everyone's brain is going to work this way. But just say people are like, hey, I want to explore this career path. From what you've seen, what does it take to, to make it there?

• 31:59Speaker 00

  Researchers generally are research and product managers working with researcher, both.

• 32:03Lenny Rachitsky?

  Let's do both, but the researchers, like, you know, PMs working, researcher is also going to be very successful. But it feels like everyone's trying to, you know, poach all the top researchers across every company. So just, I know you're not an AI researcher, but just from what you've seen, just like, what does it take to make it in that, in that career path?

• 32:21Speaker 00

  Yeah. I think a lot of the most successful researchers and research leadership at Anthropic are folks who are really strong first principles thinkers about problems. Like they reason through problems really well, who are just passionate about their research area and have a bold description of what that could look like. And then who are actually close to the details. And so, uh, you know, our like leadership, our chief scientists, our heads of like fine tuning and like RL, folks are actually really close to the training runs.

• 33:02Speaker 00

  And actually look at things like how the training run is going, evals, looking at the underlying data. So like actually staying really close and be excited to be in the details. I think have been like a sign of like really strong researchers and developing taste. And I think like another piece is just like their ability to think big over time and be like very ambitious, right? Like the Dario, like we can transform software engineering. And, and, and the, and I think going in that direction, you learn so much. You get, you had to shoot for the stars in, in many ways across your ideas.

• 33:44Speaker 00

  I think in order to be a, a successful researcher.

• 33:48Lenny Rachitsky?

  I love just this meme of just be more ambitious comes up so often now, which is so hard. Like it's, it's easy to say that it's hard to actually just like, how big can you think? And how that so much of what AI now unlocks, just be more ambitious.

• 34:01Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 34:02Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah.

• 34:02Speaker 00

  I think it's thinking through it once or twice and to end. And then being, I think, stubborn about the area and maybe more loose around the exact like approach.

• 34:23Speaker 00

  It is a question we challenge ourselves with, that the technology is moving so quickly. And so how do you make sure what you're building is actually forward compatible?

• 34:37Speaker 00

  And so it's also actually part of like, I think, the core product development loop to think bigger. Right? One thing I ask the team frequently, or how I think about when we're building a product, is let's say Claude eight comes around. What do you, what changes in what users do? And then what should, what does that mean for how you're building today? Is it going to be forward compatible to that experience? Right? So like just grounding, it's, I think, being ambitious is very broad. And so trying to like round it in, in some ways of describing, describing that.

• 35:12Lenny Rachitsky?

  And also, yeah, everything heading in a direction that all is cohesive and makes sense versus just ambitious in a completely different direction. Speaking of ambition and Claude eight, Fable slash Mythos recently feels like hit this very new kind of tipping point with models. Where it used to be, you have an awesome model, release it. Hey, everyone, welcome. Opus four, five is out. Everyone can use it. Mythos went in a very different direction. It got blocked. There was a lot of scrutiny, a lot of concern about what was capable of. All the companies had to go make sure it wasn't going to hack into all their systems. And it feels like now every model, because they continue to get better, will now have a lot more scrutiny.

• 35:54Lenny Rachitsky?

  And there will be more restrictions on who can use them, which feels like a big deal. How do you think about that? How does that change the way you operate?

• 36:02Speaker 00

  I'm going to maybe leave the policy and the expert control side to focus on that and work on that. I think the product question and how we interact with these internally is, I think, as you mentioned, as frontier models become more capable, the safeguards and the ways of red teaming and testing and the pre-release process also needs to evolve and adapt quickly to, to address that. And so one example is, you know, before Fable models, we didn't have a strong, let's say, fallback UXs and systems.

• 36:42Speaker 00

  Because our, our, our goal is to make sure that like, there is asymmetrical benefit for this technology. And to minimize like the downside or like a severe risk of, of it. And so we ended up building like fallback systems so that users will still get a great response from Opus 4.8 immediately. And so I think there's a piece around, as we evolve and like improve safety systems, how do we continue to develop and deliver great user experiences? I think there's more that we can do on both sides. And so you'll see us innovating, improving on what we call now the model safeguards package

• 37:26Speaker 00

  more and more in the coming, coming weeks and months.

• 37:29Lenny Rachitsky?

  What's really interesting and just like unexpected here is creates this really interesting advantage for Anthropic, where you have access to the latest stuff. And this is going to happen at every lab. Everyone's going to keep improving and it's, it creates this unfair advantage within the labs to have access to the best stuff that other people can't yet, outside of your control. You'd prefer everyone use it. So it's a really interesting, this new feedback loop that's going to start where models that are so advanced are only accessible to certain companies. And that's going to be a whole new unexpected, it's like a second order effective of all these restrictions.

• 37:58Speaker 00

  Our goal is to be, to develop these systems and the models to be as inclusive as possible. I think our goal is to not have that happen for the general purpose, general use, like technologies, and to make it more accessible. I think, you know, this is like one of our top priorities right now to kind of reduce what we're seeing there.

• 38:20Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah, that makes sense. I would imagine you'd want as many customers and people using this thing as possible. This episode is brought to you by Mercury, radically different banking, loved by over 300,000 entrepreneurs. And now with Command. I've been a customer of Mercury's for over six years. I have never once thought about leaving. Mercury is basically what happens when banking is built by product people, not by bankers. They make it so easy, dare I say fun, to send invoices, move money around, set up virtual cards for folks on my team. Does your bank have an API, a terminal native CLI, or an AI-ready MCP server? I don't think so. And just recently, they launched Command, a conversational interface built directly into Mercury,

• 39:05Lenny Rachitsky?

  which acts as your financial operator. I've been using Command to transfer money around, to figure out what categories I've been spending the most money in, analyze my cash flows. And just today, I used it to find out how much I've made from a specific sponsor over the past year. I just asked, how much have I made from X over the past year? 10 seconds later, I have an answer. It is so freaking cool. Visit mercury.com to learn more and apply online in minutes. Mercury is a fintech company, not an FDIC insured bank. Banking services provided through Choice Financial Group and Column NA, members FDIC. I want to talk a little bit about how the product role is changing and who, who is doing well in this new world? Now that AI is such a core part of, of our life.

• 39:49Lenny Rachitsky?

  When you're hiring PMs, product people, when you're looking at people that do well in today's world, what are some things that you noticed? What are you looking for more, most? What are you looking for more? What's kind of like trending up and what you find is important and what's kind of trending down?

• 40:04Speaker 00

  We actually, on my team, have not changed our hiring loop for three years now.

• 40:13Speaker 00

  So what we actually look for and the traits and how we evaluate generalists, like PMs, generalists, like research product managers have actually been the same.

• 40:26Speaker 00

  So I think some of those traits, number one, is first principles thinking. And this is really, rather than pattern matching what you used to do in, let's say, consumer product or B2B SaaS.

• 40:43Speaker 00

  But actually figuring out in this moment, for this user group with this technology, what, what is the user value?

• 40:50Lenny Rachitsky?

  Is there an example that a lot of people hear first principles thinking, they're like, yes, I got it. I'm good at this. What is, what's an example of someone having really demonstrated really good first principles thinking?

• 40:59Speaker 00

  I think one example is, I think you think of a product manager as I own product strategy and delivering user value as, but I demonstrate day to day by writing a PRD or writing a product vision doc. And for, for my team, as like research product managers, the way to drive user value is to figure out the right user feedback, the evals. Right? That then can be a personification of that user need. So like, we do write some product documents and PRDs, but we actually have a saying on the team of evals are the new PRDs.

• 41:45Speaker 00

  Right? Because in order to deliver that user value, it's not that exact artifact that people used to write in the last like one to two decades. It's a new way of working. And so the first think principles thinking would be, let me figure out what is the thing I should do to achieve my goals, rather than here is a set of activities that I've done and therefore I will continue to do.

• 42:10Lenny Rachitsky?

  So the idea here is, it used to be have kind of an idea, create a PRD, talk to people about it, align on the plan, design it, build it, ship it, see how it goes, iterate. What I'm hearing here is it's like, okay, here's some feedback about something that's wrong or an opportunity. Step one is the eval is now how you define what the work is versus a PRD.

• 42:31Speaker 00

  Maybe, maybe step one would be understanding the user pain point. And so the way to even access a user pain point is different. Right? In the past, we might do a user interview. I think if you go like deep enough, you, you might have the user walk you through their user flow, the pixels. Here, you have to sweat the tokens as much as you sweat the pixels. And so one activity we have on the team is reading the transcripts and understanding, what was the trajectories that failed?

• 43:07Speaker 00

  Very deeply to then say, was this like a hallucination? Was this Claude being overconfident? So like the theme of the failure actually has a lot of nuance. And then that allows you to build a description, a like sustained description of that pain point. So that could be essentially in a new eval. And is it eval on distribution? Right? Is it capturing both the positive situations where this is failing? And also areas when it should actually not fail? And then bring that back to, let's say, research.

• 43:46Speaker 00

  So then we can make the improvements and actually measure the quality of, okay, when we have OPUS 5.5, is this area improving or not? Is Claude now able to identify the right places in the document? And pull the right synthesis out? So it's just the actionability, like and shorting the distance to actionability for for our stakeholders and partner teams like researchers to take action on.

• 44:16Lenny Rachitsky?

  Is there an example of something like this where you found an issue or opportunity and then wrote the eval? And what is, what is the eval looking like in most cases? What, when people want to picture an eval, what is that? What is, what do they picture?

• 44:29Speaker 00

  We actually pioneered this concept within Anthropic. So one of the early examples is the early Claude models were not very good at following specific schemas. So like things like outputs and JSON. And now that is fundamental to Claude being able to be a good agent. Right? If you can output a certain format, you don't know how to like access APIs, you can't call tools, et cetera. And so the initial end to end was I was hearing feedback around Claude 2 days. Claude was not very good at following instructions.

• 45:10Speaker 00

  So then digging in with users, what do you mean by Claude is not good at following instructions? Give me what situations this was happening? Like, what's the exact like paragraph? What did you ask? What was Claude's response going to like that level of detail? And what I saw was something like 80% of what people meant in the early days for this failure was Claude would not write the right JSON. And so then, okay, let's generate maybe to start just 30 to 40 examples of when Claude was not doing this thing correctly. And then that actually is your eval set. And you could have essentially a prompt and a response.

• 45:53Speaker 00

  And if that is not working in the right golden answer that you might have, then that means that the eval essentially is beneficial because it's identifying a pain point consistently. And so then we added that to our repositories for evals. And when we have versions of Claude, we actually run that eval and just check. I think at this point, it's always 100% or like 99.9. And so it's no longer a pain point. But in the early days, it was taking the user feedback, figuring out actually what they mean. Can we reproduce it? Is it consistent? Is it a big issue?

• 46:34Speaker 00

  And then figuring out how to standardize it in a way that can be consumable for researchers.

• 46:42Lenny Rachitsky?

  It's basically test-driven development for PMs is the world we're living now, where you write the test first. So is this just a core part of the product management job now at Anthropic, writing evals?

• 46:52Speaker 00

  I think so. I also think it's something I've talked to others, PMs at other companies about. And I think it's also more and more of the skill set more broadly. Because a lot of the products that we're building is at the intersection of models with harnesses, with a set of contexts for a set of users. And so having things like evals actually is a way, not just for

• 47:22Speaker 00

  folks working on models, but generally within product, to get to better user experiences. Because you can't improve what you can't measure. And a lot of this is very still tactile based, is still very judgment based. And so you have to stay close to the details.

• 47:38Lenny Rachitsky?

  And also very non deterministic, which is a big part of this, just like it's not going to give you the same answer every time. So you got to describe it kind of more broadly. It's not going to be, yeah, an exact match. So this is a really interesting change in the way product happens and will happen is evals. Writing evals versus PRDs is a big part of this. Do you guys still do PRDs? Is there still like a one pager describing a problem or is it replay? Okay, now you're shaking your head, yes.

• 48:01Speaker 00

  We are, we do. I think when there's a word defined problem, I think things like evals might be almost a shorthand. I think there's other cases where PRDs are really valuable. PRDs are great vehicles for getting a very large group of people aligned on a set of sources of truth about experience and set of goals. So when we do have a model, we actually, for every model, we do have a PRD. Less necessarily for our researchers, but more for our growing product surfaces, for our engineering teams, for our stakeholders like legal and safety and others,

• 48:46Speaker 00

  as just a source of truth of putting together what we're aiming to achieve so that a big group of people can row in the same direction. The other place where I do think PRDs are valuable are on the more ambiguous problems and opportunities. Right? So if we haven't shipped a thing like computer use, we don't necessarily have a set of like user specific pain points always. And I think there's value in the product vision portions of a PRD to explore what could, even if a technology is not yet ready to work for everyone, how do you get it to work well for some group? So you can explore the value.

• 49:27Speaker 00

  You can actually bring something that is coherent to a user group. So we do have PRDs. I think the application is a little different now.

• 49:39Lenny Rachitsky?

  Okay, this is great. There's, I just had a Andrew, he's the head of the Codex app at OpenAI and he's, you guys are aligned. PRD is not dead, still very useful for specific projects and ideas. Great. Okay, we've closed, closed the book on PRD is still kicking. Okay, so we've been talking a bit about just what kind of skills are kind of emerging for product people. Is there anything else that you find is shifted in what patterns are common across people that are doing well in this new AI world in terms of product managers and folks on the product teams? Is there anything else that you're like, okay, there's some you've got to shift or something you look for more in people?

• 50:18Speaker 00

  I think maybe specifically for folks who might be mid-career or folks who have been more in a managerial, like product, like leadership seat. One thing that I think I feel pretty strongly about is in order to be good managers of teams and PMs working with this technology, you have to be really hands-on yourself and have spent not just time tinkering, but actually shipping with this technology. And, and, and again, being in the details and sweating the tokens along with your PMs and your engineers and your teams.

• 51:03Speaker 00

  And so even for folks that I hire who have more tenured PM experience, the onboarding plans are exactly the same as somebody who is like more early career. And it's around understanding users, reading like consent and user feedback, talking to customers. I think there's something around being able to like understand what to do with this, what good looks like. And having developed that in a very hands-on manner that's important. It's not necessarily easy for someone to

• 51:46Speaker 00

  agree or be able to see what a, what a good or great AI product or AI feature could look like if they haven't kind of experienced building.

• 51:56Speaker 00

  Themselves. So I think, I think there is a, I, I, I do feel pretty strongly that like, you know, if you're a manager, you have to be hands on, you have to spend a portion of your time actually shipping, you, you, you have to kind of walk in the shoes of your teams. Uh, and, and that's, I, I always try to carve out a portion of time, uh, to, to actually like all one to two work streams when we have models in order to keep like, keep my theory of mind, keep my sense of how the models are moving, how quickly it's improving, uh, uh, so I can help the team make, make decisions and, and make better decisions.

• 52:35Lenny Rachitsky?

  So what I'm hearing here is if you're not, no matter where you are in the ladder of hierarchy at a company, if you're not building yourself, if you're not actually talking to Claude, talking at Codex, building stuff, you're not going to make it.

• 52:46Speaker 00

  And you should have fun working with this technology. I think that's the other piece. I think the folks that would be most successful, regardless of their level, are people who love working with AI and, and are exploring and experimenting and carving out the time, not just for the experimentation, but actually hands-on shipping end-to-end, getting the user feedback, I think has to be fundamental for everyone.

• 53:12Lenny Rachitsky?

  I a hundred percent know what you mean there. Just like me sitting on my newsletter and this podcast, just talking about stuff and like, yeah, yeah, that sounds great. Like every time I actually built something and I tinker with all kinds of little projects, you're just like, okay, I see what's happening here. And you just get so much more. It's like hard to exactly describe what you, what you, what you experience actually working with the models and building stuff, but it's like a whole different world. Like, okay, I see. Here's where the, here's what they're talking about computer use. Here's what they're talking about with this limitation of this UX situation. So, yeah. So it's just like, and you made this really interesting point that you have to have fun with it, which is not easy for a lot of people because they're pushed to use AI or they just don't know exactly what to do with it. For people that are just like, I don't know, it's just so annoying. I just have to do this. I don't

• 53:55Lenny Rachitsky?

  know what, just like, I hate this frigging thing. Why do I have to work with this? Things are changing so much. I'm tired. Uh, advice for helping people find that, find that joy in this work?

• 54:06Speaker 00

  I think maybe I'll reemphasize something I said earlier around just that experimentation is not an individual sport. Like some of the moments where I think I've touched practically every version of research models across 20 plus versions of production Claude at this point. And I think part of the joy comes from seeing other people discover use cases too. And so maybe one idea here would be pairing with somebody who is excited and seeing what, on a use case that you care about and, and working together versus, um,

• 54:47Speaker 00

  identifying or trying to figure out the perfect use case yourself. Cause that might feel like work, working with others feels like joy a lot of the time. And is there more that we could do to bring that, bring other people along? That's something like a lot of times, internally, we have somebody who is like very curious and them sharing an idea of a new prototype actually brings a ton more people who are like, oh, I didn't know this could work now with Claude. And so there's just some virtuous cycles here. Um, and, and ways of yeah, bring, continue to have joy with, with this technology.

• 55:22Lenny Rachitsky?

  That's such a good point. I think that's also why Twitter, so useful for a lot of this is you see other people sharing what they've done. And it inspires you to come up with your own little ideas. And also it's just like fun to share your own thing that you've done. So that's a really good point. Just like find other people to kind of play around with and look for use cases. The thing I've also heard a lot is just find like a problem you want to solve in your life or work and just open up Claude, Claude code, tell it, here's what I want to do. And it's incredible how far you can get just with like a vague idea of a problem you want to solve.

• 55:52Speaker 00

  Yeah. I think it gets hard in that there's so many different things that you could try.

• 55:57Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah.

• 55:57Speaker 00

  And so you just like narrowing in on either pairing with someone, working with somebody who, who is, who have a lot of joy about this technology, or figuring out something that you could immediately find value. Like either of those things allow you to go deeper rather than like more high level about too many things. Um, I, I find it hard to keep pace with the number of prototypes or products that are out there. And so my lens has been, how do I go deep in one to two of them myself?

• 56:31Lenny Rachitsky?

  That's a, that's so interesting you say that because that's exactly, we just had the survey, uh, that I, I ran with my colleague Noam, uh, asking my readers just how they're feeling about all the things going on in the tech right now in AI. And, uh, one of the most interesting takeaways we had was, uh, to find that happiness is exactly what you said is go deep in a couple of things versus trying to just ton of little things. Find a couple of things to really solve well and then go deep. And that is a source, because a lot of the happiness people feel is when they finally unlocked a way for AI to actually make their lives better versus just like a couple messed up, broken, half working things.

• 57:07Speaker 00

  Yeah. It's, it's, um, how do you go from this being a check the box? Right? And so like us as product people, it's then a exercise of product prioritization of your time and your energy. And, and if the goal is to experiment with joy, then how do you, what are the inputs that you need for that? Um, but yeah, I, I, I think a lot of the, um, I think the secret sauce of Anthropic is the culture and the bottoms of nature of how people work and this like experimenting in public. Um, and by doing that, it's very much about how to

• 57:49Speaker 00

  bring other people along. Um, that ends up being, I think, really valuable.

• 57:55Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah. I've heard this so many times from all the labs, just like no, no one's exactly sure how some of this is going to be used. And a lot of it is just putting stuff out early, seeing how people use it, seeing what it's, what's possible. And then using that information to build that product to lean in.

• 58:10Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 58:11Lenny Rachitsky?

  I'm curious how, kind of on the thread of finding ways AI, for AI to help you in your work in life, are there any interesting ways you've been using Claude lately in your work as a, as a PM?

• 58:21Speaker 00

  I think there's a lot of things with, uh, you know, Fable and things like Tag. So there, there, I think Tag is, um, in, in the very like early days, I think there's something around how you work in a different paradigm of allowing this, an agent to go off and work and then bring back, uh, product experiences to you. I think one area that it's not more recent, but one that, um, I bring up a lot with the team and I think we could do more on using AI is just like how to use it to also be more, uh, to have better conversations with each other, to be better managers. I, I don't think it's

• 59:06Speaker 00

  necessarily, uh, just about raising the IQ of like experiences we build, but also I use it a lot and actually like prepping for how to have better conversations, um, in the moment during like crucial conversations. So I love that book. And so I actually have a skill that helps me figure out, am I having, am I going in the right level of detail, given the, the situation at hand and actually helping me be a better manager and better supporter for the team. Um, so for, for like managers on the team, that's actually a thing that I've been sharing more with, with it, uh, with our managers. So, okay, how, how do you actually use, use Claude to, to, to make you a better coach? Cause it's hard sometimes

• 59:51Speaker 00

  to find the right perfect words and the models have a lot of perfect and right words. And, uh, I think there is something about how, how it can actually augment us from like an YouTube perspective in addition to you.

• 1:00:04Lenny Rachitsky?

  Oh man, there's so much interesting stuff there. So just to understand what you're doing there. So you built a skill, you're just like, help Claude build a skill, pulling in a lessons from Crucial Conversations, the book, which it knows enough about. You don't have to even give it the content. And then you use that skill to talk to Claude, hey, I have this very difficult conversation coming up with a colleague. Give me some tips on how to approach it.

• 1:00:25Speaker 00

  Yeah. And it's, it's a great, uh, it's almost like, uh, coaching, like individualized, personalized coaching of just how to make you, and, and there's so much context switching that we do all day. And having like Claude help me pair and help me, and maybe there are times where I end up not using suggestions from Claude, uh, but it actually is, uh, ends up being very helpful for, for just coming up and brainstorming. Am I thinking about reactions in the right way? How do I actually, uh, go a bit deeper, faster, build trust faster, uh, be more direct?

• 1:01:05Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah. Man, I have so many questions here. This is so interesting. Uh, one is just like, there's concern people are going to start talking the way AI writes because they're talking AI so much. And it's going to be like, Diane, it's not this, but it's that. Uh, I know that you're not doing that, but that's all, you know, a concern people have. Let me just ask about that, I guess. Do you fear this, there's this, you know, brain rot, atrophy stuff, people talk about it, we're just so reliant on AI now. And we stop learning and thinking and, you know, overlying AI thoughts on that, being so close to it and being so integrated with, with AI constantly?

• 1:01:38Speaker 00

  A lot of actually thinking process and writing process are tied together for me personally. And so I think.

• 1:01:46Speaker 00

  There are ways where I use Claude to augment my thinking. But what I want to make sure, and maybe this is what you're describing, is Claude doesn't take over all of my thinking for me. And so I think depending on the situation, depending on how much more personal judgment I want to have in a situation. I might uh um come up with my own POV first and then work with Claude through that.

• 1:02:13Speaker 00

  And making sure that like I maintain my sense and tone throughout. I think there are then other things like updates, right? We have like monthly business reviews. And then in those cases, it's much more, I want you want it to be standard. And I want it to be much more like it gets a cris- crystallized information in the right way. And maybe, and I have a skill and like we're augmenting and improving our skill for that. But I want to get to a place where like the monthly business review, the writing of that is potentially asymmetrically less valuable than the thinking. And so how do I get that piece delegated to Claude fully? And I'm more of a reviewer and a verifier of that information.

• 1:02:58Speaker 00

  So I think it depends on like what you're using Claude for and what you're trying to convey. And like, is there, is there asymmetrical value in, in delegating more to Claude?

• 1:03:11Lenny Rachitsky?

  What I'm also hearing, the first tip is really great, which was think first, have a point of view, and then kind of use Claude as a sparring partner almost to evolve the idea, push back on the idea.

• 1:03:22Speaker 00

  Yeah, yeah. And I think this is where things like actually our alignment research and safety research is helpful. Because it, what you don't want is like a AI that just agrees with you, right? What you want is this technology to actually augment and grow and like get to a better outcome. And so sometimes it's having Claude push back makes me better. And so that's great. Like a coworker, I want somebody to push back when my ideas are not fully formed.

• 1:03:53Lenny Rachitsky?

  I want to hear more about that. I've heard that when Ben Man was on the podcast, he talked about the constitution that is built into Claude and how unintuitively the work and the focus on safety and alignment, as you said, and this constitution that describes how Claude should think and operate. That actually, you would think that would limit the abilities of Claude and make it less fun and interesting. It's exactly the opposite. Claude is the most interesting personality. I hear that constantly. It's just like, I much prefer talking to, like, Open Claw famously was built on Claude. And then people were forced to, we won't get into it, were forced to switch to J P T. And they're like, this is so bad. This is not who I'm used to talking to. So that is, I think, a really interesting point.

• 1:04:37Lenny Rachitsky?

  I just want to make sure we spend a little time on, why is it, why is that the case? Just this focus on alignment, safety, having this clear constitution? Why does that make Claude better and more interesting to talk to you also?

• 1:04:49Speaker 00

  In order to make Claude as like intelligent and as capable as possible, being able to have Claude actually push back in the right points and then add, it's like a yes or no and actually helps you come to a better conclusion. So I've used Claude to help with things like, are we making the right pricing decision on the next version of Claude? It's a little bit meta, but using a research version of Opus, asking it to figure out how is your price? And being able to come out with better outcomes is a goal at the end of the day.

• 1:05:27Speaker 00

  And so having AI not just be an assistant, not just be a doer, not, and being delegated tasks, by figuring out, is it doing the right thing? That's actually very integrated with knowing when to push back, right? That's part of knowing when you should be proactive. Proactivity is not necessarily always doing a thing that you're scheduled to do. It is knowing when to come up with a new idea. And so in order for Claude to be more useful, the general approach has to be that it knows when to push back. It's a core part of the characteristics together of the models.

• 1:06:09Lenny Rachitsky?

  That is so interesting. It's so interesting that that is what, a big part of, like, it being less compliant is almost what makes it better and more useful. Because we need that. Like, I've had so many people where they're like, hey, like, AI told me I was right. And like, no, I wish, I wish to other people.

• 1:06:26Speaker 00

  Yeah, and it comes back to our earlier point around thinking, right? How do you protect your thinking? If you have a AI that can be a thinking partner, a thinking partner doesn't just agree with you, it should add to you. And you should come away at the end of the day having better ideas because you worked with Claude. That should be the hero goal, not just making your ideas 10% better.

• 1:06:51Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah, I love this. And like, it used to be think 10x. That used to be the, the way, you know, founders push people, like, what if we 10x this? And I love what I keep hearing is like, it's like, how do we go 1000x from this idea? What is the most ambitious version of this? I want to come back to something that I was thinking about as we were talking about, talking to Claude constantly. It's very clear when AI has written something still. It's funny that it's a large language model. You think of all things, it would be very good at writing. And interestingly, just no AI is very good at writing. It's always very clear, this was AI written. Do you think we'll get to a place where we will not know this was AI?

• 1:07:32Speaker 00

  I think it depends on what's the uh goal that you're looking to achieve by knowing or not. Yeah, uh, what's the eval? I actually do think there's more that we could be doing on making Claude write better. There's actually very active efforts um on, on my team and on the research side about making Claude write better, just generally. I think it should be clear where an idea is, is being led by you or by Yuleni or me, Diane. I think it really depends on what's the goal of that writing.

• 1:08:12Speaker 00

  Like, for something like a monthly business review, I would actually love to have that end to end be written by Claude.

• 1:08:21Lenny Rachitsky?

  And obviously, and not to make it feel like it was written by a human. It's such an interesting point you're making, like, is it actually better for us to know that it's AI versus not?

• 1:08:29Speaker 00

  Yeah, but, but it's, it's um, but it's also for maybe the lenses more around like verifiability or who's verifying the output, right? Like, who's signing off? Maybe less around who's writing, but who's verifying, who's signing off? That becomes like more what matters than who's writing it.

• 1:08:52Lenny Rachitsky?

  Why, why do you think AI is not great at writing? Like, my guess is it has studied all of the best writing in all of humanity. It's figured out, here's the best way to write. And now that we, and it's just, there's only so many ways to, to write. And so we've just recognized, okay, this is what AI does. It has these tropes. Is that the core of it? Is there something else that's keeping it from being a great writer? Ironically, being a large language model, of all things, you think it'd be really great at language.

• 1:09:21Speaker 00

  I think part of it's also uh, we need to invest more in training improvements to make AI continuously strong on areas like writing. I think it's also, you know, like, the technology is jagged edged, like, like we mentioned. So sometimes when the models were good at writing but not agentic, our, our thesis is, how do we make the models more agentic or call the right tools? Now that that's improved a bit, then it's, well, now these other areas actually become more of the rough edges. And so I think we're in one of those moments with writing where uh we need to actually just focus and prioritize on training the models to be like great at this area.

• 1:10:05Speaker 00

  And like, that is an active, a very active area for us, so, fun, like you mentioned.

• 1:10:11Lenny Rachitsky?

  Okay, I'm glad, I'm glad. And also, uh, it's gonna be interesting, once AI is so good, we're like, I don't know who wrote that. But um, to your point, sometimes we actually want to know that it's AI. That's really interesting, I never thought of it that way. The other interesting part of this is that there's that comedian who was joking that we're like on a plane and the wifi's down. And we're just like, what the hell, the wifi's not working on this plane, this sucks, how dare you? When you're like in a, in a tube in the sky, flying like a bird. And uh, how dare you complain that the wifi doesn't work? Like, your point is, there's so much advancement and so much power. We can't fix it all, we can't make it all work the best possible. And so uh, basically, AI writing has been not the priority and it feels like there's more investment happening there.

• 1:10:53Speaker 00

  Yeah, I think like tone and character is a priority. I think it's this advancement of, the technology is a work in progress. And so we made, we, we see a leap or emergence of like a jump in agentic behaviors. And so that is a new normal. And then these other capabilities needs to continue like improving. And I think once we improve, let's say, writing and like tone and character, uh, we probably will say like,

• 1:11:24Speaker 00

  How do we have Claude be even more proactive? Like proactivity is an opportunity and that's human nature. Like, we want to make ourselves better. We want to make this technology better. So, yeah, and I think we're applying it to AI, which is the right thing. We should be making it better.

• 1:11:41Lenny Rachitsky?

  I want to ask you a couple of questions I like to ask folks working at the very center of the future that is coming. One is, where do you think human brains will continue to be most valuable over the years? I know Anthropic's mission and and vision is we'll reach a G I, a superintelligence. So in the future, maybe nowhere. But before we get there, where do you think human brains will continue to be most valuable as we approach that timeline?

• 1:12:09Speaker 00

  We started to talk about making Claude and models better at judgment, especially in the last year or so. I think judgment is one, is an area where it's accumulation of so much nuance and so much experience. And these systems haven't experienced as much as humans have. And so I think that hard earned, like judgment, is a, a, a area for, for product leaders and just generally will continue to be really critical. There are so many things AIs can build. Which one are the things that, you know, an org like Lab should build, right?

• 1:12:53Speaker 00

  A lot of that requires like human judgment, persistence. So proactivity, these are all traits are beyond just general capabilities, but just behaviors and characteristics of like people at that level of like, how do you get to the best solutions? How do you create the best experiences? So I think those types of traits are actually the tactile traits that I think will be, continue to be important. I think there is also still a lot of like capabilities and subject matter expertise as well. I think, you know, software engineering has been really transformed by AI.

• 1:13:35Speaker 00

  I think there's areas like biology, life sciences. These are all things that we're just kind of at like the foot of the exponential on. Like maybe software engineering, we're on the exponential on some of these area, other areas. We're not quite there yet. And so I think you're seeing us ship things like Claude Science, investing in these areas, because those are areas that I think is just bring the, this technology to society and having a positive benefit for society. So I think there's a lot more to go there.

• 1:14:11Lenny Rachitsky?

  Another question I want to ask is, as someone with kids, how do you think about what you are encouraging them to learn? Where do you think you're gonna nudge them to be successful in this wild new world that we're entering?

• 1:14:27Speaker 00

  I actually think it's a lot of the same traits, like you and I probably grew up with, which is curiosity for learning, persistence, believing in your own inner voice, developing and then believing in your own inner voice. Like, I have a four-year-old, I have an eight-year-old. It's on us to help, it's on me to help them develop their inner voice. And whether that's being opinionated and taking a stance to me, right? And developing that, encouraging that. I think that those types of skill sets are things that is important in the future. And I like having their own individual voice.

• 1:15:10Lenny Rachitsky?

  That is so interesting. It's so related to the answer you had when I asked about how to avoid a brain rot, essentially overrelying on AI, which is just keep focused on your own point of view and your own perspective before you overrely on AI. And just this idea you're describing of building that in kids is really important. That is interesting and I love how all this, all this kind of connects judgment, persistence, in a, a point of view of your own.

• 1:15:34Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 1:15:35Lenny Rachitsky?

  Both for kids and also adults.

• 1:15:36Speaker 00

  Yeah, anything we think about for your.

• 1:15:39Lenny Rachitsky?

  Oh, man. Well, like the question I'm thinking about is just when to get them on like some A I thing, you know? When I, I have a three-year-old, so it's pretty hard for that. But, you know, how do you get, how do you onboard them to this crazy thing? I had, I was at an event recently and a bunch of parents were talking about how they think about AI in their kids. And one person had a really interesting approach, which is keep them on the very early models so that they still have to struggle a bit and not get all the answers immediately. I thought that was interesting, like an open source local model, not fable. Yeah. Yeah. And curiosity is something, I keep mentioning Ben Mann, but his answer actually to this question has always stuck with me, which is curiosity and also just like, he's a big fan of Montessori, which is what I'm encouraging for our kids.

• 1:16:24Lenny Rachitsky?

  So there's something there. Maybe a last question, just along, kind of along these lines. Something Fiona Fung actually suggested I ask you, who's recently on the podcast. How do you stay just recharged and not burn out, being in the center of this crazy storm of AI? As a mom, working in, you know, we're seeing the research work at Anthropic. I just like, we're living through the most unprecedented in time, working at, just like being, you know, being on the outside of Anthropic, it's crazy. I don't even know what it's like to be on the inside. What have you learned about avoiding burnout, staying recharged, staying sane during the middle of all this?

• 1:17:01Speaker 00

  In 2024, we shipped four models for the, in the whole year, or four series of models. And I think we did more than that volume in just Q2 of this year. I think I've been really lucky with the team that we've grown and built, both the stakeholders on the research side and within our research product management team. I think that one of the magical parts about approaching all of this is that it's not an individual sport. There's like a sense of radical ownership and team collaboration

• 1:17:43Speaker 00

  that I think, sometimes it does feel like a high-performance sport. Cause you're in very critical decisions. There's new information about users, about training, and you have to make recommendations and judgments and decisions very quickly. And nobody can do that sustainably by themselves. And so I think what's really helped is having a team that is incredible, who looks out for each other, who, you know, the night before a launch, even if they're not the core D R I on that model, will stay up and help the D R I, who to review the blog post and make edits and come up with better demos

• 1:18:26Speaker 00

  and knowing to be each other's sort of extra hand. I think it's very easy if you take all of this change on your own shoulders to feel like you're alone and to feel like you have to do everything. But I think one of the like magical parts of Anthropic is this ability for us to figure out what are those opportunities to help each other? And actually then taking the next mile of like my melding. We called it like entering the hive mind. There was an article about this. And I think like part of that is just that allows like the team to replenish. It's not that you, I was just on P T O in June. It's not just that you can take P T O and you come back to like three X the amount of things to do.

• 1:19:11Speaker 00

  It's actually that you can take P T O and know the team can figure out the right things to do and that we individually can like watch out for each other. So I think that's a big part. I'm really lucky just personally. Also, my partner is really supportive. This is your sixth of me working in AI, so Amazon and then Anthropic. And so he sees how much I just love the technology and what this can do. And that really helps, I think, also from like a personal perspective as well.

• 1:19:44Lenny Rachitsky?

  I love, I love how many of these answers connect. So what I'm hearing here is just the having other people, working with other people, relying on other people, helping each other out when things get crazy, which is a similar answer you had for just how to, how to find the joy and, and, and fun in this work. Just get, be inspired by other people, see what they're doing, work together.

• 1:20:06Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 1:20:07Lenny Rachitsky?

  And it's interesting, when Fiona was on the podcast recently, she, I was asking her just like, what's changed in the world of software engineering? And she pointed out, it's a lot lonelier now because now we're working with agents instead of other humans. Teams are smaller, people have all these fleets they're talking to constantly. And so this is just a reminder of just the power of just actual other humans around you.

• 1:20:26Speaker 00

  We're, we're asked to work and make decisions on really big things because you have more scale from the technology, right? And I think.

• 1:20:37Speaker 00

  Having individuals, having other folks more who can have some level of like mind meld with what you work on, how you approach, maybe not exactly every detail, but what are their first principles, what are the assumptions you make, then helps them, you know, back up for you, or push your decision and sharpen your thinking. So I think, you know, we really tried to like, I really tried to look for that when like, building the team, growing the team, hiring, like, is this person going to care about their own ego and building out a big org, or are they going to care about contributing to Anthropic and contributing to that like, impact of the team, and orienting towards folks who are like, low ego, team-oriented?

• 1:21:23Speaker 00

  I think that's, yeah, it's a big part of, I think, the sustainability.

• 1:21:30Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah, just always, a lot of it's always just comes down back to culture and hiring. And I know I've heard a lot, just the reason Anthropic is able to move so fast. I remember that moment when like, something shipped every day of the month, like a calendar of launches, and people were talking about how is this possible? And what I heard a lot is just because everyone is so aligned around the mission and the values, it allows people to make decisions really quickly. Before we get to our very exciting lightning round, is there anything else, Dan, that you wanted to share, anything else you wanted to touch on, anything you want to maybe double down on of things we've talked about?

• 1:22:03Speaker 00

  This was actually really fun, because I feel like your questions actually sharpened some of my thinking around how the dots kind of connect.

• 1:22:10Lenny Rachitsky?

  I'm your real human Claude over here.

• 1:22:13Speaker 00

  One thing that I really want to like, convey or have people take away is, I think, one, in the ways of working, but also just two, that like, this is a, this is a lot of like, growth and change, and having the joy in using this technology. And like, if you're feeling like in this moment, you don't have as much of that feeling of initial joy, how do you find people who do? If this is an area that you're excited and like, want to work on. And I think developing skillsets, replenishing skillsets in many ways, of

• 1:22:54Speaker 00

  things like, thinking from a first principles manner about what you solve. I think fundamentally, you didn't ask me this, but there is this question in the community of, do we still need PMs when the models are so capable, when engineers are leaning in? I think the role of people who are user-centric, who go into the details of understanding what users are trying to accomplish, bubbling that up in an actionable manner, and doing the relentless work to do that, like, that to me is a core of a product person. And I actually think we need more of that. I think we are becoming very technology-layered,

• 1:23:39Speaker 00

  driven, and actually to make that impactful, it's, you have to go deep, you have to be curious, you have to be super hands-on. And those are things that I think are also traits that have, I think, helped Anthropic from a product development and model development perspective, and is part of the culture, and hopefully that's valuable for others as well.

• 1:23:59Lenny Rachitsky?

  Amazing. What an inspiring way to end it. Oh, man. Yeah, and this is, I've been saying this too for a long time, just now that building is easy, the hard part becomes, as you said, what should we build, and is the thing we have built correct and good and worth leaning into? And to me, that's what PMs do, and what PMs are good at.

• 1:24:17Speaker 00

  Yeah, yeah, yeah. And it's getting into the details of the user.

• 1:24:22Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah, empathy. Okay, great. PMs are gonna make it. Okay, PRD is not dead. All kinds of, all kinds of important lessons here. Dan, with that, we've reached our very exciting lightning round. I've got five questions for you. Are you ready? First question, what are two or three books that you find yourself recommending most to other people?

• 1:24:43Speaker 00

  One, personal one, I really like How to Raise an Adult. So, I'm a mom, I think a lot about what is the things that I want to instill in my kids. And that book is really helpful for describing, we're not trying to raise children, we're trying to raise adults. So just the framing of what does that mean? And what does it mean, what are the characteristics that we want to hone and like, harness and foster in our kids? The other book that I was listening to on Audible recently is Incorrigible by Eric Ries. So the-

• 1:25:21Lenny Rachitsky?

  Incorruptible, incorruptible.

• 1:25:23Speaker 00

  Yes, yes.

• 1:25:24Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah, he's a recent podcast guest.

• 1:25:27Speaker 00

  Yeah, and I, I just, I think the question of how to build great companies is important. I've personally just been most fascinated with how to keep great teams and great companies going further. And it was very interesting to just kind of see his framing and reframing of the question. I loved some of the examples around having metrics around culture. If you can, if you only measure revenue, and then that's kind of how you're going against. But if you have other better metrics, that's actually the way to sustain the values you care about. I've been kind of trying to think about how to actually bring that to the team level of like, how do we better articulate, write our norms, a lot of the things we talked

• 1:26:12Speaker 00

  about on the team. So I think that's also a really good read.

• 1:26:15Lenny Rachitsky?

  There you go. That'll be your next watch, everyone, as you're listening to this, the Eric Ries episode. Such a good episode, yeah. And his book just came out, Incorruptible. And I think it was like a New York Times bestseller. Like, it's actually doing incredibly well, which I was really happy to see.

• 1:26:30Speaker 00

  Yeah, exactly.

• 1:26:32Lenny Rachitsky?

  Next question, favorite recent movie or TV show you've really enjoyed? Most people at Anthropic do have time to do what, to watch things, but I'm curious if you have an answer.

• 1:26:40Speaker 00

  I would say, during some time off last month, I did get to like, binge-watch Fallout on Amazon Prime. So that was actually, I kind of like, it's kind of, have you heard of it?

• 1:26:56Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah, yeah, it's based on a video game.

• 1:26:58Speaker 00

  Yes, it's based on the video game. I think it's a, it was really, it's witty, it's humorous, it's also like, super action-oriented, so highly recommend.

• 1:27:08Lenny Rachitsky?

  Okay, next question. Your favorite product you've recently discovered that you really love?

• 1:27:12Speaker 00

  I really do think like, Claude Tag is very interesting in terms of a product experience. We actually have like, different versions of this within Anthropic, and I think it's actually been really, really, really a powerful tool.

• 1:27:28Lenny Rachitsky?

  Yeah, it feels like, I think some people are like, what's the big deal? The fact that everyone at Anthropic is like, raving about it, tells me something important is going on here. And I'm trying to actually get it working within my Slack community that I have for paid newsletter subscribers. How cool would that be? Yeah, we're trying to figure out how it works when it's not a company, when it's just a bunch of people that don't know each other and how that might work. But we're trying it out. Okay, two more questions. Your favorite life motto that you find yourself often coming back to in work or in life?

• 1:27:57Speaker 00

  So I was actually raised by my grandparents for the first 10 years of my life, and my parents were immigrant college and master's students in the US.

• 1:28:08Lenny Rachitsky?

  Oh, wow.

• 1:28:08Speaker 00

  And my grandfather always says, no matter how far you go, there's always another level. Which is, I think, a really good way, though, like, a pretty intense way of describing his, his life philosophy. But I go back to that whenever there's something new or unprecedented that we experience. And I think, you know, first half of this year, there was definitely a lot of that. Like, there was a lot of new things that we were learning, I was learning. So just feeling like, there's always like, another mountain, another opportunity to-

• 1:28:49Lenny Rachitsky?

  Not good enough, Dan. We need to go better. We need to go bigger. Makes me think about actually another Ben Mann line from his podcast episode, that this is the most normal it's ever gonna be. It's only gonna get weirder and crazier.

• 1:29:04Lenny Rachitsky?

  Oh, we're good. Okay, final question. I was poking around at your LinkedIn. You were a high-yield bond trader, JP Morgan Chase, early in your career. You had like, you have this like, redacted, a hundred million dollar trading portfolio of some kind. What did you learn from that time in your life that has stuck with you? And/or is there a crazy story from that period? It was four years of your life.

• 1:29:31Speaker 00

  I think I learned actually a lot that I apply here, at Anthropic and other jobs thereafter. So when I was at JP Morgan, the trading floor, you could kind of envision like, sort of Wall for Wall Street, that's very different. Most traders, I think, are in front of a terminal, they're much more doing analyses on their computers. But it's still very, I would say, like, male-dominated. And so, I was the only woman, I was the only

• 1:30:06Speaker 00

  person with like, my background on the trading desk. And I learned that, that was a very good environment to kind of building, one, my sense of authentic self, and two, that even if I was the most junior person, even if I may look different, that the best ideas,

• 1:30:35Speaker 00

  and having conviction in the best ideas, and regardless of all of those other factors, like, is the most important thing. And so I think, just bringing that sense of how I show up more at work, I'm pretty vulnerable and authentic with my team. I try to really make sure that regardless of people's levels or tenures, if they have a great idea, how to help them pursue that, and to do it all the same. So to like, put the idea out there, to actually have conviction in it, to do the follow-through, to do the like, nitty-gritty work to make it happen. So those were all things that I learned from trading. And yeah, I think applies to any, any job in many ways.

• 1:31:20Lenny Rachitsky?

  That is beautiful. Where can people find you online if they want to follow you? And how can listeners be useful to you?

• 1:31:28Speaker 00

  I don't have a large presence on like, social. I think the best way to find my work, my team's work is really the Anthropic blog. And when we're publishing new models, new product experiences, I think in terms of useful for me, I think the best thing, number one, is your feedback. Like, we actually, if you thumbs up or thumbs down on any of our product surfaces, if you contact your salesperson with feedback about the model, it will make its way to me. We actually, with every like, research model, I actually

• 1:32:09Speaker 00

  get pretty close into understanding favorability and feedback. So giving us a feedback, pushing Claude, telling us where it's falling down, those help us make Claude better. The other, the other thing is like, if you have folks in your network who seem like this type of profiled person that I just talked about, I'm hiring, the team is growing, we really will love just people who love this technology, who are deeply curious, first principles thinkers, who are fearless in questioning assumptions, and who have like, a tinkering, hackery spirit.

• 1:32:46Lenny Rachitsky?

  Wow, what a dream job. So basically, open, open PM roles at Anthropic on the research team.

• 1:32:52Speaker 00

  Yes.

• 1:32:52Lenny Rachitsky?

  And they apply, I assume, on the website, the careers page. Holy moly. All right, here we go. Enjoy the flood of resumes you're about to receive.

• 1:33:01Speaker 00

  Thank you, Lenny.

• 1:33:04Lenny Rachitsky?

  Dan, thank you so much for being here.

• 1:33:06Speaker 00

  Thank you so much for having me. Thank you for really helpful, thought-provoking questions, helping me even connect the dots on how, how we work, how, how this whole technology is coming together, and being product people in it.

• 1:33:21Lenny Rachitsky?

  I really appreciate that. But thank you, Dan, for real. Okay, well, bye, everyone. Thank you so much for listening. If you found this valuable, you can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. Also, please consider giving us a rating or leaving a review, as that really helps other listeners find the podcast. You can find all past episodes or learn more about the show at lennyspodcast.com. See you in the next episode.