Is Amazon Losing Its Edge? What the AWS Outage Means for the Cloud Wars

Ed Elson speaks with Mark Mahaney, head of internet research at Evercore ISI, about what the AWS outage reveals about Amazon’s role in the cloud space and what’s next for the stock. Then Ed is joined by Maurice Obstfeld, senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics, to check in on the economic impact of tariffs since Liberation Day. Check out our latest Prof G Markets newsletter Order "The Algebra of Wealth" out now Subscribe to No Mercy / No Malice Follow Prof G Markets on Instagram Follow Ed on Instagram and X Follow Scott on Instagram Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

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• 1:29Ed Elson?

  Today's number? 100,000. That's how many New Yorkers showed up on Saturday to the No Kings protest about which many had warned of Antifa-led violence. Today's other number is zero. That's how many people were arrested for being violent.

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• 1:58Ed Elson?

  Welcome to property markets. I'm Ed Elson. It is October 21st. Let's check in on yesterday's market vitals. The major indices all climbed more than 1% with the S&P logging its best two-day gain since June. Apple rallied 4% to its first record of the year following a strong iPhone 17 sales report. Meanwhile, Treasury yields declined. And finally, gold hit its 49th record close of the year.

• 2:26Ed Elson?

  Okay, what else is happening? Amazon Web Services, the backbone of the internet, suffered a major outage that took hundreds of services offline across the globe. The disruption logged more than six and a half million outage incidents and over eight million user reports within hours. What looked like a routine technical issue quickly became a worldwide event. More than 1,000 company websites went dark, from Hulu to McDonald's to Snapchat to WhatsApp. Even banks like Barclays and Lloyds couldn't connect to their own systems. Even the platform that we use to record this podcast was affected. So it was a red flag for Amazon, but also a red flag for the internet at large,

• 3:08Ed Elson?

  which has revealed itself as extremely reliant on AWS. AWS now accounts for one-third of the global cloud market. It alone generates more than $107 billion a year. As a reminder, what actually is AWS? It is essentially the infrastructure for everything we do on the internet. It's how companies host apps and process payments and store their data. So when AWS stops, it's similar to the power going out. Everything stops. And that is exactly what we saw yesterday morning. One small error in one region, in this case, Virginia, which cascaded through millions of systems around the globe.

• 3:48Ed Elson?

  So to help us make sense of this outage and what it tells us about Amazon and its place in our global economy, we are speaking with Mark Mahaney, Head of Internet Research at Evercore. Mark, great to see you again.

• 4:01Mark Mahaney?

  Good to see you, Ed.

• 4:04Ed Elson?

  So this AWS outage that is kind of affecting all of us, certainly affecting us up here at Prof G, let's just start with your initial reactions. Any top line thoughts when this happened yesterday?

• 4:17Mark Mahaney?

  Well, yes, it is impacting all of us. This show had to switch formats, I guess. And then my collegiate son called me to tell me that he wasn't able to finish an exam this morning or something because that-

• 4:30Ed Elson?

  God forbid.

• 4:30Mark Mahaney?

  Yes. So it really has impacted so many things. I think we were having, and then here at Evercore, we were having problems getting our research notes out. So yes, it's had a dramatic impact. I guess what it tells you is just how crucial AWS is to the internet. So I guess that's one take. And then secondly, this is a pretty big black eye for AWS. Now, they've had outages before. It was about a year and a half ago, almost a year and a half ago in June of 24, I think they had a seven hour blackout. So they've, they've had these problems before. I'm not sure actually whether this was a mistake execution error on their part, or whether there was something malicious that went on. I think it's more the first and the latter, but we won't know. We don't know and probably won't know for a little bit. So yeah, it's

• 5:15Mark Mahaney?

  in a time when AWS, the backdrop on all this is that AWS is a very significant percentage of the value for Amazon. Amazon as a stock has underperformed for some time because of the belief that AWS has been slow to embrace AI, that they've been a shared donor to put to companies like Azure and maybe Google Cloud and maybe Oracle. This doesn't help. This doesn't help Amazon and it doesn't help the narrative on the stock. But you know, for now, it looks like investors are willing to shrug it off. I hope it doesn't speak about broader issues at Amazon, though.

• 5:50Ed Elson?

  Yeah, it was quite interesting to see the stock's reaction because, you know, we've seen pretty significant stock declines on kind of small news for Amazon this year. And then on this news, you'd think it would be pretty negative and then the stock goes up, not dramatically. But I wonder if perhaps investors are maybe realizing how important this is. Maybe this brought to light how much everyone needs AWS. Just want to get your reactions to perhaps that view.

• 6:18Mark Mahaney?

  You may be right, Ed. I'll take a different point of view. I just think it's that the company has had out, AWS has had outages before and, and they've been able to come back. And so I think that's the market expectation. But it does seem like this is dragging on. My guess is that if it turns out that this is, you know, a 12, 24 hour partial outage, I would think you'd see a stock reaction tomorrow if it's not clearly, I don't know, handled, you know, completed, whatever, taken care of, you know, this sometime this evening or tonight, you know, east coast time. I would think you would see a bleeding into the stock then.

• 6:52Ed Elson?

  As a incident. Analyst, is this the kind of thing that is a legitimate bearish signal for Amazon? Is this the kind of thing where you see this and you think actually, you know, cloud, one of the most important sectors of the stock market at large at this point? Is this the kind of thing where you think maybe we need to diversify? Maybe we need to look at other cloud providers? What does this mean for Amazon long term?

• 7:18Mark Mahaney?

  Well, it will depend on the duration of the outage and the partial outage. But you know, the extent that this, you know, continues, it'll cast real. I mean, AWS has been, didn't invent actually the cloud industry. I think that was actually Google. But you know, for all intents and purposes, they have been the cloud poster child for, you know, good solid 15 years now. Maybe it's faded a little bit in the last two years. And, you know, to the extent that something like this, you know, happens, it just raises just more questions about the durability of AWS's leadership, not about the durability of cloud, demand, storage and compute, but about the durability of AWS's leadership.

• 7:59Ed Elson?

  Yeah, just look at the valuation. It's quite striking. It's kind of one of the, the big laggards in the mag seven, trading at 17 times EBITDA. You've got Meta at 19, Apple at 27. It seems that there is kind of sluggish sentiment, perhaps you could call it, around Amazon right now. Just wondering if, if you have any thoughts on, on why that is? You know, perhaps aside from the outage, why is Wall Street not so excited about Amazon? When you compare it to the other mag seven stocks?

• 8:34Mark Mahaney?

  I think the single biggest reason has to do with AWS and the AI narrative. I think the single biggest factor behind not all tech stocks, but a large number of them is whether they are perceived correctly or incorrectly to be AI winners or AI losers. And it's very hard not to look at the AWS results of the last two years, dramatically slower growth than what Azure's been able to put together, Google Cloud's been able to do and maybe even Oracle. It's very hard to look at that in a time when clearly AI cloud demands have are growing triple digits year over year. Very hard to look at that and and not think that Amazon kind of missed a little bit this that this transition. They were a little late.

• 9:19Mark Mahaney?

  A slow in terms of their product development. It doesn't mean they can't catch up. Uh, but it's hard to avoid that narrative. And I think that's been the single biggest overhang on the stock. Look, it's not the retail business. That's been growing kind of solid, you know, 10%. It's growing faster than online retail, so they continue to take share. It's not profitability in the retail segment. That's been gapping up uh the last two years. Uh, the ads business has been doing well for Amazon. It's up with that margin. So it's none of those factors. Uh, it's really been the big drag factor has been AWS. And A A W S and Amazon need to prove that they can grow at least in line with the market again. And until they do that, I think this overhang is going to remain.

• 10:00Ed Elson?

  You you often talk about, I I believe the term is uh dislocated high quality companies. Did I get that right?

• 10:07Mark Mahaney?

  Yes, you did.

• 10:08Ed Elson?

  Do you think that Amazon could be a contender? I mean, it's a high quality company for many of the reasons that we've discussed. Perhaps it is dislocated because of the AI narrative. Do you think that that could fit in the category or no?

• 10:22Mark Mahaney?

  Yeah, I think so. I mean, we're also in a point where, you know, I do hunt for these DHQs. Sorry, you have to come up with an acronym. So dislocated high quality. You gotta do it. And uh, you know, the beginning of the year, I thought that was Uber. Great. That worked out. Then uh, four or five months ago, that was our top pick. And then we made Google our top pick. All these is this is all this is useless to you now because those are all picks in the past. But now what do we do? And we made Amazon our number one pick on the belief that it's not fully dislocated, but look, it's certainly underperformed. Weakest performer, it's flat on the year, down slightly on the year in which the S and P 500 is up solid, you know, mid-high teens. So yeah, it's been, it's somewhat dislocated. It's not trading at a chalk multiple, but it's actually pretty close to one.

• 11:04Mark Mahaney?

  So I put all that together. Yeah, I I haven't been as aggressive at calling it DHQ. I mean, I thought Google when it was trading at 15 times earnings, I thought that was clearly DHQ. I wouldn't quite. I'd say that about Amazon, but but it comes as close as any other stock I look at now to being a DHQ. So yeah, and what they need to do, the market may well be right. The market's view is that AI is causing Amazon to lose share in this cloud segment. And also AI is leading leading companies to spend differently than they were before. Startups not leaning in, starting off with AWS and cloud storage and compute, but leading in with LLM tools like it may be that there's just a shift in enterprise spend away from AWS's core competency.

• 11:48Mark Mahaney?

  All of that feeds into this AI loss narrative. And the only way that Amazon is going to prove or disprove this is by showing, you know, material acceleration in the back half of the year. And probably, you know, to me, the number on Wall Street is 20%. If AWS can show that they're exiting this year, 2025, with 20% year-over-year growth, I think that narrative will change rapidly, just like it did with Google on a very different setup about four months ago.

• 12:17Ed Elson?

  All right, Mark Mahaney, head of internet research at Evercore. We really appreciate your time. Thanks, Mark.

• 12:22Mark Mahaney?

  Thank you, Ed.

• 12:25Ed Elson?

  After the break, an update on tariffs six months in. If you're enjoying the show, give Profty Markets a follow.

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• 14:12Ed Elson?

  We're back with Prof G Markets. It's been more than six months since tariffs were announced on Liberation Day. And since then, we've seen tariffs imposed on many US allies, 35% on Canada, 50% on Brazil and India. Just 10 days ago, Trump threatened a 100% tariff on all products from China, marking a dramatic escalation in US-China trade tensions. And last week, the latest round of tariffs targeting furniture, kitchen cabinets and lumber took effect, which economists believe could raise homebuilding costs for many Americans. Markets are watching closely. Just yesterday, major indices climbed on signs that US-China tensions may be easing. Either way, we thought that this would be a good time for a quick tariff update.

• 14:56Ed Elson?

  What impact have these tariffs had so far? Who is really absorbing the cost and what is really going on? So here to explain that, we are speaking with Maurice Obstfeld, professor of economics emeritus at Berkeley and senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He is also former chief economist at the IMF. Maurice, thank you for joining us on Prof G Markets.

• 15:20Speaker 10

  Thank you, Red. Happy to be here.

• 15:22Ed Elson?

  So we are about six months into the tariffs. So we were thinking this is probably a good moment to get the update. What is the update on the tariffs? What have we learned so far? What have been the impacts? Give us your read.

• 15:36Speaker 10

  The administration's goals with these tariffs were, first of all, to reduce the trade deficit. Secondly, to bring back manufacturing jobs. Thirdly, and a more recent goal, was to raise revenue and help finance the tax cuts in the one big beautiful bill, ACT.

• 15:59Speaker 10

  Critics of these predicted that they would be negative for employment and growth, would raise inflation, and would not fully accomplish the administration's goals. My assessment so far would be it's a mixed bag. There are a lot of other things going on in the economy that obscure the pure effects of tariffs alone. But on the whole, I would argue there's very little evidence that the goals are being met and some evidence of harm to the economy that is probably likely to grow.

• 16:36Ed Elson?

  Just taking those examples that you gave there, impact on manufacturing and job growth, we've seen that. Impact on prices, we've seen that. In what sense is it a mixed bag? I mean, I was almost thinking you were going to say it's had been exactly what the critics thought. But in what in what sense are we seeing a mixed bag? How is it sort of perhaps been beneficial, or at least in line with what Trump wanted?

• 17:08Speaker 10

  I don't think it's been beneficial at all. I think it's a mixed bag in terms of, you know, obvious evidence of the worst outcomes that economists predicted. I think, you know, all the costs are there and will become more evident over time. But, you know, other factors in the economy have obscured what's going on. I don't think that they can hide the damage for long. So, for example, you know, we're basically in the midst of an AI boom, which is lifting investment, lifting stock market prices. You know, we're also benefiting from some legislation that was passed in the Biden administration

• 17:53Speaker 10

  that is operating with a lag, the CHIPS Act, the infrastructure bill, for example. So these things obscure the effects. And so you will see, you know, people saying the economists were all wrong, they didn't know anything. But I think the negative effects are there. And you see it in the anecdotal evidence of businesses that are in real trouble because their input costs are higher. You see it in the labor market where hiring has slowed to a crawl.

• 18:25Speaker 10

  You see it in an inflation rate, which while it hasn't spiked, has remained very stubborn. And if you look under the hood, as the Harvard Business School Prices Project has had, you know, disaggregated data, you see, you do see prices of goods affected directly by tariffs or goods which are similar to those affected by tariffs rising. You know, a lot of the damage is hidden, but I think will come out soon. For example, you know, we, we see a fair amount of revenue from tariffs coming into the government's coffers. You see that foreign exporters to the US have not lowered their dollar prices. Somebody's paying for that.

• 19:10Speaker 10

  Partially it's consumers, but a lot of it is coming out of business profits and business margins. And that's going to lead businesses to raise prices not too far down the road. So the effects are definitely all bad to my mind. They're somewhat disguised by, you know, what, what, what a very strong economy that Trump, that Trump inherited, which, you know, had a lot of momentum and is being powered by this AI boom, some call it a bubble, you know, which may or may not pan out.

• 19:45Ed Elson?

  Yeah, when I look at what sort of the, the other side, or what the, what MAGA would argue, I'm, I'm saying, my position has been quite clear. I think these tariffs are a very bad idea. But the other side would say, look at the revenue that we've brought in. August and September, sixty-three billion dollars in tariff revenue, i.e. America is raising money because of these tariffs. Is there more to that story? What would be your response to that bragging point, let's call it? And, and yes, tell us more about the fiscal implications of all of this.

• 20:24Speaker 10

  Well, suppose instead of raising tariffs, we had simply let the 2017 Tax Cuts and Job Act expire as they were set to do, then revenue would be coming in. And, you know, we could be crowing about that revenue coming in. But we wouldn't be because we might be saying, well, you know, people are paying higher taxes. That hurts their consumption. Higher taxes might slow the economy, right? No Republican would be crowing about that revenue. But why are tariffs any different? You know, basically, Americans are paying this money to the government. It's creating inefficiency on the production side.

• 21:07Speaker 10

  It is allowing companies to be less competitive under the tariff wall. It's hurting innovation. It's hurting exports. It's hurting the prices of intermediate inputs that firms rely on for investment. And essentially, the fiscal policy that the Trump administration pursued was to exchange this revenue for the tax cut revenue. Now, if you compare the two, the income tax cuts mostly benefit the rich. Tariffs mostly hurt those who are less well off.

• 21:49Speaker 10

  It's really not a fair trade in terms of how aggressive the tax system is. And so the revenue is nothing to brag about, and it's not going to be nearly enough to plug up the deficit hole that the one big beautiful bill has created. Tariffs are at most going to bring in an extra 200 billion a year. The numbers you cited of tariff revenue are tariff revenue, including revenue from the tariffs that already existed prior to the Trump administration. So they're not the net increase in tariff revenue. That net increases of, let's say, 2 trillion over a 10-year horizon has to be put against

• 22:32Speaker 10

  the net decrease of about 4 trillion over a 10-year horizon at the

• 22:38Speaker 10

  One big beautiful bill act has caused relative to the January 2025 budget baseline.

• 22:48Ed Elson?

  If I had to sort of simplify what you're describing here, all of these economic terms being thrown out, tariffs, income tax, but ultimately, I mean, what we're describing is taxes and what you're saying is the tariffs have been a tax windfall that we are basically extracting from consumers, i.e. poorer Americans, or at least middle-class Americans. And the the tax cuts that we're going to see in the in the big beautiful bill, those are tax cuts that we're seeing among the rich predominantly. So it sounds like what we're describing here is basically a wealth transfer from middle-class and lower-income

• 23:31Ed Elson?

  Americans to higher-income Americans. Is that correct?

• 23:35Speaker 10

  That's exactly right. The Trump administration is trying to move back, at least partially, to the kind of tax system we had in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, which was based largely on tariffs. The income tax had not even been instituted because it was not viewed as being consistent with the Constitution. We had a constitutional amendment that made it possible. And then we moved away from the tariff-based system. We lowered tariffs. It was very good for general prosperity. It was good for the distribution of income. And the reason we moved away from tariffs toward this income tax system was

• 24:18Speaker 10

  in part because the tariff-based system was so regressive. It's so penalized the relatively poor, and the income tax was viewed as much fairer and much more equitable. And this strategy that the Trump administration has is just turning the clock back more than 100 years.

• 24:37Ed Elson?

  Final question. Do you think this is going to continue? Would you expect that prices will continue to rise?

• 24:42Speaker 10

  I think prices will continue to rise. I think we'll see more inflation down the road. I think we'll also see more business distress down the road, especially small businesses. I fear that these tariffs, because the government is going to become dependent on that revenue, will not be easily removed ever, even if the administration changes parties.

• 25:06Ed Elson?

  Maurice Ofsfeld, really appreciate your time. Thank you for joining us.

• 25:09Speaker 10

  Pleasure, Ed. Thank you.

• 25:13Ed Elson?

  That was Maurice Ofsfeld, professor of economics emeritus at Berkeley and senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. Now, if you are following the administration on social media, well, you would probably get the idea that tariffs have been a win. And most recently, you would have probably heard about this $198 billion surplus that the US registered in September. Many people are talking about it. It's a $118 billion increase from September of last year. And according to many officials, it is because of the tariffs, which sounds pretty good.

• 25:53Ed Elson?

  As usual, however, we are missing some context, some important context, which tells us a very different story from the one we're being told. And that is 88 billion of that 198 billion, that was actually counted from August because the 1st of September fell on a weekend. So it was really an accounting blip. And at the same time, 130 billion of that 198 billion was also a one-off savings number from this restructuring of our student loan portfolio, i.e. another accounting blip. So if you actually account for those two distortions, well, this month's surplus, which everyone keeps talking about, it would actually amount to a deficit of $20 billion. So not really a win.

• 26:38Ed Elson?

  Now, having said that, we shouldn't just write off the tariffs and the revenue that the tariffs are generating. The tariffs have raised revenues roughly $118 billion in fiscal year 2025, which again, some would say is actually a good thing. But I will once again remind you, as we just discussed, from whom those tariff revenues are actually being raised, and it's you.

• 27:04Ed Elson?

  It's the consumer. Because as we've said many times on the show, tariffs aren't really a tax on foreign nations. They are actually a tax on Americans. Because it's the importer that pays the tariff, i.e. the American company. And the American company can either cover the costs fully themselves, or they can pass the costs on to the consumer. And indeed, the data is telling us, just as we predicted, the costs are being passed on to the consumer, at least in part. According to Goldman Sachs, the American consumer is shouldering roughly 60% of the tariff burden right now, which is why prices are going up.

• 27:44Ed Elson?

  We saw the previous CPI report where inflation rose to 2.9%, up from 2.4% before the tariffs went into effect. Which items rose the most in price? Of course, the tariff-sensitive items: toys, TVs, coffee, up 10% in August. In fact, without the tariffs, the most recent inflation reading in August would have been about a half a percent lower. We're also seeing it play out in retail. Walmart has outwardly acknowledged they have raised their prices because of tariffs. Procter & Gamble, they have also acknowledged they've raised their prices because of tariffs. Amazon, they actually haven't outwardly acknowledged it, but indeed, they are raising their prices anyway.

• 28:28Ed Elson?

  Target is raising their prices. Home Depot is raising their prices. Everyone is raising their prices. And there is a very obvious thread that runs through all of these stories, and obviously it is tariffs. Tariffs are raising prices. We predicted this back in the spring, when it was a lot less popular to say it.

• 28:49Ed Elson?

  It takes 90 to 180 days for a US retailer to place an inventory order, get it shipped, get it fulfilled, place it on a shelf, price it, and then sell it. Which means if you implement tariffs in April, you're not going to see these price increases in the same month. You're not even going to see the price increase in the next month. It's going to happen three to six months later, which means that realistically... Inflation is going to come, but it's going to come sometime in the fall, maybe just before Christmas. And you can lock that prediction in from me right now. And here we are. It is fall. It is two months before Christmas. Indeed, the tariff impact has taken effect. The question now is whether or not it will continue,

• 29:31Ed Elson?

  whether or not it will get worse. And we will begin to see that on Friday. We'll see the Consumer Price Index for September. We'll probably get a better picture of the downstream impacts that these tariffs are having on the consumer. Our prediction, our view at Prof G is quite simple. We are only getting started.

• 29:54Ed Elson?

  Okay, that's it for today. This episode was produced by Claire Miller, edited by Alison Weiss, and engineered by Benjamin Spencer. Our research team is Dan Chalane, Isabel Kinsel, Chris No Donahue, and Mia Silverio. And our technical director is Drew Burrows. Thanks for listening to Prof G Markets from Prof G Media. If you liked what you heard, give us a follow. I'm Ed Elson. I will see you tomorrow.

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