How a Former Fed Vice-Chair Is thinking About the Next Fed Chair

The nomination of Kevin Warsh to be the next chair of the Federal Reserve obviously has big implications for markets. But it also comes with some interesting sociological questions too. What role does the Fed chair actually play in setting monetary policy? How do they communicate -- and influence -- members of the Fed board? How do they communicate to markets? What happens when someone who's been advocating major regime change at the central bank is now running it? And how do they balance independence with politics? In this episode, we speak with Richard Clarida, former Fed vice-chair and now global economic advisor to Pimco. We talk about what a Fed chair actually does and what we know about Warsh's policy stances so far, as well as why Clarida thinks there may be more volatility in the bond market as a result. Read more:Bonds Rally as Job-Market Angst Backs Fed Rate-Cut OutlookBessent Declines to Draw Line on Removing Fed Member for Policy Only Bloomberg - Business News, Stock Markets, Finance, Breaking & World News subscribers can get the Odd Lots newsletter in their inbox each week, plus unlimited access to the site and app. Subscribe at bloomberg.com/subscriptions/oddlots Subscribe to the Odd Lots NewsletterJoin the conversation: discord.gg/oddlotsSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Tracy Alloway?

  There are some market stories where you want every detail. Joe and I have made quite a few podcasts on that basis. But sometimes you've only got 10 minutes and just want to know what's moving markets fast. That's the Barclays Brief Podcast. Every week, experts from Barclays Markets and Research get you up to speed on what's happening and what to watch next. Concise, focused, and brief. Search Barclays Brief wherever you get your podcasts.

• 0:26Speaker 01

  This is the Bloomberg Tech Minute brought to you by ChatGPT. I'm Carol Muster. Getting hired at SpaceX requires exceptional ability and may include having Elon Musk review a candidate's resume. So writes Bloomberg Business Week's Lauren Grush. She reports that the company culture is defined by Musk and job candidates must understand that a commitment to SpaceX means adhering to this culture and exhibiting loyalty to Elon Musk. To get hired, candidates must demonstrate their achievements from past jobs and hands-on experience matters more to recruiters than advanced degrees, with the company looking for people with raw, innate intelligence. A spokesperson for SpaceX didn't respond to a request for comment on its recruiting

• 1:08Speaker 01

  and hiring practices, but according to recruiters, advisors, and those who've interviewed for jobs there, it's the space exploration dream that draws people to the company, and Musk invokes that dream regularly to remind workers why they're there. Prospective hires are told that the job will require stamina, including in job ads that candidates, quote, "must be willing to work extended hours and weekends as needed." One major perk for all that hard work? Employees' access to equity, either the right to buy shares or payment in the form of restricted stock units that vest over time. That's the Bloomberg Tech Minute brought to you by ChatGPT. Get started at chatgpt.com.

• 1:52Speaker 01

  Bloomberg Audio Studios. Podcasts, radio, news.

• 2:07Tracy Alloway?

  Hello and welcome to another episode of the All Thoughts Podcast. I'm Tracy Alloway.

• 2:11Joe Weisenthal?

  And I'm Joe Weisenthal.

• 2:13Tracy Alloway?

  So, Joe, Trump nominated Kevin Warsh to be Fed Chair last week. We've been talking about it on the show. Obviously, this has big market implications, but I'm starting to think that the sociological

• 2:26Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 2:26Tracy Alloway?

  questions and aspects of this are kind of more interesting.

• 2:30Joe Weisenthal?

  I'm so intrigued by the constellation of people who have come out either in support or opposition of this name. It is not like any other nominee that I can recall where you have fairly sort of mainstream, even sort of liberal names like Jason Furman or Gita Gopinath saying, "This is a great pick," etc. And then you have Paul Krugman and Neil Dunning saying, "It's a terrible pick," and so forth. It is, it cuts in ways that I would not have necessarily anticipated, not like any other Trump pick that I recall.

• 3:01Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah, it is very split, and it feels like there's a split within Warsh's own thinking

• 3:07Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 3:07Tracy Alloway?

  as well, right? Because here we have a guy who has talked about wanting to overhaul the Fed.

• 3:13Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 3:13Tracy Alloway?

  Right? And even "break some heads," I think was a direct quote that we've mentioned before. He has given a speech that is literally titled "An Ode to Independence"

• 3:24Joe Weisenthal?

  Uh huh.

• 3:24Tracy Alloway?

  at the central bank, but at the same time, there's a big question mark about how and why he has suddenly seemingly gone from an inflation hawk to someone who's advocating for low rates.

• 3:36Joe Weisenthal?

  Totally. And of course, I think, I mean, if we're, you know, just to be blunt, this would have been something that any nominee from this administration, to some extent, there would have been question marks around because, you know, obviously, Trump has been very critical of Jerome Powell, despite the fact that he nominated him himself. And it's clear that he wants a "low rates now" kind of guy in there. He said, after the nomination, he's like, you know, "He didn't make many promises, but he's gonna, I think he's gonna be a low rates guy." And then he joked a couple of days later that he was gonna sue.

• 4:07Tracy Alloway?

  I was just about to bring that up.

• 4:08Joe Weisenthal?

  And I, that wasn't, you know, he was joking. He said he was gonna sue if Warsh

• 4:12Tracy Alloway?

  I'm doing air quotes right now.

• 4:14Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, joke, air quotes. You don't know, but this has been the big thing. And so the question is the degree to which an incoming Fed Chair, presumably if he passes the Senate, which isn't guaranteed, but if he passes the Senate, can establish his commitment to what he has long talked about, which is Fed independence, while also, you know, not immediately angering the guy who nominated him.

• 4:38Tracy Alloway?

  Exactly.

• 4:38Joe Weisenthal?

  To the extent that that matters.

• 4:39Tracy Alloway?

  Exactly right. So we need to talk about all of this.

• 4:42Joe Weisenthal?

  Yes.

• 4:42Tracy Alloway?

  Get a little bit more color on, I guess, Fed board culture.

• 4:46Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, yeah.

• 4:47Tracy Alloway?

  And political machinations as well and market implications, of course. And we really do have the perfect guest. We're going to be speaking with Richard Clarida. He is, of course, Global Economic Advisor at PIMCO, a professor of economics at Columbia, and, most importantly, for the purpose of this particular conversation, he's a former Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve Board. So honestly, the perfect guest. Rich, thanks for coming back on the show.

• 5:14Speaker 03

  Thank you. Looking forward to our discussion.

• 5:17Tracy Alloway?

  So why don't I just start with the very obvious question and we can dig in from there. But last week, when the news broke about Warsh being selected by Trump, what was the first thought that went through your head?

• 5:31Speaker 03

  I think it's a very sensible choice. It makes sense along important dimensions. In particular, it's important because I think based upon background and what he's been writing recently, that Warsh will work very well with Scott Besant at the Treasury. There is Fed independence that we'll get into, but it's important. It's a practical matter that the Fed work well with the Treasury. And so it makes sense along a lot of dimensions.

• 6:00Joe Weisenthal?

  Actually, let's just get into that because I do find that to be very interesting. Say more about working with the Treasury. You know, some people would say that is not the Fed's job. In fact, I would say, you know, Kevin Warsh, going back to the immediate post-Great Financial Crisis era, had talked about how, for example, it's not the Fed's job to back Backstop fiscal policy. It's not the Fed's job to enable larger deficits, which he, I believe, saw QE as enabling. But from your perspective, talk to us about what a positive relationship between the Fed chair and the Treasury Secretary looks like.

• 6:36Speaker 03

  Yeah. Thank you for letting me add some color to that. Because there are dimensions and domains where it would actually be a very bad idea for the Fed to be dominated by the Treasury. But along several dimensions, a collaborative working relationship is important, and I'll name several. First is the Fed, going back to its founding, is the fiscal agent of the government. It has a responsibility to make sure that the Treasury market has adequate liquidity, that it functions properly. And so that's an important element of the job and always has been. It's also important because the Fed has an important role in bank regulation,

• 7:19Speaker 03

  but not a monopoly role. The control of the currency, which is within Treasury, also has a regulation responsibility as to FDIC. So as a matter of necessity on bank regulation, there needs to be a degree of coordination. And so I would really highlight those two areas.

• 7:40Tracy Alloway?

  So I mentioned at the beginning that I'm kind of interested in the inter-functioning of the Fed Board. From your perspective, how does communication between the Fed and the Treasury actually happen? I'm sort of envisioning, like, I don't know, a WhatsApp or Signal group, group chat.

• 7:57Speaker 03

  There is a tradition, it's not in statute, there is a tradition that the Treasury Secretary and the Fed Chair meet on a regular basis, oftentimes over breakfast. And so during my time, that was the primary point of contact, was bilateral between, when I was there, Jay Powell and Steven Mnuchin, and then when Janet Yellen became Treasury Secretary. So that's informal. There are typically not staff in the room for that. There's also the Financial Stability Oversight Council, which was a creation in Dodd. Frank, which by statute is chaired by the Treasury Secretary and then there the Fed,

• 8:37Speaker 03

  among other agencies, also participates in that process. And then thirdly, as I mentioned, anything involving a bank regulation is typically going to involve if the senior or even the vice chair for supervision level, interaction on bank regulation.

• 8:55Joe Weisenthal?

  You know, let's get into some of the, I guess, criticisms or perhaps questions about Kevin Worsh, and there's a few different dimensions. One is, of course, there's perception that he's long been an inflation hawk and suddenly he sounded more dovish over the last 12, 18 months, or whatever. Setting that aside, though, you know, some of the criticisms start early on, including his judgment around the great financial crisis, concerned more about inflation, you know, even up until fall 2008 than employment right on the eve of collapse, also seemed to get very anxious about inflation soon coming out of the worst of it, etc. Like, when you think about, okay, like, his qualifications and what we can expect from him, how much, like, when you go back

• 9:39Joe Weisenthal?

  to that era, how much should we hold that against him, perhaps, either that he was off the mark, or that he was at least very far out of consensus at the time?

• 9:49Speaker 03

  Well, I think you have to look at the entire picture, and Kevin was also very involved with Ben and Tim Geithner and Dudley and the crisis response to the global financial crisis, which really played out over a period of 12 to 18 months. And I think by most accounts, in my judgment, that was, he actually added a lot of value in the fog of war. Inflation, as I myself learned, especially in periods of crisis and unusual large shocks, inflation forecasting can be challenging. So I don't think I would hold that particular episode against him. I think it does fairly characterize the way that most of us think

• 10:30Speaker 03

  about Kevin throughout, during that period and really the last 15 years, is he has been a pretty consistent critic of the Fed under the second half of Bernanke and then Yel And typically, the criticism has come from the hawkish direction. And certainly in that episode, his criticism of the Fed was that in some certain quotes would indicate that hawkish inclination as well. Maybe just I can follow up because in your earlier comment, you also mentioned his recent advocacy for for lower rates. Now, it's important, this is in the context of a committee that under Powell's leadership, beginning in September of 2024, already began to cut rates. In fact, when I did your show earlier,

• 11:16Speaker 03

  and we were talking about that right after, I think, the initial rate cuts under under Powell, I made reference to what I've been calling for some time now, a Fed is is running what I call the quote two point something inflation target, which was they don't like it to start with the three, four, five, six, or seven. But if inflation gets down to two points, something they can start to talk and think about rate cuts as they did under under Powell. And importantly, at the December Fed meeting, so just about six weeks ago, the Fed indicated through those very imperfect dot plots that a majority of the committee of of that existing committee, which Kevin will inherit, felt that at least one more rate cut this year, given the circumstances would be appropriate. So yes,

• 12:00Speaker 03

  Kevin has come out in favor of rate cuts in his public comments. Don't know what he said privately to the president, but I doubt that they differed what he said publicly. But that's in the context of a committee that at least a majority of whom think that in this year, it'll be appropriate to cut at least once.

• 12:35Tracy Alloway?

  There are some market stories where you want every detail. Joe and I have made quite a few podcasts on that basis. But sometimes you've only got 10 minutes and just want to know what's moving markets fast. That's the Barclays Brief Podcast. Every week, experts from Barclays Markets and Research get you up to speed on what's happening and what to watch next. Concise, focused, and brief. Search Barclays Brief wherever you get your podcasts.

• 13:01Speaker 01

  This is the Bloomberg Tech Minute brought to you by ChatGPT. I'm Carol Muster. Getting hired at SpaceX requires exceptional ability and may include having Elon Musk review a candidate's resume. So writes Bloomberg Business Week's Lauren Grush. She reports that the company culture is defined by Musk and job candidates must understand that a commitment to SpaceX means adhering to this culture and exhibiting loyalty to Elon Musk. To get hired, candidates must demonstrate their achievements from past jobs and hands-on experience matters more to recruiters than advanced degrees, with the company looking for people with raw innate intelligence. A spokesperson for SpaceX didn't respond to a request for comment on its recruiting

• 13:43Speaker 01

  and hiring practices, but according to recruiters, advisors, and those who've interviewed for jobs there, it's the space exploration dream that draws people to the company and Musk invokes that dream regularly to remind workers why they're there. Prospective hires are told that the job will require stamina, including in job ads that candidates, quote, "must be willing to work extended hours and weekends as needed." One major perk for all that hard work? Employees' access to equity, either the right to buy shares or payment in the form of restricted stock units that vest over time. That's the Bloomberg Tech Minute brought to you by ChatGPT. Get started at ChatGPT.com.

• 14:24Tracy Alloway?

  I'm just going to keep pretending to be an anthropologist and ask a bunch of cultural questions, but what actually is the role of Fed Chair when you're in a monetary policy meeting? So, you know, let's say that Warrsh has some sort of outlier opinion. I don't know, he's prioritizing employment versus prices or whatever. Can he convince everyone at the table, all the voting members, to actually change their minds?

• 14:55Speaker 03

  Tracy, it's a great question because a point that I like to make, at least in my professional time, which goes back to Paul Volcker, we tend to talk about the Fed as the Volcker Fed, the Greenspan Fed, Powell, Yellen, Bernanke Fed, and that's appropriate because in this era, Fed chairs have been persuasive and they've usually got their way. But importantly, the Fed as an institution was specifically designed by the Congress in the 1930s in such a way that any material monetary policy decision, do they raise or lower interest rates, or do they buy or sell treasuries, requires an affirmative vote of a committee comprised of 12 members. And so, as I'd like to say, and I'll say it again, really,

• 15:40Speaker 03

  the power of the Fed chair is the power of persuasion because at the end of the day, he or she only has one vote. Now, it's often argued that, well, Rich, that's silly because rarely do Fed chairs get outvoted, and that's true. It happened once or twice under Volcker. It happened way back in the 1940s. And so, yes, empirically, it may appear, though, chairs always get their way. But remember, Fed chairs know where the committee is leaning, and oftentimes, or in certain circumstances, they may themselves decide not to be on the losing end of a particular vote, but to try to persuade the committee over time to move

• 16:21Speaker 03

  in their direction. Now, one thing, I can't really speak to the Greenspan Fed, but beginning under Bernanke and continuing under Yellen and certainly with Jay Powell, there is a lot of pre-meeting, FOMC meeting communication. And indeed, Powell, during my time there, would have individual bilateral discussions with the other 18 people, not just the voters, but you know, there are 12 voters and another seven Reserve Bank presidents who don't vote in a particular year. So Powell would have 18 individual phone calls or face-to-face meetings before every meeting. I don't think that was the practice under Greenspan, for example. And so, part of really what a Fed chair

• 17:04Speaker 03

  Does is to get a sense of where individuals on the committee are. But really, an important power the Chair does have is the Chair sets the agenda for the meeting. And the staff briefings, for the most part, are prepared by the board of staff, sometimes with input from the Reserve Bank presidents. And the board staff reports to the Chair. And so the agenda for the meeting and oftentimes details about the sort of analysis that would be useful for the discussion will be something that the Chair will have a view on. Now, during your, you asked for anecdotes, you know, during, during my time, because of my background in monetary economics, Chair Powell, Jay Powell,

• 17:46Speaker 03

  did ask me to take a pretty hands-on role in interfacing between himself and the staff, in particular, the forecasting and the monetary affairs groups. But ultimately, my role was really, you know, in service to what he wanted to do to produce a successful meeting. The final thing I'll say, you got, you got me sort of wound up.

• 18:06Joe Weisenthal?

  No, no, it's all great.

• 18:08Speaker 03

  The final thing I'll say is, and I think this has been publicly reported, but it's, it, that at a typical Fed meeting, there is a policy announcement that comes out at 2 P M. That's a decision. And the committee, of course, is discussing that decision, but it's discussing other options. And at a typical meeting, in addition to the, the Fed's statement and the policy action that was the outcome of the meeting, the committee is also discussing alternatives, actually tangible alternatives, alternative A, alternative B, alternative C. And there can be quite extensive back and forth in the meetings about those alternatives. And so even at the end of the day, what the public sees is the Fed decided to keep rates on hold.

• 18:54Speaker 03

  And there were two dissents, which were Governors Myron and Waller. A lot more is being discussed at the meeting as potential alternatives to that statement and that decision. And a lot of discussion in meetings can be about what the committee thinks might be appropriate for the next meeting or the meeting down the road. Indeed, one of the, the many things I learned, I made a promise to myself when I was in the job to, to try to learn something new every day, and, and, and I usually did. And, and one of the things I didn't appreciate before I got into the, to the Fed is especially the, the Chair and, and the Powell Fed, you, you really need to have a sense. Of the arc of both the year in terms of the data flow you're likely to get and the

• 19:39Speaker 03

  arc of where decisions need to be made and how they're they're made. And and so there's a lot of sort of like an imperfect but not completely a bad analogy is we've heard of legendary football coaches who like script the first 50 plays of the game. Now, sometimes they move away, but they want to have a plan about how they'll react if the defense does a certain thing or the other. And it's not dissimilar to the way, at least when I was at the Powell Fed, that that we would be thinking not only about the January meeting and then start thinking about March, but really the arc of the of the year, you know, based upon your view of the data and and a number of other considerations. So those are some tangible examples of the way chairs, I think, put their imprint on the on the process.

• 20:23Joe Weisenthal?

  So thinking of calling several plays in a row, we've seen Kevin Warsh, very skeptical of forward guidance and some of the monetary policy innovations that occurred in 2008, 2009, and so forth. I think it's easy, maybe for people to forget that things like the dots, the press conference and so forth, these are all very modern. For most of the Fed's history, there was none of this stuff. Do you think

• 20:50Tracy Alloway?

  I remember the invention of the dot plot. Remember that we were trying to

• 20:54Joe Weisenthal?

  I still don't get it, but yeah.

• 20:55Tracy Alloway?

  Well, we were trying to figure out internally at Bloomberg, like the best way to translate that information.

• 21:01Joe Weisenthal?

  Do you think, I mean, setting aside Warsh's view, do you think there's an argument to be made that some of these communication innovations that maybe made a lot of sense during a period of zerp where the Fed was trying to convince the market that it would be on hold for a very long time, that maybe they can be revisited and we don't need so much of this stuff in normal times?

• 21:24Speaker 03

  Yeah, so I think let's focus now on communication since that was your specific question, but perhaps later also talk about Kevin's other critiques, which are broadly the balance sheet, sort of mission creep in the size and the composition of the balance sheet. And then third critique is grounding Fed policy, both actions and communication, more towards a policy rules framework and a less moving away from what he calls meeting by meeting discretion. But let's talk about communication. And having observed and taught this and actually done it for four years, I want to begin with a historically factual statement that's important to provide some context.

• 22:04Speaker 03

  It is perfectly possible to conduct a very successful monetary policy without any forward guidance. Paul Volcker did it for eight years and Alan Greenspan did it for 17. Now, there would be little handsome winks and nods, but forward guidance as we know it today is really something that was not really in the toolkit of Paul Volcker. Or for the first 17 years, Alan Greenspan, now Greenspan's endlessly fascinating, and one of the fascinating things about Greenspan is that in his last two years, and I would say not coincidentally at the time that Ben Bernanke was a Fed governor, right at the very end in 2004 to '06, Greenspan began to dip his toe into forward guidance.

• 22:49Speaker 03

  But for the most part, that was not really a part of the toolkit. So why did forward guidance, first of all, then what is forward guidance and why it become part of the toolkit? Well, at its most basic level, forward guidance is providing information to observers and importantly, to financial markets about the committee's expectation of the path for interest rates. Now, there's a huge academic literature, I've contributed to it myself, and one of the interesting things that you might find that might be surprising about that literature is it's been a lot of time 20 years ago arguing that forward guidance was irrelevant. Because the Fed's looking at inflation data, the market's looking at inflation data. If inflation's too damn high, the Fed will raise rates. If it's low, they'll cut rates.

• 23:34Speaker 03

  So you don't really get any, you don't really get any incremental benefit by telling people what you're going to do if they know you're going to do it anyway. And so the, the case for forward guidance then has to then rest on something other than it's okay to talk about what you're going to do. And, and where forward guidance really became a focus of the Fed was out of desperation at the zero bound. So rates got cut to zero after Lehman Brothers. The economy was in free fall. The financial system was on the verge of collapse. And the Bernanke Fed could not use conventional policy to lower rates because they had hit, you know, a, a zero bound. And so they began to provide guidance to the markets to essentially reassure markets

• 24:17Speaker 03

  that they were not on a hair trigger to hike rates. Because they kept noticing that even though the economy was weak, inflation was low, unemployment was high, the bond market kept pricing in rate hikes that they had no intention of delivering. And so forward guidance really took on an important role when the Fed was trapped at, at, at the zero bound. Now, an interesting corollary then is what do you do when you raise rates above zero? And of course, the Powell Fed did that beginning, well, Yellen and then Powell did that. And I was actually there for the rate hikes in that, in that cycle. And the Fed, by the time I had arrived, importantly, because of the dots, the Fed had begun to, had continued to use forward guidance even after rates got above zero.

• 25:02Speaker 03

  And oftentimes, the dot plot was an input into that since it provides imperfect, but potentially useful information about the committee's intention to adjust rates. Let, let me say, however, that I think it's entirely appropriate that Kevin, Warsh, or anyone who becomes a Fed Chair now, think about the cost and benefits of forward guidance. Indeed, I've said for at least a decade, including before when I joined the Fed, that forward guidance and quantitative easing. Are not exempt from the laws of economics. They they have benefits, but also costs. There are probably diminishing returns.

• 25:42Speaker 03

  And so I don't think it's at all inappropriate for the Fed, under the leadership of the Chair, to think about benefits and cost of forward guidance in circumstances when it may be useful and circumstances when it may not be. Let me just add a little coda here. Another dimension of Fed communication that's changed has really been the result of a change in technology and access. So, you know, if you go back to the 1980s, yes, when Volcker gave a speech, people would read it, The Times and Wall Street Journal would report on it. But other than that, Fed communication was was pretty limited. And of course, now, of course, we all have access to the Internet and financial news,

• 26:23Speaker 03

  and each Fed President and Fed Governor give speeches. And so there's a lot more individual discussion of what individuals on the committee think would be appropriate policy, as well as formal guidance as well. So I think that's that's sort of where we are on on forward guidance as of today.

• 26:43Tracy Alloway?

  Just one follow up to that. The way I think about it from a market perspective is that forward guidance, you know, since 2008, 2009, has had the effect of dampening volatility, especially in the bond market. And now, if you have less forward guidance, it would seem perhaps there's a risk that volatility makes a return. Putting on your your PIMCO hat, from the perspective of the bond market, what would less forward guidance actually mean?

• 27:13Speaker 03

  I think you hit the nail on the head. I think the most robust prediction I would make is it would it would increase to some extent market volatility, in particular, interest rate volatility. And importantly, and I'll just be very direct and blunt. In the decade, remember rates were at zero for seven years after the global financial crisis. Janet Yellen did not hike rates until December of 2015, and they've been on hold for seven years. And so not only was realized rate volatility low at the front end of the curve, but the Fed was using a lot of forward guidance and a lot of quantitative easing. And that was suppressing interest rate volatility for a very long period of

• 27:57Speaker 03

  time. And then even once the Fed began to lift off because it was deploying forward guidance, that also served at the margin to suppress rate volatility. And you see this, for example, the move index, which is basically a bond market index of volatility got down to very low levels. So, so part of what has been happening really in the last several years under the Powell Fed is bond market implied volatility has gone up relative to the suppressed levels of the decade before the pandemic, but not really up to levels that were at all unusual back in the 1990s. And so I think my first order assessment is we may be going back to what I would call more normal or pre-GFC levels

• 28:42Speaker 03

  of rate volatility. Now, the Fed is not the only game in town when it comes to rate volatility. There's reasons for rate volatility to be elevated because of uncertainty about fiscal policy, for example, as, as well.

• 28:55Joe Weisenthal?

  You know, first of all, I want to say, you know, I remember the concern that the Fed had in 2009 about, does the market see the Fed as a hair trigger out inflation? I don't think a lot of people remember this, but in early 2009, the market was pricing in rate hikes by the end of 2009, which seems almost unbelievable in retrospect when you remind us that the Fed went seven years without a hike. So there really was a very intense challenge on the Fed's hands to convince the market that it was going to stay on hold for a very long time. And I think forward guidance clearly played a sort of specific tech role there. Let's talk now about balance sheet.

• 29:34Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 29:34Joe Weisenthal?

  Bill Dudley wrote a column for Bloomberg Opinion after the Warsh nomination, and he was sort of critical. He said he didn't Think that Worsch was going to be able to shrink the balance sheet much further unless there were some other changes, perhaps relating to banks' capital requirements, et cetera. Worsch's own criticisms of the balance sheet seem a little bit of a moving target at some point. How well do you, I mean, maybe I would ask, how well does any economist have a handle on the effects of balance sheet policy? But what's your read on sort of the reality of Worsch's coming intersection, perhaps, with the balance sheet?

• 30:09Speaker 03

  Yeah, so I think there are two related but distinct elements to this. The first is that Kevin has been publicly and consistently critical of every expansion in the Fed's balance sheet since the first QE1 program. So he very famously said he was opposed to the QE2 program in 2010, although I think he did vote for it, but then he left soon after. And so there's the issue of backward looking, oh, the Fed should not have been buying treasuries and mortgages as it did. And I think there's no reason to think he's changed his mind. Indeed, Secretary Besant wrote a piece with a very provocative title,

• 30:50Speaker 03

  "The Fed's Gain of Function Monetary Policy." And he was also critical, in retrospect, of the expansion in the Fed's balance sheet. The important question, of course, for Odd Lots listeners and for markets is, okay, that's the past. Looking ahead. And one of the many interesting things that Kevin Warsh said during his, I guess, campaign to become Fed Chair was to call for a new accord between the Treasury and the Fed with regards to the balance sheet. Now, he hasn't provided a lot of details. What we do know is what the first accord between the Fed and the Treasury looked like, which was back in 1951. And what was interesting about that, it was essentially the Fed's Declaration of Independence

• 31:32Speaker 03

  to raise rates without getting approval from the Treasury, which is why Fed historians think of it as really a signal event in Fed history. So I don't think that's really an issue now. Presumably, what Kevin means when he talks about an accord is a mutual understanding between the Fed The treasury about the size and composition of its balance sheet. And so, for example, you could agree that the Fed needs to have the current size balance sheet, but it should not own mortgage-backed securities or 30-year treasury. It should own T-bills. So that's a conversation you can have. You can also have a conversation about the Fed having a smaller balance sheet. I admire of Bill and I read that column and agreed with almost all of it.

• 32:16Speaker 03

  The point being is, is to get from here to there is, is not straightforward. And in particular, it involves the banking system in terms of the level of reserves in the banking system. The Fed has been very reticent, although it's been tempted and it's discussed selling mortgage-backed securities. You can find it in the transcripts going back a dozen years, two years. And so, right now, there is no appetite in the existing Fed to think about shrinking the balance sheet through any sort of a, any sort of a sale. And then finally, and I, and I do want to get this on the table because I think it's a very important point that is often imperfectly appreciated, is the following.

• 32:58Speaker 03

  In 2008, coincident with the global financial crisis, the Fed also achieved from Congress the statutory authority to pay interest on bank reserves. Until that point, the Fed created reserves by buying securities, but they earned a zero interest rates. And that, not just the Fed, but most other central banks now pay a market rate of interest on bank reserves. And the reason why that's important is the following. What it means is that when the Fed does do a QE program, when it buys a mortgage security or a treasury, it's not really printing money in the sort of money and banking sense that you're buying a coupon and paying for it with a hundred-dollar bill and thus extinguishing the coupon payment.

• 33:41Speaker 03

  What you're really, what the Fed really does now with modern QE and interest on reserves. Is it's not extinguishing government debt. It's just changing the maturity composition of government debt from fixed to floating. Because at the end of the day, the Fed's balance sheet and the Treasury's balance sheet are consolidated. When the Fed's profitable, the Treasury gets that interest income. In recent years, the Fed has not been profitable and it's been withholding those remittances. And so, once you think of it that way, then you start to think about a scenario where a Treasury Secretary could, if he chose to, say, you know what? I want to be the big sheriff in town when it comes to maturity composition.

• 34:21Speaker 03

  So if I think there are too many 30-year Treasuries, I'll buy them and sell T-bills, and the Fed can buy the T-bills. And so, there are scenarios over time where we could rethink what QE is in addition to what the size of the balance sheet is. But this is not, you know, a 30-minute or, you know, a one-week exercise. This will be a pretty complicated, intricate process. But I don't want to rule out out of hand that it's something that is, you know, beyond considering or discussing.

• 35:07Speaker 01

  This is the Bloomberg Tech Minute, brought to you by ChatGPT. I'm Carol Muster. Getting hired at SpaceX requires exceptional ability and may include having Elon Musk review a candidate's resume. So writes Bloomberg Businessweek's Lauren Grush. She reports that the company culture is defined by Musk, and job candidates must understand that a commitment to SpaceX means adhering to this culture and exhibiting loyalty to Elon Musk. To get hired, candidates must demonstrate their achievements from past jobs, and hands-on experience matters more to recruiters than advanced degrees, with the company looking for people with raw, innate intelligence. A spokesperson for SpaceX didn't respond to a request for comment on its recruiting

• 35:49Speaker 01

  and hiring practices, but according to recruiters, advisors, and those who've interviewed for jobs there, it's the space exploration. Dream that draws people to the company and Musk invokes that dream regularly to remind workers why they're there. Prospective hires are told that the job will require stamina, including in job ads that candidates quote must be willing to work extended hours and weekends as needed. One major perk for all that hard work employees access to equity, either the right to buy shares or payment in the form of restricted stock units that vest over time. That's the Bloomberg Tech Minute brought to you by ChatGPT. Get started at chatgpt.com.

• 36:30Tracy Alloway?

  So other than his distaste for the size and potentially composition of the Fed balance sheet, there's something else that Warch doesn't seem to like, and that's, I guess, traditional economic models. So he's been critical of the Phillips curve, for instance, he's been critical of data dependency at the Fed, which kind of leaves the question, if you're not going to focus on data and you're not going to focus on models, what are you actually using to formulate monetary policy? Do you have any, any read on what that could be?

• 37:05Speaker 03

  I think, you know, and I've known Kevin, I think for a dozen years. I didn't, our, our terms as Fed officials did not coincide, but I've gotten to know him since and we've met many times and had many conversations and the like. And I read most, if not all that he writes, you know, my, my sense is really that his, his critique is that a lot of economic models in macro tend to, to put a lot of emphasis on, on the demand side of the economy. Now, I can point you to my first speech as Fed Vice Chair in October 2018, where I also put on the table that policy need to think about the supply side of the economy. And the Fed doesn't want to be in the business of raising rates because too

• 37:49Speaker 03

  many people have a job if that's not inflationary. And the, the way you sort of square that circle is your outlook on, on productivity. And so it is correct that if you get more growth because you've got a more productive economy, either through innovation or deregulation, then the Fed should not get in in the way of that. And indeed, during my time, the Powell Fed didn't, you know, the the models both in the Fed and outside in 2019 were saying, and indeed, if you look at Fed communication in 2017, it was saying, if the unemployment rate falls below 5%, we'll have to hike rates because that's going to be inflationary. And by the time I got there, the unemployment rate was in the fours and we didn't have inflation and it got down to the low threes.

• 38:33Speaker 03

  And so it is correct that there is a supply as well as a demand side to the economy. And if the supply side can grow faster with higher employment without inflation, the Fed should not get in the way with that. So I I 100% agree with with with that. Now, the the challenge is the economy, as Jay Powell said, the economy is constantly changing. And maybe just a little, a little bit of a wonkish comment for the the wonks in your audience. And let me set the record straight. You know, the old saying, facts are stubborn things. And we all live, you know, we're, three of us were around the 1990s. And Greenspan is justly complimented, as he should be. Indeed, when I teach this material,

• 39:15Speaker 03

  I always emphasize this period for recognizing that because of the internet and connectivity and personal computing, that there were potentially was an imminent increase in pickup in productivity. And the staff and other governors were saying, we should hike rates in Greenspan. And I said, no, let's see, we may get, this may be a productivity led boom. And that's indeed the story between 1995 and 1999. But if you look at the Greenspan Fed in 1999, it was hiking rates, even though we had very strong productivity growth and we had strong economic growth in the face of a very buoyant stock market. And what people forget is that by 2000,

• 39:59Speaker 03

  the federal funds rate was at 6.5%. So it is true that Greenspan did hold off for several years. But by the end of that, of that tech internet boom, and dare I say irrational exuberance, his famous phraseology, Greenspan was hiking rates very aggressively in the face of very strong productivity growth. So when people refer to that period approvingly as a reason for the Fed to hold off from from, you know, hiking or certainly or continuing to cut rates because of productivity, you have to look at the entire decade. You just can't cherry pick three or four years.

• 40:36Joe Weisenthal?

  This is interesting, you know, just while we're here, talk about Greenspan. I mean, why did he raise rates so aggressively? And did Greenspan's own rate hikes in the late 90s not really gel with his own comments about the capacity for the economy to grow during a time of expanding productivity?

• 40:56Speaker 03

  The explanation, I would argue, was really was really twofold. I do think by that time, although I haven't memorized the memoir, but I think by that time, the irrational exuberance piece was a factor. There is a there is a wealth effect. So if stocks are going up, people are wealthy, they spend more. And so central banks don't like to be in the business of pricking bubbles. But there is a connectivity between a very, very fully valued stock market and your macro outlook. You know, we all remember, some of us remember pets.com, you know, the sock puppet Super Bowl commercials. And also, I just think by that point, although inflation had not moved above, I should also

• 41:37Speaker 03

  mention the other fascinating thing about that period is it's clear now from the transcripts that the Greenspan Fed by the mid to late 90s was in essence, running what we would now call an inflation targeting regime and that the target was two. But Greenspan was always resistant to the idea the Fed should ever publicly say that they were targeting 2% inflation. But by the late 90s, you have inflation moving up close to 2%. And you could really, I view this as a period where Greenspan is basically saying, I don't want to go back to the bad old days of eight, seven, 5% inflation. And so it was probably preemptive as well, not resisting the productivity, but merely trying to keep the economy in balance.

• 42:20Speaker 03

  And then the final thing I'll say, sorry to be wonky, is that as a matter of economic modeling, other things being equal, if you've got faster productivity growth, you'd expect that to move up what economists call the neutral rate of interest. Anyway, and I think actually Bill Dudley made that point in his column as as well.

• 42:39Tracy Alloway?

  Never apologize for being wonky on this show. I want to go back to the question of central bank independence. So if we assume that Warsh truly wants to do his own thing outside of presidential influence, and again, there are, there are some people who doubt that is the case. But if we take that premise, how does he actually display or demonstrate the central bank's independence when you have a president who likes to talk about interest rates and likes to joke, as we were saying earlier about, you know, I'm going to sue Warsh if he doesn't lower rates?

• 43:19Joe Weisenthal?

  You also used the word campaign in Kevin Warsh's campaign, which I thought was an interesting choice of words to describe the last several months.

• 43:26Speaker 03

  That's okay. That's, he's, he's a very, he's a good choice. And there were three other candidates and, and it worked. I think, I think there'll be a couple of things, Tracy, that we'll, we'll see pretty soon. In fact, I'll, I'll let you and your listeners decide if it's a, it's a joke. But one thing I find humorous, I'll share with you is that, you know, if, if Jay Powell really wanted to complicate the situation for his successor, you know, he cut rates at the March and the, and the April meeting to get the funds rate down to the level where at least the committee seems to think is the destination so that there's nothing for the next person to do. I don't think Powell's going to do that because I don't think his-

• 44:08Joe Weisenthal?

  Monetary policy by trolling. I don't know if that's a, that doesn't sound like a Powell thing, but that would be funny.

• 44:13Speaker 03

  But, you know, but, but, but, but there is a kernel of, of truth to it, which is, as we said earlier in the, in the podcast, the power of the chair is the power of persuasion. Warsh will only have one vote. You've got some very, very high profile and confident people. There's a voting rotation, as your listeners know. So right now, you've got folks like Beth Hammack, and you've got Lori Logan, Neil Kashkari in Minnesota are, are voting now, and, and Anna Paulson in Philadelphia, I believe. And, you know, and Lori Logan and, and Hammack and Kashkari will not, will not be shy publicly, or I'm sure in the meetings, if-

• 44:53Speaker 03

  They disagree with what they would perceive, and I'm not saying WARS would do this as, you know, we're going to keep cutting rates below a level where the committee seems to have a broad sense that the neutral rate, the destination rate is going to be somewhere in the low threes, you know, three and a quarter, three, whatever. And so I do think that we'll, under the sort of baseline scenario for the economy, we may get to that level of rates sometime this year. And then at that point, the issue would be depending on if there's political pressure on how the worst Fed would navigate that. And my sense is notwithstanding all the discussion of the supply side benefits of AI

• 45:35Speaker 03

  and deregulation, you know, if the hint or the discussion of a future rate cut would trigger nervousness in the financial markets, break even inflations go up, expected inflation measures go up, you know, I think worse would, and I think worse than the Fed would take that seriously. Some, my read is that he will, he will navigate the data as it comes. He'll, he'll want to focus on the supply side, but at the end of the day, look, no, no Fed Chair wants to go down in the history books as the Fed Chair that squandered 40 years of price of stability. And, and so at the end of the day, and this is, I think, perhaps what the president was referring to on more than one occasion, when he was thinking about who he was going to

• 46:20Speaker 03

  choose, I'm paraphrasing, but he said something like, you know, people will say one thing and then they get in the job and they disappoint you. And so I think that that's an element of the, of the institution and of the committee structure that will continue to be relevant.

• 46:35Joe Weisenthal?

  It's so interesting. I mean, something that's interesting is when we, you mentioned the 40 years of general price stability. It's interesting that like Arthur Burns, that is a name that has a lot of, it's been tarnished, right? Because of inflation. And yet Bernanke, who, you know, went through the, the great financial crisis, the worst downturn ever, by and large is remembered as having been a very good central bank chief. And so it's striking that, yeah, you have a few years of inflation, everything, oh, you're a disaster. But if you have a great recession underneath your term, by and large, you could still have a pretty good reputation. I want to ask, though, you know, the thing is, right now, we still have above target inflation and maybe AI will drive productivity boom and allow the economy to grow

• 47:19Joe Weisenthal?

  very fast with low rates, et cetera. In the here and now, though, we haven't even gotten back to 2% yet. And so, and a lot of these benefits of AI, still very theoretical.

• 47:29Speaker 03

  Yeah. Well, I, I'll be even more blunt. I, I think you can make a case that although longer term AI will be disinflationary as the productivity benefits arrive, you can, I think you make a very plausible case that between, between now and then, the CapEx build out to train the models is going to be increasing demand in a fully employed economy before the productivity benefits arise. And so if I were still teaching intermediate macro, this would actually be a pretty interesting case study to go on, on the chalkboard, that in five years, you've got more GDP

• 48:10Speaker 03

  per worker. That's great. That's disinflationary. But between now and year five, you're going to be double, doubling your tech capital spending investment, which is adding demand before the productivity benefits show up. So it's not a slam dunk to me at all about what, about what AI means for, for monetary policy near term, even though maybe in five years, the productivity benefits are so large, it, it will, it will have a different, you know, tendent to be disinflationary. So I think it's, AI is complicated along every dimension you can think. It's a complicated technology. It has complicated economics and social potential ramifications. And I think it's, it's not a slam dunk, easy situation for the, for the central bank either.

• 48:54Joe Weisenthal?

  I have one last question about central bank independence. Setting aside Worsch's comments, something we haven't talked about at all, is the subpoena to Jerome Powell over the, over the offices, over the renovation. Powell was very specific in that he thought the subpoena was motivated by punishing him or trying to get back at him for doing rate policy that the president didn't like. Two things relate to that. A, does the subpoena, in your view, sort of add to your worry, either medium or long term, about how long the central bank truly will be an independent institution in the United States? And a corollary to that, you mentioned Powell could troll the worst by doing all the rate cuts now. What do you see as the odds that he stays on the

• 49:39Joe Weisenthal?

  board until his term as governor ends, even if he's no longer chair?

• 49:43Speaker 03

  First of all, there is precedent, and the Fed's a very, very precedent-focused institution. Legendary Fed Chair, indeed, he had a building named after a Mariner Echols, was an FDR appointee. And then when Harry Truman became president, Harry Truman named another Fed Chair, and Echols stayed on and actually became a real thorn in Truman's side. I would be surprised if Jay Powell stays on for the remainder of his term as governor, which runs through just January of 2028. Would I be shocked if he stayed for a meeting or two? No. Only Powell knows. He's been asked that question two dozen times, and he always gives the same answer. But I sense he's probably

• 50:27Speaker 03

  not going to be staying on. You know, in terms of this case, Powell's comments can stand for themselves. I won't weigh in. What I will say, though, is we have not only this, the current thing that you just mentioned about investigation on the building, you know, we also have the Lisa Cook case. That's right. He's going to weigh in on that. And this is all sort of tied up into this idea of can Congress establish a central bank with a degree of independence to raise or lower rates? And an important element of this is this idea of for cause removal. You know, beyond that, it's just going to play out, and I don't have any particular expertise about where

• 51:11Speaker 03

  it will end. But I will say is, at the end of the day, I do expect that the Fed is an institution, and it will have sufficient independence to raise or lower rates because of its institutional structure. And I think ultimately, the courts are going to back that up.

• 51:25Tracy Alloway?

  All right, Richard Clarida, truly the perfect guest. Thank you so much for coming back on Odd Lots.

• 51:31Speaker 03

  Thank you.

• 51:32Joe Weisenthal?

  Thanks, Rich. That was great.

• 51:45Tracy Alloway?

  So that was a really fun conversation. I like the idea, or I'm not sure I like, I am intrigued by the idea of monetary policy by trolling.

• 51:56Joe Weisenthal?

  It'd be so funny if there was like no room left to cut by the time Kevin got there and then you couldn't fulfill any inclination to cut.

• 52:03Tracy Alloway?

  But I think it actually raises an important point, and I'm thinking back to the conversation we did with Emmy Nakamura, where she talks about central banks building up a sort of store of credibility and then having to spend it at various points. If you have a president who is so opinionated when it comes to interest rates, and certainly not shy about tweeting or talking about them, I feel like it inherently starts to spend down some of that credibility, because it just becomes very, very difficult, I think, to demonstrate your own independence.

• 52:40Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, I think it's gonna be really tricky. You know, it's obviously something we talked about with Escondia last week, which is that there's multiple potential nominees who would have come in with the willingness to cut rates further at this point. Christopher Waller being an obvious one, he's been voting for rate cuts. But he also has a lot of credibility because he was voting for rate hikes in, you know, 2022, 2023, and so forth. I think it's gonna be, you know, it'll be tricky for Warshen. But on the other hand, look, I would say also, you know, it's easy to say, oh, he's got to come in, he's got to build credibility. A lot of people really like him. A lot of people who have worked with him at various times, who have known him, think he's a serious thinker, that he knows what he's talking about, that even if he doesn't always agree with them, particularly on things related to the balance sheet, communication, that he's an honest broker.

• 53:25Joe Weisenthal?

  So maybe, you know, maybe we are overstating the risks, or maybe it's easy to overstate the risk that he comes in and has a real fight on his hands to get the policy agenda that he wants.

• 53:37Tracy Alloway?

  Oh, to be a fly on the wall of the first meeting with Warshen.

• 53:41Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, it'll be, it'll be super interesting. I also really like, I wonder if he's gonna get rid of the press conference. That's my prediction. I would not be surprised, and you know what, I'll say, like... These are new things. It's not like he'd be overturning 80 years of precedent here. This is a very modern thing, and a lot of the communications innovations were, as Rich said, a very specific purpose when the Fed was exerted to convince the market that it would stay low, and they needed to make that case. So if there's a sort of honest look at all of these post-GFC monetary policy changes, I certainly think that's totally fine.

• 54:21Tracy Alloway?

  I think Jackson Hole might be in danger, too.

• 54:23Joe Weisenthal?

  You think so?

• 54:24Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah, maybe. Just out of pure self-interest, I hope not.

• 54:28Joe Weisenthal?

  I hope not, too.

• 54:29Tracy Alloway?

  Because I enjoy going to one of the most beautiful places on earth every year.

• 54:32Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah. I hope it doesn't go away.

• 54:35Tracy Alloway?

  All right. Shall we leave it there?

• 54:36Joe Weisenthal?

  Let's leave it there.

• 54:37Tracy Alloway?

  This has been another episode of the Odd Lots Podcast. I'm Tracy Alloway. You can follow me at Tracy Alloway.

• 54:43Joe Weisenthal?

  And I'm Joe Weisenthal. You can follow me at TheStalwart. Follow our producers, Carmen Rodriguez at Carmen Erman, Dashell Bennett at Dashbot, and Cale Brooks at Cale Brooks. And for more Odd Lots content, go to Bloomberg.com/oddlots for the daily newsletter and all of our episodes. And you can chat about all of these topics 24/7 in our Discord, discord.gg/oddlots.

• 55:04Tracy Alloway?

  And if you enjoy Odd Lots, if you like it when we talk about new Fed chairs with former vice chairs, then please leave us a positive review on your favorite podcast platform. And remember, if you are a Bloomberg subscriber, you can listen to all of our episodes absolutely ad-free. All you need to do is find the Bloomberg channel on Apple Podcasts and follow the instructions there. Thanks for listening.

• 55:57Speaker 04

  Congratulations, you've built a dashboard. But now comes the follow-up question, and the follow-up to the follow-up, and the dashboard for that. Meet Hex. Give everyone the power to ask their own questions, explore data, and build with AI, all in natural language. Because every answer should spark another question, limited only by your curiosity, not your data team's bandwidth. Go deeper than dashboards. Join over 2,000 leading data organizations. Visit hex.ai.

• 56:28Speaker 05

  If you're a business owner, you need a card that can keep up. With the Delta SkyMiles Reserve Business American Express Card, everyday purchases transform into miles you can use towards future travel. So business as usual can lead to a well-deserved getaway. And for a limited time, card members can earn 200,000 bonus miles, the highest miles offered this year. Whether you're traveling for business or planning your next adventure, now's a great time to make every purchase go further. Apply today at www.delta.com/podcast. Offer ends November 4. Minimum spending requirements and terms apply.