#471 – Sundar Pichai: CEO of Google and Alphabet

Sundar Pichai is CEO of Google and Alphabet. Thank you for listening ❤ Check out our sponsors: https://lexfridman.com/sponsors/ep471-sc See below for timestamps, transcript, and to give feedback, submit questions, contact Lex, etc. Transcript: https://lexfridman.com/sundar-pichai-transcript CONTACT LEX: Feedback – give feedback to Lex: https://lexfridman.com/survey AMA – submit questions, videos or call-in: https://lexfridman.com/ama Hiring – join our team: https://lexfridman.com/hiring Other – other ways to get in touch: https://lexfridman.com/contact EPISODE LINKS: Sundar’s X: https://x.com/sundarpichai Sundar’s Instagram: https://instagram.com/sundarpichai Sundar’s Blog: https://blog.google/authors/sundar-pichai/ Google Gemini: https://gemini.google.com/ Google’s YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@Google SPONSORS: To support this podcast, check out our sponsors & get discounts: Tax Network USA: Full-service tax firm. Go to https://tnusa.com/lex https://lexfridman.com/s/tax_network_usa-ep471-sc BetterHelp: Online therapy and counseling. Go to https://betterhelp.com/lex https://lexfridman.com/s/betterhelp-ep471-sc LMNT: Zero-sugar electrolyte drink mix. Go to https://drinkLMNT.com/lex https://lexfridman.com/s/lmnt-ep471-sc Shopify: Sell stuff online. Go to https://shopify.com/lex https://lexfridman.com/s/shopify-ep471-sc AG1: All-in-one daily nutrition drink. Go to https://drinkag1.com/lex https://lexfridman.com/s/ag1-ep471-sc OUTLINE: (00:00) – Introduction (00:07) – Sponsors, Comments, and Reflections (07:55) – Growing up in India (14:04) – Advice for young people (15:46) – Styles of leadership (20:07) – Impact of AI in human history (32:17) – Veo 3 and future of video (40:01) – Scaling laws (43:46) – AGI and ASI (50:11) – P(doom) (57:02) – Toughest leadership decisions (1:08:09) – AI mode vs Google Search (1:21:00) – Google Chrome (1:36:30) – Programming (1:43:14) – Android (1:48:27) – Questions for AGI (1:53:42) – Future of humanity (1:57:04) – Demo: Google Beam (2:04:46) – Demo: Google XR Glasses (2:07:31) – Biggest invention in human history PODCAST LINKS: – Podcast Website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast – Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr – Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 – RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ – Podcast Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4 – Clips Channel: https://www.youtube.com/lexclips

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Lex Fridman?

  The following is a conversation with Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Google and Alphabet. And now, a quick, huge second mention of his sponsor. Check them out in the description or at lexfridman.com/sponsors. It's the best way to support this podcast. We've got Tax Network USA for taxes, BetterHelp for mental health, Element for electrolytes, Shopify for selling stuff online, and Age You One for your daily multivitamin drink. Choose wisely, my friends. And now, onto the fallatories. You can skip them if you like, but if you do, please still check out our sponsors. I enjoy their stuff. Maybe you will, too. If you want to get in touch with me for whatever reason, go to lexfridman.com/contact. All right, let's go.

• 0:45Lex Fridman?

  This episode is brought to you by Tax Network USA, a full-service tax firm focused on solving tax problems for individuals and for small businesses. I remember when I was preparing for the Roman Empire episode, I came across a lot of places where there was a rigorous discussion about the intricate tax collection algorithms used by the Roman Empire. The reason I use the word "algorithms" is basically there's a systematic process for determining how much you owe based on your location, based on your status, based on your job, based on all these kinds of factors.

• 1:27Lex Fridman?

  It's sad, but those rules in the early days initially give power to the individual because they protect the individual. But when they become too complicated, then the bureaucracy, the centralized power, starts to abuse its power by using the rules. And then the individual loses power because they can't figure out the complexity of the rules. And that's essentially why you need the CPAs and the firms to figure out the complexity. Anyway, these guys are good. Talk with one of their strategists for free today. Call 1-800-958-1000, or go to tnusa.com/lex.

• 2:09Lex Fridman?

  This episode is brought to you by BetterHelp, spelled H E L P, help. I got to recently meet a lot of interesting people when I visited San Francisco. I was there in part to celebrate Yoshua Bach and the newly launched California Institute for Machine Consciousness. I, by the way, encourage you to check it out. I think it's C I M C dot A I. And there I talked to a lot of brilliant people and one of them was a grad student studying the so-called dark triad. These are the three personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. A little bit for a brief moment, it made me wish I took that path of studying the human mind.

• 2:49Lex Fridman?

  And perhaps that is the indirect way through all the A I, through all the programming, through all the building of systems. And now with a podcast, maybe I somehow sneaked up to that dream in the end. Anyway, I say all that because these topics are studying the extremes of the human mind. But of course, the extremes are just the edges of an incredibly complicated system. That's just so fascinating to study, to reflect on, to put a mirror to all those processes that you do through talk therapy. They're just fascinating. Anyway, you can check them out at betterhelp.com/lex and save on your first month. That's betterhelp.com/lex.

• 3:30Lex Fridman?

  This episode is also brought to you by Element, my daily zero sugar and delicious electrolyte mix. I'm not going to go down the rabbit hole, but there's a lot of interesting studies that measure the decreased performance of the human brain, so cognitive processing speed, for example. By what amount does it decrease? Reaction time, by what amount does it decrease when you decrease the brain's sodium levels, for example? Sodium and potassium really are important on a chemical level for the functioning of the human brain. Now, obviously, all throughout human history, people understood the value of water, but as a medical concept, the concept of dehydration only came about in the 19th century. If we just look at the history of medicine, it's kind of hilarious how little we knew before.

• 4:16Lex Fridman?

  And it makes me think we know very little now relative to what we will know in a hundred and a thousand years. The human body, the biological system of the human body is incredibly complicated. So for us to have this certainty that we sometimes exude about the human body, about what we understand about disease, about health. It's kind of funny. Anyway, get a sample pack for free with any purchase. Try it. Drink element.com slash Lex. This episode is also brought to you by Shopify, a platform designed for anyone to sell anywhere with a great looking online store. Once again, I do this often where I don't just or at all talk about Shopify,

• 5:00Lex Fridman?

  but instead talk about the CEO of Shopify, Toby. He, once again, like I mentioned with Yoshua Bach and the newly launched C I M C, California Institute of Machine Consciousness. He's a big supporter of that, too. And a bunch of people have asked me why I have not done a podcast with him yet. I don't know either. I'm sure it's going to happen soon and I haven't seen him in quite a while. A lot of people from a lot of walks of life deeply respect him for his intellect, for the way he does business and just for the human being he is. So anyway, not sure why I mentioned that here, but back to what this is supposed to be, you can sell shirts online like I did. Alex Freeman.com slash shop.

• 5:45Lex Fridman?

  It's super easy to set up a store. I did in a few minutes. What else can I say? You should do it too. Sign up for $1 per month trial period at Shopify.com slash Lex. That's all lowercase. Go to Shopify.com slash Lex to take your business to the next level today. This episode is also brought to you by AG1, an all in one daily drink to support better health and peak performance. I was training jujitsu the other day in that wonderful Texas heat. And I was reminded, first of all, how long my journey with jujitsu has been and how fulfilling it has been. How interesting the exploration of the puzzle of two humans trying to break each other's arms and legs.

• 6:31Lex Fridman?

  Plus the wrestling and the grappling component. Really interesting. Leverage, power, speed, all that could be neutralized. How to control a human body with leverage, with technique, as opposed to raw, generally, mis-supplied strength, I should say. Anyway, because there are times where there's long stretches of weeks where I don't train. You feel it in the cardio. You do a bunch of rounds and you just, the breaths are shallow. You feel like the mind is hazy from exhaustion. That you're a little bit more risk averse because you don't want to end up in a bad position, have to battle out of that bad position after many rounds of exhausting battles.

• 7:14Lex Fridman?

  And after that training session, when I got home, I enjoyed a nice cold AG1. They'll give you a one-month supply of fish oil when you sign up at drinkag1.com/lex. This is the Lex Fridman Podcast. To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description or at lexfridman.com/sponsors. And now, dear friends, here's Sundar Bichai.

• 7:55Lex Fridman?

  Your life story is inspiring to a lot of people. It's inspiring to me. You grew up in India, whole family living in a humble two-room apartment, very little, almost no access to technology. And from those humble beginnings, you rose to lead a $2 trillion technology company. So if you could travel back in time and told that, let's say, 12-year-old Sundar, that you're now leading one of the largest companies in human history, what do you think that young kid would say?

• 8:28Speaker 01

  I would have probably laughed it off. You know, probably too far-fetched to imagine or believe at that time.

• 8:37Lex Fridman?

  You would have to explain the internet first.

• 8:39Speaker 01

  For sure. I mean, computers to me at that time, you know, I was 12 in 1984. So probably, you know, by then I had started reading about them.

• 8:52Speaker 01

  I haven't seen one. What was that place like? Take me to your childhood. I grew up in Chennai. It's in south of India. It's a beautiful bustling city. Lots of people, lots of energy. You know, simple life, definitely. Like fond memories of playing cricket outside the home. We just used to play on the streets. All the neighborhood kids would come out and we would play till it got dark and we couldn't play anymore barefoot. Traffic would come. We would just stop the game. Everything would drive through and you would just continue playing, right? Just to kind of get the visual in your head. You know, pre computers, there's a lot of free time. Now, now that I think about it. Now you have to go and seek that quiet solitude or something.

• 9:37Speaker 01

  Newspapers, books is how I gained access to the world's information at the time, you will. My grandfather was a big influence. He worked in the post office. He was so good with language. His English, you know, his handwriting till today is the most beautiful handwriting I've ever seen. He would write so clearly. He was so articulate. And so he kind of got me introduced into books. He loved politics. So we could talk about anything. And you know, that was there in my family throughout. So lots of books, trashy books, good books. Everything from Ayn Rand to books on philosophy to stupid crime novels.

• 10:22Speaker 01

  So books was a big part of my life, but that kind of. This whole, it's not surprising I ended up at Google because Google's mission kind of always resonated deeply with me. This access to knowledge, I was hungry for it. But definitely have, you know, fond memories of my childhood. Access to knowledge was there. So that's the wealth we had. Uh, you know, every aspect of technology I had to wait for a while. I've obviously spoken before about how long it took for us to get a phone. About five years, but it's not the only thing. A telephone. There was a five year waiting list. Uh, and we got a rotary telephone. Uh huh. But it dramatically changed our lives, you know, people would come to our house to make calls to their loved ones.

• 11:06Speaker 01

  You know, I would have to go all the way to the hospital to get blood test records and it would take two hours to go. And they would say, sorry, it's not ready. Come back the next day. Two hours to come back. And that became a five minute thing. So as a kid, like, I mean, this light bulb went in my head, you know, this power of technology to kind of change people's lives.

• 11:26Speaker 01

  We had no running water, you know, it was a massive drought. So they would get water in these trucks. Maybe eight buckets per household. So me and my brother, sometimes my mom, we would wait in line, get that and bring it back home.

• 11:43Speaker 01

  Many years later, like, we had running water and we had a water heater. And you could get hot water to take a shower. I mean, like, so, you know, for me, everything was discreet like that. Uh, and so I've always had this thing, you know, first hand feeling of like how technology can dramatically change. Like your life and like the opportunity it brings. So, you know, that was kind of a subliminal takeaway for me throughout growing up and, you know, I. I kind of actually observed it and felt it, you know, so. We had to convince my dad for a long time to get a VCR. Do you know what a VCR is? Yeah.

• 12:26Speaker 01

  I'm trying to date you now. But, you know, because before that, you only had like kind of one TV channel. Uh huh. Right? That's it. Um, and so, you know, you can watch movies or something like that, but. This is by the time I was in 12th grade, we got a VCR, you know, it was a. Uh, like a Panasonic, which we had to go to some like shop, which had kind of smuggled it in, I guess. And that's where we bought a VCR. But then being able to record like a World Cup football game and then or like get put like videotapes and watch movies. Like all that. So like, you know, I had these discreet memories growing up.

• 13:07Speaker 01

  And so it always left me with the feeling of like, how getting access to technology drives that step change in your life.

• 13:15Lex Fridman?

  I don't think you'll ever be able to equal the first time you get hot water.

• 13:19Speaker 01

  To have that convenience of going and opening a tap and have hot water come out. Yeah.

• 13:24Lex Fridman?

  It's interesting. We take for granted the progress we've made. If you look at human history, just those plots that look at GDP across 2,000 years. And you see that exponential growth to where most of the progress happened since the Industrial Revolution. And we just take for granted, we forget how how far we've gone. So our ability to understand how great we have it. And also how quickly technology can improve is quite poor.

• 13:54Speaker 01

  Oh, I mean, it's extraordinary. You know, I go back to India now, the power of mobile. You know, it's mind blowing to see the progress through the arc of time. It's phenomenal.

• 14:04Lex Fridman?

  What advice would you give to young folks listening to this all over the world? Who look up to you and find your story inspiring? Who want to be maybe the next Sundar Pichai, who want to start, create companies? Build something that has a lot of impact in the world.

• 14:21Speaker 01

  Look, it's you have a lot of luck along the way, but you obviously have to make smart choices. You're thinking about what you want to do. Your brain is telling you something. But when you do things, I think it's important to kind of get that, listen to your heart and see whether you actually enjoy doing it. Right? That that feeling of if you love what you do, it's so much easier. And you're going to see the best version of yourself. It's easier said than done. I think it's tough to find things you love doing. But I think kind of listening to your heart a bit more than your mind in terms of figuring out what you want to do. I think I think it's one of the best things I would tell people.

• 15:03Speaker 01

  The second thing is, I mean, trying to work with people who you feel at various points in my life, I've worked with people who I felt were better than me. Like, kind of like, you know, you almost are sitting in a room, talking to someone and they're like, wow, like, you know, uh, uh, you know, and you want that feeling a few times. Trying to get yourself in a position where you're working with people who you feel are kind of like, stretching your abilities is what helps you grow, I think. So putting yourself in uncomfortable situations. And I think often you'll surprise yourself. So I think being open minded enough to kind of put yourself in those positions is maybe, maybe another thing I would say.

• 15:46Lex Fridman?

  Well, lessons can we learn, maybe from an outsider perspective? For me, looking at your story and gotten to know you a bit. You're humble, you're kind. Usually when I think of somebody who has had a journey like yours and climbs to the very top of leadership, they're in a cutthroat world. They're usually going to be a bit of an asshole. So what wisdom were we supposed to draw from the fact that your general approach is of balance, of humility, of kindness, listening to everybody? What's, what's, what's your secret?

• 16:19Speaker 01

  I do get angry, I do get frustrated. I have, I have the same emotions, all, all of us do, right? In the context of work and everything. But a few things, right? I, I, I think, you know, I,

• 16:32Speaker 01

  over time, I figured out the best way to get the most out of people. You know, you kind of find mission oriented people who are on the shared journey, who have this inner drive to excellence, to do the best. And, and, you know, you kind of motivate people and, and, and you can, you can achieve a lot that way. Right? And so it, it often tends to work out that way. But have there been times like, you know, I lose it? Yeah, but you know, not maybe less often than others. And maybe over the years, uh, less and less so, because, you know, I, I find it's not needed to achieve what you need to do.

• 17:12Lex Fridman?

  So losing your shit has not been productive?

• 17:15Speaker 01

  Yeah, less often than not. I think people respond to that.

• 17:18Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 17:19Speaker 01

  They may do stuff to react to that, like what you, you actually want them to do the right thing. And, and, and so. You know, maybe there's a bit of like sports, you know, I'm a sports fan. In football, coaches in soccer, that football. You know, people, people often talk about like man management, right? Great coaches do, right? I think there is an element of that in our lives. How do you get the best out of the people you work with? You know, at times you're working with people who, who are so committed to achieving. If they've done something wrong, they feel it more than you, you do, right? So you treat them differently than, you know, occasionally there are people who you need to clearly let them know like that wasn't okay or whatever it is.

• 18:02Speaker 01

  But I've often found that not to be the case.

• 18:05Lex Fridman?

  And sometimes the right words at the right time, spoken firmly, can reverberate through time.

• 18:13Speaker 01

  Also, sometimes the unspoken words, you know, people can sometimes see that, like, you know, you're unhappy without you saying it. And so sometimes the silence can deliver that message even more.

• 18:25Lex Fridman?

  Sometimes less is more. Who's the greatest soccer player of all time? Messi or Ronaldo or Pele or Maradona?

• 18:33Speaker 01

  I'm gonna make, you know, in this question.

• 18:34Lex Fridman?

  Is this gonna be a political answer?

• 18:36Speaker 01

  No, no, I, I, I will tell the truthful answer because.

• 18:40Lex Fridman?

  So it's messy.

• 18:41Speaker 01

  Okay. It is, you know, it's been interesting because my son is a big Cristiano Ronaldo fan. And so we've had to watch El Clasico together, you know, with that dynamic in there. I so admire C R Simmons. I mean, I've never seen an athlete more committed to that kind of excellence. And so he's one of the all time greats. But, you know, for me, Messi is it.

• 19:08Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, when I see Lionel Messi, you just are in awe that humans are able to achieve that level of greatness and genius and artistry. When we talk, we'll talk about A I, maybe robotics and this kind of stuff. That level of genius, I'm not sure you can possibly match by A I in a long time. It's just an example of greatness and you have that kind of greatness in other disciplines. But in sport, you get to visually see it unlike anything else. And just the, the timing, the movement.

• 19:40Lex Fridman?

  This is genius.

• 19:41Speaker 01

  I had the chance to see him a couple of weeks ago. He played in San Jose, so against the Quakes. So I went to see it, see the game. Was a fan on the, had good seats, knew where he would play in the second half, hopefully. And even at his age, just watching him when he gets the ball, that movement, you know, you're right, that special quality, it's tough to describe, but you feel it when you see it. Yeah.

• 20:05Lex Fridman?

  He's still got it.

• 20:08Lex Fridman?

  If we rank all the technological innovations throughout human history, let's go back.

• 20:14Lex Fridman?

  Maybe the history of human civilizations 12,000 years ago. And you rank them by the, how much of a productivity multiplier they've been. So we can go to electricity or the labor mechanization of the industrial revolution, or we can go back to the first agricultural revolution 12,000 years ago. In that long list of inventions, do you think AI, when history is written 1,000 years from now, do you think it has a chance to be the number one productivity multiplier?

• 20:45Speaker 01

  It's a great question. Look, many years ago, I think it might have been 2017 or 2018. You know, I said at the time, like, you know, AI is the most profound technology humanity will ever work on. It'll be more profound than fire or electricity. So I have to back myself, you know, I still think that's the case. You know, when you asked this question, I was thinking, well, do we have a recency bias, right? You know, like in sports, it's very tempting to call the current person you're seeing the greatest.

• 21:13Lex Fridman?

  Yes.

• 21:13Speaker 01

  Player, right? And, and so is there a recency bias? And, you know, I do think from first principles, I would argue AI will be bigger than all of those. I didn't live through those moments. You know, two years ago, I had to go through a surgery and then I processed that. There was a point in time, people didn't have anesthesia when they went through these procedures. At that moment, I was like, that has got to be the greatest invention humanity has ever, ever done, right? So, look, we, we don't know what it is to have lived through those times. But, you know, and many of what you're talking about were kind of this general things, which pretty much affected everything, you know, electricity or internet, et cetera.

• 22:00Speaker 01

  But I don't think we've ever dealt with the technology, both which is progressing so fast, becoming so capable. It's not clear what the ceiling is. And the main unique, it's recursively self-improving, right? It's capable of that. And so the fact it is going, it's the first technology will kind of dramatically accelerate creation itself, like creating things, building new things, can can improve and achieve things on its own, right? I think like puts it in a different league, right? And so differently.

• 22:38Speaker 01

  And so I think the impact it'll end up having will far surpass everything we've seen before. Obviously, with that comes a lot of important things to think and wrestle with, but I definitely think that'll end up being the case.

• 22:52Lex Fridman?

  Especially if it gets to the point of where we can achieve superhuman performance on the AI research itself. So it's a technology that may, it's an open question, but it may be able to achieve a level to where the technology itself can create itself better than it could yesterday.

• 23:10Speaker 01

  It's like the move thirty seven of Alpha Research or whatever it is, right? Like, you know, and when, when, yeah, you're right, when, when it can do novel self-directed research, obviously, for a long time, we'll have, hopefully, always humans in the loop and all that stuff. And these are complex questions to talk about. But yes, I think the underlying technology, you know, I've said this, like, if you watched seeing Alpha go, start from scratch, be clueless, and like become better through the course of a day, you know, like, you know, kind of like, kind of like, you know, really hits you when you see that happen. Even our, like, the VO three models, if you sample the models when they were like thirty

• 23:55Speaker 01

  percent done and sixty percent done and looked at what they were generating.

• 24:00Speaker 01

  And you kind of see how it all comes together. It's kind of like, I would say, it's kind of inspiring, a little bit unsettling, right? As a human, so all of that is true, I think.

• 24:13Lex Fridman?

  Well, the interesting thing of the Industrial Revolution, electricity, like you mentioned, you can go back to the, again, the agriculture, the first agricultural revolution. There's what's called the Neolithic package of the first agricultural revolution. It wasn't just that the nomads settled down and started planting food, but all this other kinds of technology was born from that and is included in this package. It wasn't one piece of technology. It's there's these ripple effects, second and third order effects that happen. Everything from something silly like silly, profound, like pottery. It can store liquids and food to something we kind of take for granted, but social hierarchies

• 24:59Lex Fridman?

  and political hierarchy. So like early government was formed because it turns out if humans stop moving and have some surplus food, they start coming up with, they get bored and they start coming up with interesting systems. And then trade emerges, which turns out to be a really profound thing. And like I said, government, I mean, there's just a second and third order effects from that. Including that package is incredible and probably extremely difficult. If you ask one of the people in the nomadic tribes to predict that, it would be impossible. It's difficult to predict, but all that said, what do you think are some of the early things we might see in the quote unquote AI package?

• 25:43Speaker 01

  I mean, most of it probably we don't know today, but like, you know, the one thing which we can tangibly start seeing now is.

• 25:52Speaker 01

  Obviously, with the coding progress, you got a sense of it. It's going to be so easy to imagine, like thoughts in your head, translating that into things that exist. That'll be part of the package, right? Like, it's going to empower almost all of humanity to kind of express themselves. Maybe in the past, you could have expressed with words. But like, you could kind of build things into existence, right? You know, maybe not fully today. We are at the early stages of pipe coding. You know, I've been amazed at what people have put out online with V O three. But it takes a bit of work, right? You have to stitch together a set of prompts. But all this is going to get better. The thing I always think about, this is the worst it'll ever be, right?

• 26:37Speaker 01

  Like at any given moment in time.

• 26:39Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, it's interesting. You went there as kind of a first thought, sort of exponential increase of access to creativity.

• 26:49Speaker 01

  Software creation. Are you creating a program, a piece of content for, to be shared with others? Games down the line, all of that, like, just becomes infinitely more possible.

• 27:03Lex Fridman?

  Well, I think the big thing is that it makes it accessible. It unlocks the cognitive capabilities of the entire eight billion.

• 27:10Speaker 01

  No, I agree. Look, think about forty years ago. Maybe in the U S, there were five people who could do what you were doing. Like, go do an interview, you know, and, you know. But today, think about with YouTube and other, other products, et cetera. Like, how many more people are doing it?

• 27:29Speaker 01

  So I think this is what technology does, right? Like, when the internet created blogs, you know, you heard from so many more people. So I think, but, but with A I, I think that number won't be in the few hundreds of thousands. It'll be tens of millions of people, maybe even a billion people.

• 27:50Speaker 01

  Like putting out things into the world in a deeper way.

• 27:54Lex Fridman?

  And I think it'll change the landscape of creativity. It makes a lot of people nervous, like for example, uh, whatever. Fox, MSNBC, CNN are really nervous about this part. Like you, you mean this dude in a suit could just do this and, and you, and YouTube and, and thousands of others, tens of thousands, millions of other creators can do the same kind of thing. That makes them nervous. And now you, you get a podcast from Notebook LM. It's about five to 10 times better than any podcast I've ever done.

• 28:24Speaker 01

  Not true, but yeah.

• 28:25Lex Fridman?

  I'm joking at this time, but maybe not. And that changes, you have to evolve because I, on the podcasting front, I'm a fan of podcasts much more than I am a fan of being a host or whatever. If there's great podcasts, there are both AIs. I'll just stop doing this podcast. I'll listen to that podcast, but you have to evolve and you have to change. And that makes people really nervous, I think. But it's also really exciting future.

• 28:48Speaker 01

  The one thing I may say is, I do think like in a world in which there are two AI, I think people value and choose. Just like in chess, you and I would never watch Stockfish 10 or whatever, an alpha go play against each. Like it would be boring for us to watch. But Magnus Carlsen and Gukesh, that game would be much more fascinating to watch. So it's tough to say, like one way to say is you'll have a lot more content. And so you will be listening to AI generated content because sometimes it's efficient, et cetera. But the premium experiences you value

• 29:26Speaker 01

  might be a version of like the human essence, wherever it comes through. Going back to what we talked earlier about watching Messi dribble the ball. I don't know, one day I'm sure a machine will dribble much better than Messi. But I don't know whether it would evoke that same emotion in us. So I think that'll be fascinating to see.

• 29:42Lex Fridman?

  I think the element of podcasting or audiobooks that is about information gathering. That part might be removed or that might be more efficiently and in a compelling way done by AI. But then it'll be just nice to hear humans struggle with the information. Contend with the information, try to internalize it, combine it with the complexity of our own emotions and consciousness and all that kind of stuff. But if you actually want to find out about a piece of history, you go to Gemini. If you want to see Lex struggle with that history, then you look or other humans, you look, you look at that. But the point is, it's going to change the nature,

• 30:28Lex Fridman?

  continue to change the nature of how we discover information, how we consume the information, how we create that information, the same way that YouTube changed everything completely, changed news, and that's something our society is struggling with.

• 30:40Speaker 01

  Yeah, YouTube, look, YouTube enabled, I mean, you know this better than anyone else. It's enabled so many creators. There is no doubt in me that like we will enable more filmmakers than that have ever been, right? You're going to empower a lot more people.

• 30:57Speaker 01

  So I think there is an expansionary aspect of this, which is underestimated, I think. I think it'll unleash human creativity in a way that hasn't been seen before. It's tough to internalize. The only way it is if you, if you brought someone from the 50s or 40s and just put them in front of YouTube, you know, I think it would blow their mind away. Similarly, I think we would get blown away by what's possible in a 10 to 20 year timeframe.

• 31:22Lex Fridman?

  Do you think there's a future, how many years out is it that, let's say, let's put a marker on it, 50% of content in a good content, 50% of good content is generated by V04, 5, 6?

• 31:37Speaker 01

  You know, I think it depends on what it is for. Like, you know, maybe if you look at movies today with CGI, there are great filmmakers, like you still look at like who the directors are and who use it. There are filmmakers who don't use it at all. You value that. There are people who use it incredibly. You know, think about somebody like a James Cameron, like what he would do with these tools in his hands. But I think there'll be a lot more content created, like just like writers today use Google Docs and not think about the fact that they are using a tool like that. Like people will be using the future versions of these things. Like it won't be a big deal at all to them.

• 32:18Lex Fridman?

  I've gotten a chance to get to know Darren Aronofsky well. He's been really leaning in and trying to figure it's it's fun to watch a genius who came up before any of this was even remotely possible. He created Pi, one of my favorite movies. And from there, just continued to create a really interesting variety of movies. And now he's trying to see how can AI be used to create compelling films? You have people like that. You have people I've gotten just know edgier folks that are AI first, like Doerr Brothers. Both Aronofsky and Doerr Brothers create at the edge of the Overton window of society, you know, they push, whether it's

• 33:01Lex Fridman?

  sexuality or violence, it's edgy like artists are, but it's still classy. Doesn't cross that line. Whatever that line is, you know, Hunter S. Thompson has this line that the the only way to find out where the edge, where the line is by crossing it. And I think for artists, that's true. That's kind of their purpose sometimes comedians and artists just cross that line. I wonder if you can comment on the weird place that puts Google? Because Google's line is probably different than some of these artists. What what's your, how do you think about specifically Vio and Flow? About like how to allow artists to do crazy shit?

• 33:46Lex Fridman?

  But also like their responsibility of like not for it not to be too crazy.

• 33:52Speaker 01

  It's a great question. Look, part of you mentioned Darren, you know, he's a clear visionary, right? Part of the reason we started working with them early on Vio is he's one of those people who's able to kind of see that future, get inspired by it and kind of showing the way for how creative people can express themselves with it. Look, I think when it comes to allowing artistic free expression is one of the most important values in a society, right? I think, you know, artists have always been the ones to push, push boundaries, expand the frontiers of thought. And so, look, I think, I think that's going to be an important value we have.

• 34:36Speaker 01

  So I think we will provide tools and put it in the hands of artists for them to use and put out their work.

• 34:47Speaker 01

  Those APIs, I mean, I almost think of that as infrastructure. Just like when you provide electricity to people or something, you want them to use it. And like, you're not thinking about the use cases on top of it.

• 34:57Lex Fridman?

  It's a paintbrush.

• 34:58Speaker 01

  Yeah, and, and so I think that's how, obviously, there have to be some things. And, you know, society needs to decide at a fundamental level, what's okay, what's not. Uh, we'll be responsible with it. But I do think, you know, when it comes to artistic free expression, I think that's one of those values we should work hard to defend.

• 35:21Lex Fridman?

  Uh, I wonder if you can comment on, um,

• 35:26Lex Fridman?

  maybe earlier versions of Gemini were a little bit careful on the kind of things you would be willing to answer. I just want to comment on, I was really surprised and pleasantly surprised and enjoy the fact that Gemini two, five pro is a lot less careful in a good sense. Don't ask me why, but I've been doing a lot of research on Genghis Khan. And the, the S stacks. Uh, so there's a lot of violence there in that history. It's a very violent history. I've also been doing a lot of research on World War One and World War Two. And earlier versions of Gemini were very, um, basically this kind of sense, are you sure you want to learn about this? And now it's actually very factual, objective, uh, talks about very difficult parts of

• 36:10Lex Fridman?

  human history and does so with nuance and depth. It's been really nice, but there's a line there that I guess Google has to kind of walk. I wonder if it's, and it's also an engineering challenge, how to, how to do that at scale across all the weird queries that people ask. What, um, can you just speak to that challenge? How do you allow Gemini to say, again, forgive, pardon my French, crazy shit, but not too, not, not too crazy?

• 36:37Speaker 01

  I think one of the good insights here has been as the models are getting more capable, the models are really good at this stuff, right? And so I think in some ways, maybe a year ago, the models weren't fully there. So they would also do stupid things more often. And so you know, you're trying to handle those edge cases, but then you make a mistake in how you handle those edge cases and it compounds. But I think with 2.5, what we particularly found is, once the models cross a certain level of intelligence and sophistication, you know, they are, they are able to reason through these nuanced issues pretty well. And I think users really want that, right? Like, you know, you want as much access to the raw model as possible, right?

• 37:22Speaker 01

  But I think it's a great area to think about, like, you know, over time, you know, we should allow more and more closer access to it. Maybe, obviously let people custom prompts if they wanted to and like, you know, and, you know, experiment with it, et cetera.

• 37:39Speaker 01

  I, I think that's an important direction. But look, the first principles we want to think about it is, you know, from a scientific standpoint, like making sure the models, and I'm saying scientific in the sense of like how you would approach math or physics or something like that, from first principles, having the models reason about the world, be nuanced, et cetera.

• 38:02Speaker 01

  You know, from the ground up is the right way to build these things, right? Not like some subset of humans kind of hard coding things on top of it. So I think it's the direction we've been taking and I think you'll see us continue to push in that direction.

• 38:17Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, I actually asked, I gave these notes, I took extensive notes and I gave them to Gemini. I said, can you ask a novel question that's not in these notes? And it wrote, Gemini continues to really surprise me, really surprise me. It's been really beautiful. It's an incredible model. The, the question it's, it generated was, you, meaning Sundar, told the world Gemini is churning out 480 trillion tokens a month. What's the most life-changing five-word sentence hiding in that haystack? That's a Gemini question. But it made, it gave me a sense. I don't think you can answer that.

• 38:56Lex Fridman?

  But it gave me, it made, it woke me up to like, all of these tokens are providing little aha moments for people across the globe. So that's like learning that those tokens are, people are curious, they ask a question and they find something out. And it truly could be life-changing.

• 39:14Speaker 01

  Oh, it is. Look, you know, I had the same feeling about search many, many years ago. You, you know, you, you definitely. You know, this tokens per month has like grown fifty times in the last twelve months.

• 39:26Lex Fridman?

  Is that accurate, by the way?

• 39:27Speaker 01

  Yeah, it is. It is. It is accurate. I'm glad it got it right. But, you know, that number was nine point seven trillion tokens per month twelve months ago. Right? It's gone gone up to four eighty. You know, it's a fifty X increase. So there's no limit to human curiosity, and I think it's it's one of those moments. Maybe I don't think it is there today, but maybe one day there's a five word phrase which says what the actual universe is or something like that and something very meaningful. But I don't think we are quite there yet.

• 40:02Lex Fridman?

  Do you think the scaling laws are holding strong on?

• 40:07Lex Fridman?

  There's a lot of ways to describe the scaling laws for AI, but on the pre-training, on the post-training fronts. So the flip side of that, do you anticipate AI progress will hit a wall? Is there a wall?

• 40:19Speaker 01

  You know, it's a cherished micro kitchen conversation. Once in a while I have it, you know, like when Demis is visiting or, you know, Demis, Cori, Jeff, Noam, Sergey, a bunch of our people, like we sit and, you know, talk about this, right? And look, I, we see a lot of headroom ahead, right? I think we've been able to optimize and improve on all fronts, right?

• 40:46Speaker 01

  Pre-training, post-training, test time compute, tool use, right, over time, making these more agentic. So getting these models to be more general world models in that direction, like VO three, you know, the physics understanding is dramatically better than what VO one or something like that was. So you kind of see on all those dimensions, I I feel, you know, progress is very obvious to see. And I feel like there is significant headroom. More importantly, you know, I'm fortunate to work with some of the best researchers on the planet, right? They think there is more headroom to be had here.

• 41:30Speaker 01

  And so I think we have an exciting trajectory ahead. It's tougher to say, you know, each year I sit and say, okay, we're going to throw ten X more compute over the course of next year at it. And like, will we see progress? Sitting here today, I feel like the year ahead will have a lot of progress.

• 41:48Lex Fridman?

  And do you feel any limitations like that or the bottlenecks? Compute limited, data limited, idea limited. Do you feel any of those limitations? Or is it full steam ahead on all fronts?

• 42:01Speaker 01

  I think it's compute limited in this sense, right? Like, you know, we can all part of the reason you've seen us do flash nano flash and pro models. But not an ultra model. It's like for each generation. We feel like we've been able to get the pro model at like, I don't know, eighty, ninety percent of ultra's capability. But ultra would be a lot more like slow and a lot more expensive to serve.

• 42:30Speaker 01

  But what we've been able to do is to go to the next generation and make the next generation's pro as good as the previous generation's ultra.

• 42:37Lex Fridman?

  Yeah.

• 42:38Speaker 01

  But be able to serve it in a way that it's fast and you can use it and so on. So I do think scaling laws are working, but it's tough to get at any given time. The models we all use the most.

• 42:53Speaker 01

  This may be like a few months behind the maximum capability we can deliver. Right? Because that won't be the fastest, easiest to use, et cetera.

• 43:04Lex Fridman?

  Also, that's in terms of intelligence. It becomes harder and harder to measure.

• 43:09Lex Fridman?

  Performance in quotes, because you know, you could argue Gemini flash is much more impactful than pro. Just because of the latency, it's super intelligent already. I mean, sometimes like latency is maybe more important than intelligence. Especially when the intelligence is just a little bit less in flash. Not, it's still incredibly smart model.

• 43:31Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 43:32Lex Fridman?

  And so you have to now start measuring impact and then. It feels like benchmarks are less and less capable of capturing the intelligence of models, the effectiveness of models, the usefulness, the real world usefulness of models. Another kitchen question. So lots of folks are talking about timelines for AGI or ASI, artificial superintelligence. So AGI loosely defined is basically human expert level at a lot of the main fields of pursuit for humans. And then ASI is what AGI becomes presumably quickly by being able to self-improve, so becoming far superior in intelligence across all these disciplines in humans. When do you think we'll have AGI? Is 2030 a possibility?

• 44:18Speaker 01

  There's one other term we should throw in there. I don't know who used it first, maybe Karpathy did, AJI. Have you heard AJI, the artificial jagged intelligence? Sometimes feels that way, right? Both there are progress and you see what they can do. And then like you can trivially find they make numeric letters or like, you know, counting Rs in strawberry or something which seems to trip up most models or whatever it is, right? So, so maybe we should throw that term in there. I feel like we are in the AJI phase where like dramatic progress, some things don't work well, but overall, you know, you're seeing lots of progress. But if your question is, will it happen by 2030?

• 45:00Speaker 01

  Look, we constantly move the line of what it means to be AGI. There are moments today, you know, like sitting in a Vemo in a San Francisco street with all the crowds and the people and kind of work its way through. I see glimpses of it there. The car is sometimes kind of impatient, trying to work its way, using Astra, like in Gemini Live or seeing, you know, asking questions about the world.

• 45:26Speaker 02

  What's this skinny building doing in my neighborhood? It's a street light, not a building.

• 45:31Speaker 01

  You see glimpses. That's why I use the word AJI because then you see stuff which obviously, you know, we are far from AGI too. So you have both experiences simultaneously happening to you. I'll answer your question, but I'll also throw this. I almost feel the term doesn't matter. What I know is by 2030, there'll be such dramatic progress.

• 45:54Speaker 01

  We'll be dealing with the consequences of that progress, both the positives, both the positive externalities and the negative externalities that come with it in a big way by 2030. So that I strongly feel, right? Whatever we may be arguing about the term, or maybe Gemini can answer what that moment is in time in 2030.

• 46:16Speaker 01

  But I think the progress will be dramatic, right? So that I believe in. Will the AI think it has reached AGI by 2030? I would say we will just fall short of that timeline, right? So I think it'll take a bit longer. It's amazing in the early days of Google DeepMind in 2010, they talked about a 20-year timeframe to achieve AGI. So which is, which is kind of fascinating to see. But, you know, I, for me, the whole thing, seeing what Google Brain did in 2012, and when we acquired DeepMind in 2014, right close to where we are sitting in 2012. You know, Jeff Dean showed the image of when the neural networks could recognize a picture of a cat, right?

• 46:58Speaker 01

  And identify it, you know, this is the early versions of brain, right? And so, you know, we all talked about a couple of decades. I don't think we'll quite get there by 2030. So my sense is it's slightly after that. But I, I would stress it doesn't matter like what that definition is. Because you will have mind-blowing progress on many dimensions. Maybe AI can create videos. We have to figure out as a society, how do we, we need some system by which we all agree that this is AI-generated and we have to disclose it in a certain way, because how do you distinguish reality otherwise?

• 47:35Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, there's so many interesting things you said. So first of all, just looking back at this recent, now feels like distant history with Google Brain. I mean, that was before TensorFlow, before TensorFlow was made public and open sourced. So the tooling matters too, combined with GitHub ability to share code. Then you have the ideas of attention transformers and the diffusion now. And then there might be a new idea that seems simple in retrospect, but will change everything. And that could be the post-training, the inference time innovations. And I think Shad CN tweeted that Google is just one great UI from completely winning the AI race. Meaning like UI is a huge part of it, like how that intelligence.

• 48:20Lex Fridman?

  I think Logan Cooper project likes to talk about this right now. It's an LLM, but it become like, when is it going to become a system where you're talking about shipping systems versus shipping a particular model? Yeah, that matters too. How the system is manifest itself and how it presents itself to the world. That really, really matters.

• 48:39Speaker 01

  Oh, hugely. So there are simple UI innovations which have changed the world, right? And I absolutely think so. We will see a lot more progress in the next couple of years. I think AI itself on a self improving track for UI itself, like, you know, today, we are like constraining the models, the models can't quite express themselves in terms of the UI to to people. But that is like, you know, if you think about it, we've kind of boxed them in that way. But given these models can code, you know, they should be able to write the best interfaces to express their ideas over time, right?

• 49:24Lex Fridman?

  That is incredible idea. So the API is already open. So you create a really nice agentic system that continuously improves the way you can be talking to an AI.

• 49:37Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 49:37Lex Fridman?

  But a lot of that is the interface. And then, of course, the incredible multimodal aspect of the interface that Google has been pushing.

• 49:46Speaker 01

  These models are natively multimodal. They can easily take content from any format, put it in any format. They can write a good user interface. They probably understand your preferences better than over time. Like, you know, and so, so all this is like the evolution ahead, right? And so that goes back to where we started the conversation. I like, I think there'll be dramatic evolutions in the years ahead.

• 50:11Lex Fridman?

  Maybe one more kitchen question. This even further ridiculous concept of P doom. So the philosophically minded folks in the AI community, you think about the probability that AGI and then ASI might destroy all of human civilization. I would say my P doom is about 10%. Do you ever think about this kind of?

• 50:36Lex Fridman?

  Long term threat of ASI and what would your P doom be?

• 50:40Speaker 01

  Look, I mean, for sure. Look, I've both been very excited about AI, but I've always felt this is a technology, you know, you have to actively think about the risks and work very, very hard to harness it in a way that it all works out well.

• 51:01Speaker 01

  On the P doom question, look, it's, you know, won't surprise you to say that's probably another micro kitchen conversation that pops up once in a while, right? And given how powerful the technology is, maybe stepping back, you know, when you're running a large organization, if you can kind of align the incentives of the organization, you can achieve pretty much anything, right? Like, you know, if you can get kind of people all marching in towards like a goal in a very focused way, in a mission driven way, you can pretty much achieve anything. But it's very tough to organize all of humanity that way. But I think if P doom is actually high, at some point, all of humanity is like aligned in making sure that's not the case, right? And so we'll actually make more progress against it, I think.

• 51:43Speaker 01

  So the irony is, so there is a self-modulating aspect there. Like, I think if humanity collectively puts their mind to solving a problem, whatever it is, I think we can get there. So because of that, you know, I, I, I, I think I'm optimistic on the P doom scenarios.

• 52:05Speaker 01

  But that doesn't mean, I think the underlying risk is actually pretty high.

• 52:10Speaker 01

  But I'm, you know, I have a lot of faith in humanity kind of rising up to the, to meet that moment.

• 52:16Lex Fridman?

  That's really, really well put. I mean, as the threat becomes more concrete and real, humans do really come together and get their shit together. Well, the other thing I think people don't often talk about is probability of doom without AI. So there's all these other ways that humans can destroy themselves and it's very possible, at least I believe so, that AI will help us become smarter, kinder to each other,

• 52:44Lex Fridman?

  more efficient. It'll help more parts of the world flourish where it would be less resource constrained, which is often the source of military conflict and tensions and so on. So we also have to load into that, what's the P doom without AI? With AI, P doom with AI, P doom without AI? Because it's very possible that AI will be the thing that saves us, saves human civilizations from all the other threats.

• 53:09Speaker 01

  I agree with you. I think, I think it's insightful. Look, I felt like to make progress on some of the toughest problems would be good to have AI, like pair, helping you, right? And, and like, you know, so that resonates with me for sure. Yeah.

• 53:25Lex Fridman?

  Quick pause, bathroom break?

• 53:27Speaker 01

  Yeah. Let's do that.

• 53:30Lex Fridman?

  If Notebook LM was the same compelling, like what I saw today with Beam, if it was compelling in the same kind of way,

• 53:39Lex Fridman?

  blew my mind. It was incredible. I didn't think it's possible. I didn't think it's possible to pull.

• 53:43Speaker 01

  Can you imagine like the US president and the Chinese president being able to do something like Beam with the live meat translation working well? So they're both sitting and talking, make progress a bit more.

• 53:57Lex Fridman?

  Uh, yeah, just for people listening, we took a quick bathroom break. And now we're talking about the demo I did. We'll probably post it somewhere, somehow, maybe here. The, I got a chance to experience Beam and it was, it's hard to, it's hard to describe it in words, how real it felt with just, what is it, six cameras? It's incredible. It's incredible.

• 54:19Speaker 01

  It's, it's one of the toughest products of, you can't quite describe it to people. Even when we show it in slides, et cetera, like you don't know what it is. You have to kind of experience it.

• 54:31Lex Fridman?

  On the world leaders front, on politics, geopolitics, there, there's something really special. Again, we're studying World War II and how much could have been saved if Chamberlain met Stalin in person? And I sometimes also struggle explaining to people, articulating why I believe meeting in person for world leaders is powerful. It just seems naive to say that, but there is something there in person. And with Beam, I, I felt that same thing. And then I'm unable to explain. All I kept doing is what like a child does. You look real, you know, and.

• 55:10Lex Fridman?

  I mean, I don't know if that makes meetings more productive or so on, but it certainly makes them more. Uh, the same reason you want to show up to work versus remote sometimes, that human connection. I don't know what that is. It's hard to, it's hard to put into words.

• 55:28Lex Fridman?

  There's some.

• 55:30Lex Fridman?

  There's something beautiful about great teams collaborating on a thing that's, that's not captured by the productivity of that team or by whatever on paper. Some of the most beautiful moments you experience in life is at work. Pursuing a difficult thing together for many months. There's nothing like it.

• 55:50Speaker 01

  You're in the trenches and you do form bonds that way, for sure.

• 55:54Lex Fridman?

  And to be able to do that, like somewhat remotely in that same personal touch. I don't know. That's a deeply fulfilling thing. I know a lot of people, I personally hate meetings because a significant percent of meetings when done poorly are, are, don't, don't serve a clear purpose. So, but that's a meeting problem. That's not a communication problem. If you could improve the communication for the meetings that are useful. It's just incredible. So, yeah, I was blown away by the great engineering behind it. And then we get to see what impact that has. That's really interesting, but just incredible engineering, really impressive.

• 56:28Speaker 01

  Oh, it is. And obviously we'll work hard over the years to make it more and more accessible. But yeah, even on a personal front outside of work meetings, you know, a grandmother who's far away from our grandchild and being able to, you know, have that kind of an interaction, right? All of that, I think, will end up being very mean. Nothing substitutes being in person. You know, it's not always possible. You know, you could be a soldier deployed, try trying to talk to your loved ones. So I think, uh, you know, so that's what inspires us.

• 57:02Lex Fridman?

  When you and I. Hung out last year and took a walk. I remember, I don't think we talked about this, but I remember, you know, outside of that, seeing dozens of articles written by analysts and experts and so on, that Sundar Pichai should step down. Because the perception was that Google was definitively losing. The AI race has lost its magic touch in the rapidly evolving technological landscape. And now, a year later, it's crazy. You showed this plot of all the things that were shipped over the past year. It's incredible. And Gemini Pro is winning across many benchmarks and products as we sit here today.

• 57:47Lex Fridman?

  So take me through that experience when there's all these articles saying, you're the wrong guy to lead Google through this. Google's lost, it's done, it's over. To today where Google is winning again. What were some low points during that time?

• 58:04Speaker 01

  Look, I,

• 58:07Speaker 01

  I mean, lots to unpack. You know, obviously,

• 58:12Speaker 01

  like, I mean, the main bet I made as a CEO was to really,

• 58:19Speaker 01

  you know, make sure the company was approaching everything in an AI-first way. Really, you know, setting ourselves up to develop AGI responsibly, right? And, and make sure we're putting out products which embodies that, things that are very, very useful for people. So, look, I, I knew even through moments like that last year, you know, I had a good sense of what we were building internally, right? So I'd already made, you know, many important decisions, you know, bringing together teams of the caliber of Brain and Deep Mind and setting up Google Deep Mind.

• 59:01Speaker 01

  There were things like, we made the decision to invest in TPUs 10 years ago. So we knew we were scaling up and building big models. Anytime you're in a situation like that, a few aspects.

• 59:17Speaker 01

  I'm good at tuning out noise, right? Separating signal from noise. Do you scuba dive? Like, have you? No. You know, it's amazing, like, I'm not good at it, but I've done it a few times. But, but sometimes you jump in the ocean, it's so choppy.

• 59:34Speaker 01

  But you go down one feet under, it's the calmest thing in the entire universe, right? So there's a version of that, right? Like, you know, uh, running Google, you know, you may as well be coaching Barcelona or Real Madrid. Right? Like, you know, you have a bad season. So there are aspects to that, but you know, like, look, I I'm good at tuning out the noise. I do watch out for signals, you know, it's important to separate the signal from the noise. So there are good people sometimes making good points outside. So you want to listen to it, you want to take that feedback in.

• 1:00:11Speaker 01

  But, you know, internally, like, you know, you're making a set of consequential decisions. Right? As leaders, you're making a lot of decisions. Many of them are like inconsequential. Like, it feels like, but over time you learn that. Most of the decisions you're making on a day to day basis doesn't matter. Like, you have to make them and you're making them just to keep things moving. But you have to make a few consequential decisions, right? And and we had set up the right teams, right leaders. We had world-class researchers. We were training Gemini. Internally, there are factors which were, for example, outside people may not have appreciated.

• 1:00:57Speaker 01

  I mean, TPUs are amazing, but we had to ramp up TPUs too. That took time, right? And and to scale, actually having enough TPUs to get the compute needed. But I could see internally the trajectory we were on. And and be, you know, I was so excited internally about the possibility. To me, this moment felt like one of the biggest opportunities ahead for us as a company. That the opportunity space ahead over the next decade, next 20 years is bigger than what has happened in the past. And I thought we were set up like better than most companies in the world to go realize that vision.

• 1:01:42Lex Fridman?

  I mean, you had to make some consequential, bold decisions. Like you mentioned the merger of DeepMind and Brain.

• 1:01:53Lex Fridman?

  Maybe it's my perspective, just knowing humans. I'm sure there's a lot of egos involved. It's very difficult to merge teams and I'm sure there are some hard decisions to be made. Can you take me through your process of how you think through that? Do you go to pull the trigger and make that decision? Maybe what were some painful points? How do you navigate those turbulent waters?

• 1:02:13Speaker 01

  Look, we were fortunate to have two world-class teams, but you're right, like it's like somebody coming and telling to you, take Stanford and MIT.

• 1:02:21Lex Fridman?

  Right.

• 1:02:21Speaker 01

  And then put them together and create a great department, right? And and easier said than done.

• 1:02:28Speaker 01

  But we were fortunate, you know, phenomenal teams. Both had their strengths, you know, but they were run very differently, right? Like, uh, Brain was kind of a lot of diverse projects bottoms up and out of it came a lot of important research breakthroughs. DeepMind at the time had a strong vision of how you want to build AGI and so they were pursuing their direction.

• 1:02:54Speaker 01

  But I think through those moments, luckily tapping into, um, you know, Jeff had expressed a desire to be more, to go back to more of a scientific, individual contributor roots. You know, he felt like management was taking up too much of his time. Uh, and and and Demis naturally, I think, uh, you know, uh, was running DeepMind and was a natural choice there. But I think it was, you're right, you know, it took us a while to bring the teams together. Credit to Demis, Jeff, Korai, all the great people there. They worked super hard to combine the best of both worlds when you set up that team. A few sleepless nights here and there as we put that thing together.

• 1:03:37Speaker 01

  We were patient in how we did it so that it works well for the long term. Right? And and some of that in that moment, I think, yes, with things moving fast. Uh, I think you definitely felt the pressure. But I think we pulled off that transition well and, you know, I think, I think, uh, you know, they've obviously uh, doing incredible work and there's a lot more incredible things I had coming from them.

• 1:04:04Lex Fridman?

  Like we talked about, you have a very calm, even-tempered, respectful demeanor. During that time, whether it's the merger or just dealing with the noise, uh, were there times where frustration boiled over?

• 1:04:19Lex Fridman?

  Like, did you uh have to go a bit more intense on everybody than you usually would?

• 1:04:25Speaker 01

  Probably, you know, probably, right? I think, I think in the sense that, you know, there was a moment where we were all driving hard. But when you're in the trenches, working with passion, you're gonna have days, right? You disagree, you argue, but like all that, I mean, just part of the course of working intensely, right? And uh, you know, at the end of the day, all of us are doing what we are doing because uh the, the impact it can have. We are motivated by it. It's like, uh, you know, for many of us, this has been a long-term uh journey. And so it's been super exciting. The positive moments far outweigh the kind of stressful moments.

• 1:05:09Speaker 01

  Just early this year, I had a chance to celebrate back-to-back over two days. Like, uh, you know, Nobel Prize for Jeff Finton and the next day, a Nobel Prize for Demis and John Jumper. You know, you worked with people like that. All that is super inspiring.

• 1:05:26Lex Fridman?

  Is there something like with you where you had to like put your foot down? Maybe with less uh versus more, where like I'm the CEO and we're ma- we're doing this.

• 1:05:38Speaker 01

  To my earlier point about consequential decisions you make, there are decisions you make, people can disagree pretty vehemently. And but at some point, like, you know, you, you make a clear decision and you, you just ask people to come it, right? Like, you know, you can disagree, but it's time to disagree and come it so that we can get moving. And but it's put, putting the foot down or, you know, like, you know, it's, it's a natural part of what all of us have to do. And, you know, I think you can do that calmly and be very firm in the direction you're making the decision. And I think if you're clear, actually, people over time respect that, right?

• 1:06:18Speaker 01

  Like, you know, if you can make decisions with clarity, I find it very effective in meetings where you're making such decisions to hear everyone out. I think it's important when you can to hear everyone out. Sometimes what you're hearing actually influences how you think about and you're wrestling with it and making a decision. Sometimes you have a clear conviction and you state so, look, I uh.

• 1:06:44Speaker 01

  I, you know, this is how I feel and, you know, this is my conviction and you kind of place the bet and you move on.

• 1:06:50Lex Fridman?

  Are there big decisions like that? I'm kind of intuitively assume the merger was the big one.

• 1:06:56Speaker 01

  I think that was a very important decision, uh, you know, for, for the company to, to meet the moment. I think we had to make sure we were, uh, we were doing that and doing that well. I think that was a consequential decision. There were many other things. We set up AI infrastructure team, like to really go meet the moment to scale up the compute we needed to. And really brought teams from disparate parts of the company, kind of created it to, to move forward.

• 1:07:26Speaker 01

  You know, bringing people, like getting people to kind of work together physically, both in London with DeepMind. And what we call Gradient Canopy, which is where the Mountain View, Google DeepMind teams are. But one of my favorite moments is I routinely walk, uh, multiple times per week to the Gradient Canopy building. Where our top researchers are working on the models. Sergey is often there amongst them, right? Like, you know, just, you know, uh, looking at, uh, you know, getting an update on the model, seeing loss curves. So all that, I think that cultural part of getting the teams together back. With that energy, I think it ended up playing a big role too.

• 1:08:09Lex Fridman?

  What about the decision to recently add AI mode? So Google search is the, uh, as they say, the front page of the internet. It's like a legendary minimalist thing with ten blue links. Like that's, when people think internet, they think that page. And now you're starting to mess with that. So the AI mode, which is a separate tab, and then integrating AI in the results. I'm sure there were some battles in meetings on that one.

• 1:08:39Speaker 01

  Look, uh, it, it, you know, in some ways when mobile came, you know, people wanted answers to more questions. So we've kind of constantly evolving it, but you're right. This moment, you know, that, that evolution, uh, because the underlying technology is becoming much more capable.

• 1:08:57Speaker 01

  You know, you can have AI give a lot of context, you know, but one of our important design goals, though, is when you come to Google search, you're going to get a lot of context, but you're going to go and find a lot of things out on the web. So that will be true in AI mode, in AI overviews and so on.

• 1:09:16Speaker 01

  But I think to our earlier conversation, we are still giving you access to links, but think of the AI as a layer which is giving you context, summary, maybe in AI mode, you can have a dialogue with it back and forth on your journey. Right. And but through it all, you're kind of learning what's out there in the world. So those core principles don't change. But I think AI mode allows us to push the, we have our best models there. Right. Uh, models which are using search as a deep tool.

• 1:09:50Speaker 01

  Really, for every query you're asking, kind of fanning out, doing multiple searches, like kind of assembling that knowledge in a way so you can go and consume what you want to. Right. And, and, and that's how we think about it.

• 1:10:02Lex Fridman?

  I got just to listen to a bunch of Elizabeth Liz Reed.

• 1:10:06Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:10:06Lex Fridman?

  Describe this. Two things stood out to me that she mentioned. One thing is what you were talking about is the query fan out,

• 1:10:14Lex Fridman?

  which I didn't even think about before. Is the, the powerful aspect of integrating a bunch of stuff on the web for you in one place. So, yes, it provides that context so that you can decide which page to then go on to. The other really, really big thing speaks to the earlier, in terms of productivity multiplier that we're talking about that she mentioned was, um, language. So one of the things you don't quite understand is it through AI mode, you make, for non-English speakers, you make sort of, let's say, English language websites accessible.

• 1:10:52Lex Fridman?

  By in the reasoning process as you try to figure out what you're looking for. Of course, once you show up to a page, you can use a basic translate.

• 1:11:00Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:11:01Lex Fridman?

  But that process of figuring it out, if you empathize with a large part of the world that doesn't speak English, their like web is much smaller in that original language. And so it unlocks, again, unlocks that huge cognitive capacity there. That we don't, you know, you take for granted here with all the bloggers and the journalists writing about AI mode. You forget that this now unlocks, um, cause Gemini is really good at translation.

• 1:11:31Speaker 01

  No, it is. I mean, at the multimodality, the translation, its ability to reason. We are dramatically improving tool use. Like I, I so putting that power in the flow of search. I, I think, look, I'm, I'm super excited with AI overviews. We've, we've seen the product has gotten much better. We can be measured using all kinds of user metrics. So obviously driven strong growth of the product. And, you know, we've been testing AI mode. You know, it's now in the hands of millions of people. And the early metrics are very encouraging. So look, I, I, I'm excited about this next chapter, chapter of search.

• 1:12:14Lex Fridman?

  For people who are not thinking through or aware of this, so there's the ten blue links with AI overview on top. That provides a nice summarization. You could expand it.

• 1:12:22Speaker 01

  And you have sources and links now embedded.

• 1:12:26Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, I believe at least Liz said so. I actually didn't notice it, but there's ads in AI overview also. I don't think there's ads in AI mode.

• 1:12:38Lex Fridman?

  When ads in AI mode, so now, when, when do you think, I mean, it's, okay. We should say that in the nineties, I remember the animated gifs, banner gifs that take you to some shady websites that have nothing to do with anything. AdSense revolutionized advertisement. It's one of the greatest inventions.

• 1:12:59Lex Fridman?

  In, in, in recent history, because it allows us for free. To have access to all these kinds of services. So ads fuel a lot of really powerful services. And at its best, it's showing you relevant ads, but also very importantly, in a way that's not super annoying, right? In a classy way. So when do you think it's possible to add ads into AI mode? And what does that look like from a classy, non annoying perspective?

• 1:13:29Speaker 01

  Two things. Early part of AI mode will obviously focus more on the organic experience to make sure we are getting it right. I think the fundamental value of ads are it enables access to deploy the services to billions of people. The second is ads are the reason we've always taken ads seriously is we view ads as commercial information, but it's still information. And so we bring the same quality metrics to it. I think with AI mode to our earlier conversation about, I think AI itself will help us over time figure out, you know, the best way to do it. I, I think given we are giving context around everything, we, I think it'll give us more

• 1:14:12Speaker 01

  opportunities to also explain, okay, here's some commercial information. Like today as a podcaster, you do that certain spots and you probably figure out what's best in your podcast.

• 1:14:24Speaker 01

  I, I think so there are aspects of that, but I think, you know, I think the underlying need of people value commercial information. Businesses are trying to connect to users. All that doesn't change in an AI moment. But look, we will rethink it. You've seen us in YouTube now do a mixture of subscription and ads. Like obviously, you know, we, we are now introducing subscription offerings across everything. And so as part of that, we can optimize, the optimization point will end up being a different place as well.

• 1:15:00Lex Fridman?

  Do you see it trajectory in the possible future where AI mode completely replaces? The ten blue links plus AI overview.

• 1:15:10Speaker 01

  Our current plan is AI mode is going to be there as a separate tab for people who really want to experience that. But it's not yet at the level where our main search page is. But as features, work will keep migrating it to the main page. And so you can view it as a continuum. AI mode will offer you the bleeding edge experience. But it'll thinks that work will keep overflowing to AI overview and the main, main experience.

• 1:15:39Lex Fridman?

  And the idea that AI mode will still take you to the web, to the human created web.

• 1:15:43Speaker 01

  Yes, that's going to be a core design principle for us.

• 1:15:46Lex Fridman?

  So really, if users decide, right, they drive this.

• 1:15:49Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:15:50Lex Fridman?

  It's just exciting, a little bit scary that it might change the internet. Is you, Google has been dominating with a very specific look and idea of what it means to have the internet. And to, as you move to AI mode.

• 1:16:08Lex Fridman?

  I mean, I, it's just a different experience. I think Liz was talking about, I think you've mentioned that you ask more questions. You ask longer questions.

• 1:16:19Speaker 01

  Dramatically different types of questions.

• 1:16:21Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, like it actually fuels curiosity. Like I think it's for me, I've been asking just a much larger number of questions of this black box machine. Let's say whatever it is. And, and with AI overview, it's interesting because I still value the human. I still ultimately want to end up on the human created web. But I, like you said, the context really helps.

• 1:16:47Speaker 01

  It helps us deliver higher quality referrals, right? You know, where people are like, they have much higher likelihood of finding what they're looking for. They're exploring, they're curious, their intent is getting satisfied more. So that's what all our metrics show.

• 1:17:02Lex Fridman?

  It makes the humans that create the web nervous. The journalists are getting nervous, they've already been nervous. Like we mentioned, CNN is nervous because of podcasts.

• 1:17:13Lex Fridman?

  It makes people nervous.

• 1:17:14Speaker 01

  Look, I, I think news and journalism will play an important role. You know, in the future, we're pretty committed to it, right? And so I think. Making sure that ecosystem, in fact, I think we'll be able to differentiate ourselves as a company over time because of our commitment there. So it's it's it's something I think, you know, I definitely value a lot and and as we are designing, we'll continue prioritizing approaches.

• 1:17:42Lex Fridman?

  I'm sure for the people who want, they can have a fine tuned AI model, this clickbait hit pieces that will replace current journalism. That's a shot at journalism, forgive me. But I I find that if you're looking for really strong criticism of things, that Gemini is very good at providing that.

• 1:18:01Speaker 01

  Oh, absolutely.

• 1:18:01Lex Fridman?

  It's better than anything. The for now, I mean, people are concerned that there would be bias that's introduced that as the AI systems become more and more powerful, there's incentive from sponsors to roll in and try to control the output

• 1:18:17Lex Fridman?

  of the AI models. But for now, the objective criticism that's provided is way better than journalism. Of course, the argument is the journalists are still valuable. But then, I don't know, the crowdsourced journalism that we get on the open internet is also very, very powerful.

• 1:18:33Speaker 01

  I feel like they're all super important things. I think it's good that you get a lot of crowdsourced information coming in.

• 1:18:42Speaker 01

  But I feel like there is real value for high quality journalism, right? And and I think these are all complementary. I think like I viewed as I find myself constantly seeking out also like try to find objective reporting on on things too. And and sometimes you get more context from the crowdfunded sources you read online. But I think both end up playing a super important role.

• 1:19:09Lex Fridman?

  So there's a you've spoken a lot about about this. Demis talked about this. It's sort of the

• 1:19:16Lex Fridman?

  the slice of the web that will increasingly become about providing information for agents. So we can think about as like two layers of the web. One is for humans, one is for agents. Do you see the AI agents? Do you see the one that's for AI agents growing over time? Do you see there still being long term, five, 10 years value for the human created? Human created for the purpose of human consumption web? Or will it all be agents in the end?

• 1:19:46Speaker 01

  In today.

• 1:19:48Speaker 01

  Like, not everyone does, but you know, you you go to a you go to a big retail store, you love walking the aisle, you love shopping, uh, or grocery store, picking out food, et cetera. But you're also online shopping and they're delivering, right? So both are complementary and like that's true for restaurants, et cetera.

• 1:20:09Speaker 01

  So I do feel like over time websites will also get better for humans. They will be better designed, uh, AI might actually design them better for humans. So I I expect the web to get a lot richer and more interesting and uh, better to use. At the same time, I think there'll be an agentic web, which is also making a lot of progress. And you have to solve the business value and the incentives to make that work well, right? Like for people to participate in it.

• 1:20:43Speaker 01

  But I think both will coexist. And obviously, the agents may not need the same, I mean, not may not, they won't need the same design and UI paradigms which humans need to interact with. Uh, but I think both will, both will be there.

• 1:21:00Lex Fridman?

  I have to ask you about Chrome. Uh, I have to say for me personally, Google Chrome is probably.

• 1:21:08Lex Fridman?

  I don't know, I I'd like to see where I would rank it, but in this temptation, and this is not recency bias, although it might be a little bit, but I think it's up there, top three, maybe the number one piece of software for me of all time. This is incredible, it's really incredible. The browsers are a window to the web and Chrome really continued for many years. But even initially to push the innovation on that front when it was stale and it continues to challenge, it continues to make it more uh, performant, so efficient, just innovate constantly, uh, and the the chromium aspect of it. Anyway, uh, you were one of the pioneers of Chrome pushing for it when it was an insane

• 1:21:51Lex Fridman?

  idea, probably one of the ideas that was criticized and doubted and so on. So can you tell me um, the story of what it took to push for Chrome? What was your vision?

• 1:22:06Speaker 01

  Like it was a such a dynamic time in around 2004, 2005 with Ajax, the web suddenly becoming dynamic in a matter of few months, Flickr, Gmail, Google Maps, all kind of came into existence, right? Like the fact that you have an interactive, dynamic web, the web was evolving from simple text pages, simple HTML to rich, dynamic applications. But at the same time, you could see the browser was never meant for that world, right?

• 1:22:45Speaker 01

  Like JavaScript execution was super slow. You know, the browser was far away from being an operating system for that rich, modern web, which was coming into, coming into place. So that's the opportunity we saw. Like, you know, it's an amazing early team. I still remember the day we got a shell on WebKit running and how fast it was. You know, we had the clear vision for building a browser. Like, we wanted to bring core OS principles into the browser, right? Like, so we built a secure browser, sandbox, each tab was its

• 1:23:27Speaker 01

  own. These things are common now, but at the time, like, it was pretty unique. We found an amazing team in our host, Denmark, with a leader who built the JavaScript VM, which at the time was 25 times faster than any other JavaScript VM out there. And by the way, you're right, we open sourced it all and, you know, and put it in Chromium 2. But we really thought the web could work much better, you know, much faster, and you could be much safer browsing the web. And the name Chrome came was because we literally felt people were like, the Chrome of the browser was getting clunkier. We wanted to

• 1:24:10Speaker 01

  minimize it. And so that was the origins of the project, definitely, obviously.

• 1:24:17Speaker 01

  Highly biased person here talking about Chrome. But it's the most fun I've had building a product from the ground up. And you know, it was an extraordinary team. Had my co-founders in the project were terrific. So definite fond memories.

• 1:24:33Lex Fridman?

  So for people who don't know, Sundar, it's probably fair to say you're the reason we have Chrome. Yes, I know there's a lot of incredible engineers, but pushing for it inside a company that probably was opposing it. Because it's a crazy idea. Because as everybody probably knows, it's incredibly difficult to build a browser.

• 1:24:50Speaker 01

  You know, look, Eric, who was the CEO at the time, I think it was less that he was opposed to it. He kind of firsthand knew what a crazy thing it is to go build a browser. And so he definitely was like, this is, you know, there was a crazy aspect to actually wanting to go build a browser. But he was very supportive. You know, everyone, the founders were, I think, once we started, you know, building something and we could use it and see how much better. From then on, like you're really tinkering with the product and making it better. It came to life pretty fast.

• 1:25:26Lex Fridman?

  What wisdom do you draw from that? From pushing through on a crazy idea in the early days that ends up being revolutionary? What for future crazy ideas like it?

• 1:25:38Speaker 01

  I mean, this, this is something Larry and Sergey have articulated clearly. I really internalized this early on, which is, you know, their whole feeling around working on moonshots. Like as a way, when you work on something very ambitious, first of all, it attracts the best people. Right? So that's an advantage you get. Number two, because it's so ambitious, you don't have others working on something crazy. So you pretty much have the path to yourselves. Right? It's like Waymo and self-driving. Number three, it is even if you end up quite not accomplishing what you set out to do. And you end up doing sixty, eighty percent of it, it'll end up being a terrific success. So, so, you know, that's the advice I would give people, right?

• 1:26:22Speaker 01

  I think like, you know, it's just aiming for big ideas has all these advantages. And, and it's risky, but it also has all these advantages, which people I don't think fully internalize.

• 1:26:35Lex Fridman?

  I mean, you mentioned one of the craziest, biggest moonshots, which is Waymo. It's one when I first saw over a decade ago, a Waymo vehicle.

• 1:26:45Lex Fridman?

  Google self-driving car vehicle. It was, for me, it was an aha moment for robotics. It made me fall in love with robotics even more than before. Gave me a glimpse into the future. So it's incredible. I'm truly grateful for that project, for what it symbolizes. But it's also a crazy moonshot. It's for, for a long time, Waymo has been just, like you mentioned with scuba diving, just not listening to anybody, just calmly improving the system better and better, more testing, just expanding the operational domain more and more. First of all, congrats on 10 million paid robotaxi rides.

• 1:27:25Lex Fridman?

  What lessons do you take from Waymo about like the perseverance, the persistence on that project?

• 1:27:33Speaker 01

  I'm really proud of the progress we have had with Waymo. One of the things I think we were very committed to, you know, the final 20% can look like, I mean, we always say, right? The first 80% is easy. The final 20% takes 80% of the time. I think we definitely were, were working through that phase with Waymo, but I was aware of that. So, but you know, we knew we were at that stage. We knew we were a technology gap between, while there were many people, many other self-driving companies, we knew the technology gap was there. In fact, right at the moment when others were doubting Waymo is when I made the decision to invest more in Waymo, right?

• 1:28:17Speaker 01

  Because so, so in some ways it's, it's counterintuitive. But I think, look, we've always been a deep technology company and like, you know, Waymo is a version of kind of building a AI robot that works well. And so we get attracted to problems like that, the caliber of the teams there, you know, phenomenal teams. And so I know you follow the space super closely. You know, I'm talking to someone who knows the space well, but it was very obvious it's going to get there and you know, there's still more work to do. But we, you know, it's a good example where we always prioritized. Being ambitious and safety at the same time, right?

• 1:29:01Speaker 01

  And equally committed to both and pushed hard. And you know, couldn't be more thrilled with how it's working, how much people love the experience. And this year is definitely we've scaled up a lot and we'll continue scaling up in 26.

• 1:29:19Lex Fridman?

  That said, the competition is heating up. You've been friendly with Elon, even though Technic is a competitor, but you've been friendly with a lot of tech CEOs in that way, just showing respect towards them and so on. What do you think about the robotaxi efforts that Tesla is doing? Do you see this competition? What do you think? Do you like the competition?

• 1:29:39Speaker 01

  We are one of the earliest and biggest backers of SpaceX as Google, right? So, you know, thrilled with what SpaceX is doing and fortunate to be investors as a company there, right? And, and look, we don't compete with Tesla directly. We are not making cars, et cetera, right? We are building L45 autonomy. We're building a Waymo driver, which is general purpose and can be used in many settings. They are obviously working on making Tesla self-driving too. I've just assumed it's a de facto that Elon would succeed in whatever he does. So like, you know, that is not something I question.

• 1:30:23Speaker 01

  So, but I think we are so far from these spaces are such vast spaces. Like I think, think about transportation, the opportunity space. The Waymo driver is a general purpose technology we can apply in many situations. So you have a vast green space. In all future scenarios, I see Tesla doing well and, you know, Waymo doing well.

• 1:30:51Lex Fridman?

  Like we mentioned with the Neolithic package, I think it's very possible that in the quote unquote AI package, when the history is written, autonomous vehicles, self-driving cars is like the big thing that changes everything. Imagine over a period of a decade or two, just the complete transition from manually driven to autonomous in ways we might not predict. It might change the way we move about the world completely. So that, you know, the possibility of that and then the. Second and third order effects, as you're seeing now with Tesla, very possibly you would see some internally with Alphabet, maybe Waymo, maybe some of the Gemini Robotics stuff.

• 1:31:34Lex Fridman?

  It might lead you into the other domains of robotics. Because we should remember that Waymo is a robot. It just happens to be on four wheels. So you, you said that the next big thing. We can also throw that into AI package. The big aha moment might be in the space of robotics. What do you think that would look like?

• 1:31:57Speaker 01

  Demis and the Google DeepMind team is very focused on Gemini Robotics, right? So we are definitely building the underlying models well. So we have a lot of investments there and I think we are also pretty cutting edge in our research there. So we are definitely driving that direction. We obviously are thinking about applications in robotics will, will kind of work seriously. We are partnering with a few companies today. But it's an area I would say, stay tuned. We are, you know, we are yet to fully articulate our plans outside. But it's an area we are definitely committed to driving a lot of progress. But I think AI ends up driving that massive progress in robotics. The field has been held back for, for a while.

• 1:32:41Speaker 01

  I mean, hardware has made extraordinary progress. The software had been the challenge, but you know, with AI now and, and, and the, and the generalized models we are building. You know, we are building these models, getting them to work in the real world in a safe way, in a generalized way. Is the frontier we're pushing pretty hard on.

• 1:33:03Lex Fridman?

  Well, it's really nice to see that the models and the different teams integrated to where all of them are pushing towards one world model that's being built. So from all these different angles, multimodal.

• 1:33:14Lex Fridman?

  You're ultimately trying to get Gemini.

• 1:33:18Lex Fridman?

  The same thing that would make AI mode really effective in answering your questions, which requires a kind of world model, is the same kind of thing that would help a robot be useful in the physical world. So everything is aligned.

• 1:33:31Speaker 01

  That is what makes this moment so unique because running a company for the first time, you can do one investment in a very deep horizontal way. On top of it, you can like drive multiple businesses forward, right? And that's effectively what we are doing in Google and Alphabet, right?

• 1:33:51Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, it's all coming together like it was planned ahead of time, but it's not, of course. It's all distributed. I mean, if Gmail and Sheets and all these other incredible services, I can sing Gmail praises for years. I mean, it's just revolutionized email. But the moment you start to integrate AI Gemini into Gmail, I mean, that's the other thing. Speaking of productivity multiplier, people complain about email, but that changed everything. Email, like the invention of email changed everything. And it's been ripe. There's been a few folks trying to revolutionize email, some of them on top of Gmail. But that's like ripe for innovation, not just spam filtering, but you demoed a really nice demo of.

• 1:34:32Speaker 01

  Personalized responses, right?

• 1:34:34Lex Fridman?

  Personalized responses. And at first I was like, at first I felt really bad about that. But then I realized that there's nothing wrong to feel bad about because the example you gave is when a friend asks, you know, you went to whatever hiking location, do you have any advice? And they just search us through all your information to give them good advice. And then you put the cherry on top, maybe some love or whatever camaraderie. But the informational aspect, the knowledge transfer does for you.

• 1:35:06Speaker 01

  I think there'll be important moments, like it should be like today. If you write a card in your own handwriting and send it to someone, that's a special thing. Similarly, there'll be a time, I mean, to your friends, maybe your friend wrote and said he's not doing well or something. You know, those are moments, you wanna save your times for writing something, reaching out. But, you know, like saying, give me all the details of the trip you took. You know, to me, makes a lot of sense for AI assistant to help you, right? And so I think both are important, but I think, I think I'm excited about that direction.

• 1:35:42Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, I think ultimately it gives more time for us humans to do the things we humans find meaningful. And I think it scares a lot of people because we're gonna have to ask ourselves the hard question of like, what do we find meaningful? And I'm sure there's answers. I mean, it's the old question of the meaning, meaning of existence is you, you have to try to figure that out. That might be ultimately parenting or being creative in some domains of art or writing. And it challenges to, to, to, like, you know, it's a good question of to ask yourself, like, in my life, what is the thing that brings me most joy? And fulfillment. And if I'm able to actually focus more time on that, that's really powerful.

• 1:36:22Speaker 01

  I think that's the, you know, that's the holy grail. If you get this right, I think it allows more people to find that.

• 1:36:30Lex Fridman?

  I have to ask you, on the programming front, AI is getting really good at programming. Gemini, both the Agentic and just the LLM has been incredible. So a lot of programmers are really worried that their jobs, they will lose their jobs. How worried should they be? And how should they adjust so they can be thriving in this new world where more and more code is written by AI?

• 1:36:54Speaker 01

  I think a few things, looking at Google.

• 1:36:59Speaker 01

  You know, we've given various stats around like, you know, thirty percent of code now uses like AI generated suggestions or whatever it is. But the most important metric, and we carefully measured it, is like.

• 1:37:14Speaker 01

  How much has our engineering velocity increased as a company due to AI? Right? And it's like tough to measure and we kind of rigorously try to measure it. And our estimates are that number is now at 10%, right? Like now, across the company, we've accomplished a 10% engineering velocity increase using AI. But we plan to hire engineers, more engineers next year, right? So because the opportunity space of what we can do is expanding too, right? And so I think hopefully, you know, for at least the near to midterm,

• 1:37:59Speaker 01

  for many engineers, it frees up more and more of the, you know, even in engineering and coding, there are aspects which are so much fun, you're designing, you're architecting, you're solving a problem. There's a lot of grunt work, you know, which all goes hand in hand. But it hopefully takes a lot of that away, makes it even more fun to code, frees you up more time to create, problem solve, brainstorm with your fellow colleagues and so on, right? So that's, that's the opportunity there. And second, I think like, you know, it'll attract, it'll put

• 1:38:39Speaker 01

  the creative power in more people's hands, which means people will create more. That means there'll be more engineers doing more things. So it's tough to fully predict, but you know, I, I think in general in this moment, it feels like, you know, you know, people adopt these tools and be better programmers. Like there are more people playing chess now than ever before, right? So, uh, you know, it feels positive that way to me, at least speaking from within a Google context. That's how I would. You know, talk to them about it.

• 1:39:13Lex Fridman?

  I still, I just know anecdotally, a lot of great programmers are generating a lot of code. So their productivity, they're not always using all the code, just, you know, there's still a lot of editing. But like, even for me, I was still programming as a side thing. I think I'm like five X more productive. I don't, I, I think that's, uh, even for a large code base that's touching a lot of users like Google's does. I'm imagining like very soon that productivity should be going up even more.

• 1:39:46Speaker 01

  The big unlock will be as we make the agent capabilities much more robust. Right. I think that's what unlocks that next big wave. I think the 10% is like a massive number, like, you know, if tomorrow, like I showed up and said, like, you can improve like a large organization's productivity by 10%. When you have tens of thousands of engineers, that's a phenomenal number. Uh, and you know, that's different than what other site has statistics saying like, you know, like this percentage of code is now written by AI. I'm talking more about like overall.

• 1:40:20Lex Fridman?

  Actual productivity.

• 1:40:20Speaker 01

  The actual productivity, right? Engineering productivity, which is two different things. And, and which is the more important metric. And, but I think it'll get better, right? And like, you know, uh, I think there's no engineer who tomorrow, if you magically became two X more productive, you're just going to create more things, you're going to create more value added things. And so I think they, you'll, you'll find more satisfaction in your job, right? So.

• 1:40:46Lex Fridman?

  And there's a lot of aspects. I mean, the actual Google code base might just improve because it'll become more standardized, more, um, easier for people to move about the code base because AI will help with that. And therefore that will also allow the AI to understand the entire code base better, which makes the engineering aspect, that's what I've been using cursor a lot.

• 1:41:04Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:41:05Lex Fridman?

  As, as a way to program with Gemini and other models is like. It one of its powerful things is it's aware of the entire code base. And that allows you to ask questions of it. It allows the agents to move about that code base in a really powerful way. I mean, that's a huge unlock.

• 1:41:21Speaker 01

  Think about like, you know, migrations, refactoring old code bases.

• 1:41:27Lex Fridman?

  Refactoring, yeah.

• 1:41:27Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, think about like, you know, once we can do all this in a much better, more robust way than where we are today.

• 1:41:34Lex Fridman?

  I think in the end, everything will be written in JavaScript and run in Chrome. I think it's all going to that direction. I mean, just for fun, Google has legendary coding interviews. Like rigorous interviews for the engineers. How can you comment on how that has changed in the era of AI? It's just such a weird.

• 1:41:57Lex Fridman?

  You know, the whiteboard interview, I assume is not allowed to have some prompts.

• 1:42:01Speaker 01

  Such a good question. Look, I do think, you know, we're making sure, you know, we'll introduce at least one round of in-person interviews for people. Just to make sure the fundamentals are there. I think they'll end up being important. But it's an equally important skill. Look, if you can use these tools to generate better code, like, you know, I think, I think that's an asset. And so, you know, I think, so overall, I think it's a massive positive.

• 1:42:33Lex Fridman?

  Vibe Coding Engineer, do you recommend people, students interested in programming still get an education in computer science? College education? What do you think?

• 1:42:44Speaker 01

  I do. If you have a passion for computer science, I would. You know, computer science is obviously a lot more than programming alone. So I would. I still don't think I would change what you pursue.

• 1:42:58Speaker 01

  I think AI will horizontally allow, impact every field. It's pretty tough to predict in what ways. So any education in which you're learning good first principles thinking, I think is good education.

• 1:43:15Lex Fridman?

  You've revolutionized web browsing, you've revolutionized a lot of things over the years.

• 1:43:20Lex Fridman?

  Android changed the game. It's an incredible operating system. We could talk for hours about Android. What does the future of Android look like? Is it possible it becomes more and more AI centric? Especially now that you throw into the mix Android XR with uh being able to do augmented reality and mixed reality and virtual reality in the physical world?

• 1:43:47Speaker 01

  You know, the best innovations in computing have come when you're through a paradigm, I O change, right? Like, you know, when with GUI and then with a graphical user interface and then with multi-touch in the context of mobile voice later on. Similarly, I feel like, you know, AR is that next paradigm. I think it was held back, both the system integration challenges of making good AR is very, very hard. The second thing is you need AI to actually kind of otherwise the I O is too complicated for you to have a natural seamless I O to that paradigm. AI ends up being super important and so

• 1:44:31Speaker 01

  this is why Project Astra ends up being super critical for that Android XR world. But it is, I think when you use glasses and, you know, always been amazed like at the how useful these things are going to be. So I, look, I think it's a real opportunity for Android. I think XR is one way it'll kind of really come to life. But I think there's an opportunity to rethink the mobile OS too, right? I think we've been kind of living in this paradigm of like. Apps and shortcuts, all that won't go away. But again, like if you're trying to get stuff done at an operating system level,

• 1:45:12Speaker 01

  you know, it needs to be more agentic so that you can kind of describe what you want to do. Or like it proactively understands what you're trying to do, learns from how you're doing things over and over again and kind of adapting to you. All that is kind of like the unlock we need to go and do.

• 1:45:28Lex Fridman?

  With a basic, efficient, minimalist UI. I've gotten a chance to try the glasses and they're incredible. It's the little stuff. It's hard to put into words, but no latency. It just works. Even that little map demo where you look down and you look up and there's a very smooth transition between the two. And useful, very small amount of useful information is shown to you. Enough not to distract from the world outside, but enough to provide a bit of context when you need it. And some of that, in order to bring that into reality, you have to solve a lot of the OS problems to make sure it works when you're integrating the AI into the whole thing.

• 1:46:11Lex Fridman?

  So every, everything you do launches an agent that answers some basic question.

• 1:46:16Speaker 01

  It's a good moonshot, you know?

• 1:46:17Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, it's crazy.

• 1:46:18Speaker 01

  No, but, but you know, I think we are, you know, but it's

• 1:46:24Speaker 01

  much closer to reality than other moonshots. You know, we expect to have glasses in the hands of developers later this year and, and you know, and consumer science next year. So it's an exciting time.

• 1:46:36Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, well, extremely well executed. Beam, all the stuff, you know, cause I, sometimes you don't know, like somebody commented on a, a top comment on one of the demos of Beam. They said, uh, this will either be killed off in five weeks or revolutionize all meetings in five years. And there's very much, Google tries so many things and sometimes sadly kills off very promising projects, but because there's so many other things to focus on. I use, I use so many Google products. Google Voice I still use. I'm so glad that's not being killed off. That's still alive. Thank you, whoever is defending that, cause it's, it's awesome. And it's great. They keep innovating. I just want to list off just as a big thank you.

• 1:47:19Lex Fridman?

  So search, obviously Google revolutionized. Chrome and all of these can be multi-hour conversations. Gmail.

• 1:47:27Lex Fridman?

  I've been singing Gmail praises forever. Maps, incredible technological innovation and revolutionizing mapping. Android, like we talked about, YouTube, like we talked about, AdSense, Google Translate. For the academic mind, a Google Scholar is incredible. And also the scanning of the books. So making all the world's knowledge accessible, even when that knowledge is a kind of niche thing, which Google Scholar is. And then obviously with DeepMind, with AlphaZero, AlphaFold, AlphaEvolve. I could talk forever about AlphaEvolve. That's mind blowing. All of that released. And as part of that set of things you've released in this year,

• 1:48:09Lex Fridman?

  when those brilliant articles were written about, Google is done.

• 1:48:15Lex Fridman?

  And like we talked about, pioneering self-driving cars and quantum computing, which could be another thing that is low key scuba diving. It's way to changing the world forever. So another podhead slash micro kitchen question. If you build AGI,

• 1:48:35Lex Fridman?

  what kind of question would you ask it? What would you, what would you want to talk about? Definitively, Google has created AGI that can basically answer any question. What topic are you going to? Where's, where's, where are you going?

• 1:48:52Speaker 01

  It's a great question.

• 1:48:56Speaker 01

  Maybe it's proactive by then and should tell me a few things I should know. But I think if I were to ask it, I think it'll help us understand ourselves much better

• 1:49:09Speaker 01

  in a way that'll surprise us, I think.

• 1:49:13Speaker 01

  And so maybe that's, you already see people do it with the products. And so, but you know, in an AGI context, I think that'll be pretty powerful.

• 1:49:20Lex Fridman?

  At a personal level or a general human nature?

• 1:49:23Speaker 01

  At a personal level, like you talking to AGI. I think, I think, you know,

• 1:49:30Speaker 01

  there is some chance it'll, it'll kind of understand you in a, in a very deep way. I think, you know, in a profound way, that's a possibility.

• 1:49:40Speaker 01

  I, I think there is also the obvious thing of like, maybe it helps us understand the universe better.

• 1:49:47Speaker 01

  You know, in a way that expands the frontiers of our understanding of the world. That is something super exciting.

• 1:49:57Speaker 01

  But look, I I really don't know. I think, you know, I haven't had access to something that powerful yet, but I think those are all possibilities.

• 1:50:07Lex Fridman?

  I think on the personal level, asking questions about yourself could a sequence of questions like that about what makes me happy. I think we'd be very surprised to learn that those kind of the a sequence of questions and answers will might explore some profound truths in the way that sometimes art reveals to us, great books reveal to us, great conversations with loved ones reveal, things that are obvious in retrospect, but are nice when they're said. But for me, number one question is about how many alien civilizations are there? One hundred percent.

• 1:50:42Speaker 01

  That's going to be your first question?

• 1:50:44Lex Fridman?

  Number one, how many living and dead alien civilizations? Maybe a bunch of follow ups, like how close are they? Are they dangerous? If if there's no alien civilizations, why? Or if there's no advanced alien civilizations, but bacteria like life everywhere? Why? What is the barrier preventing you from getting to that? Is it because that there's that when you get sufficiently intelligent, you end up destroying ourselves? Because you need competition in order to develop an advanced civilization. And when you have competition, it's going to lead to military conflict and conflict eventually kills everybody. I don't know. I'm gonna have that kind of discussion.

• 1:51:25Speaker 01

  Get an answer to the foamy paradox.

• 1:51:26Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, exactly. And like have a real discussion about it. I'm not sure. It's a I'm realizing now with your answer is a more productive answer because I'm not sure what I'm gonna do with that information. But maybe speaks to the general human curiosity that Liz talked about, that we're all just really curious and making the world's information accessible allows our curiosity to be satiated some with AI even more. We can be more and more curious and learn more about the world, about ourselves. And so doing I always wonder if I don't know if you can comment on like, is it possible to measure the not the GDP productivity increase like we talked about, but maybe the whatever that increases the

• 1:52:13Lex Fridman?

  The breadth and depth of human knowledge that Google has unlocked with Google Search and now with AI mode with Gemini is a difficult thing to measure.

• 1:52:25Speaker 01

  Many years ago, there was a, I think it was a MIT study. They just estimated the impact of Google Search. And they basically said it's the equivalent to, on a per person basis, it's few thousands of dollars per year per person, right? Like it's the value that got created per year, right? And, and, but it's, yeah, it's tough to capture these things, right? You kind of take it, take it for granted as these things come. And, and the frontier keeps moving, but, uh, you know, how do you measure the value of something like Alpha Fold over time? Right? And, and, and so on, so it's.

• 1:53:02Lex Fridman?

  And also the increase in quality of life when you learn more. I have to say, like, with, uh, some of the programming I do done by AI, for some reason, I'm more excited to program.

• 1:53:13Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:53:13Lex Fridman?

  Uh, and so the same with knowledge, with discovering things about the world. It makes you more excited to be alive. It makes you more curious to, and it keeps, the more curious you are, the more exciting it is to live and experience the world. And it's very hard to, I don't know if that makes you more productive. It probably not nearly as much as it makes you happy to be alive. And that's a hard thing to measure. The quality of life increases, some of these things do.

• 1:53:43Lex Fridman?

  As AI continues to get better and better at everything that humans do, what do you think is the biggest thing that makes us humans special?

• 1:53:51Speaker 01

  Look, I, I, I think it's tough to, in the essence of humanity, there's something about, uh, you know, the consciousness we have, what makes us uniquely human. Maybe the lines will blur over time. And, and it's tough to articulate, but, uh, I hope, hopefully, you know, we live in a world where if you make resources more plentiful.

• 1:54:19Speaker 01

  And make the world lesser of a zero sum game over time, right? And which it's not, but you know, in a resource constrained environment, people perceive it to be right. And, and, and so I hope the, the values of what makes us uniquely human, empathy, kindness, all that surfaces more is the aspirational hope I have.

• 1:54:48Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, it multiplies the compassion, but also the curiosity, just the, the banter, the debates we'll have about the meaning of it all. And I, I also think in the scientific domains, all the incredible work that DeepMind is doing,

• 1:55:03Lex Fridman?

  I think we'll still continue to, to play, to explore scientific questions, mathematical questions, physics questions, even as AI gets better and better at helping us solve some of the questions. Sometimes the question itself is the really difficult thing.

• 1:55:20Speaker 01

  Both the right new questions to ask and the answers to them and, and, and the self-discovery process, which it'll drive, I think, you know, our early work with both Co-Scientists and AlphaEvolve, just, just a super exciting to see.

• 1:55:36Lex Fridman?

  What gives you hope about the future of human civilization?

• 1:55:40Speaker 01

  I've always, I'm, I'm, I'm an optimist and you know, I, I, I look at,

• 1:55:47Speaker 01

  now, if you were to say you take the journey of human civilization, it's been, you know, we've relentlessly made, made the world better, right? In many ways, at any given moment in time, there are big issues to work through. It may look, but you know, I always ask myself the question, would you have been born now or any other time in the past? I most often, not most often, almost always.

• 1:56:14Speaker 01

  Would rather be born now, right? You know? And so that's the extraordinary thing the human civilization has accomplished. Right? And like, you know, and we've kind of constantly made the world a better place. And so something tells me as humanity, we always rise collectively to drive that frontier forward. So I expect it to be no different in the future.

• 1:56:37Lex Fridman?

  I agree with you totally. I'm truly grateful to be alive in this moment and I'm also really excited for the future. And the work you and the incredible teams here are doing is one of the big reasons I'm excited for the future. So thank you. Thank you for all the cool products you've built and please don't kill Google Voice.

• 1:56:56Speaker 01

  We won't, yeah.

• 1:56:59Lex Fridman?

  Thank you for talking today. This was incredible.

• 1:57:01Speaker 01

  Real pleasure. Appreciate it.

• 1:57:03Lex Fridman?

  Thanks for listening to this conversation with Sundar Pichai. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description or at lexfridman.com/sponsors. Shortly before this conversation, I got a chance to get a couple of demos that frankly blew my mind. The engineering was really impressive. The first demo was Google Beam and the second demo was the XR glasses. And some of it was caught on video, so I thought I would include here some of those video clips.

• 1:57:38Speaker 03

  Hey Lex, my name's Andrew. I lead the Google Beam team and we're going to be excited to show you a demo. We're going to show you, I think, a glimpse of something new. So that's the idea, a way to connect, a way to feel present from anywhere with anybody you care about. Here is Google Beam. This is a development platform that we've built. So there's a prototype here of Google Beam. There's one right down the hallway. I'm going to go down and turn that on in a second. We're going to experience it together. We'll be back in the same room.

• 1:58:04Lex Fridman?

  Wonderful.

• 1:58:07Lex Fridman?

  Whoa, okay.

• 1:58:08Speaker 03

  Here we are.

• 1:58:09Lex Fridman?

  Okay, this is real already. Wow.

• 1:58:12Speaker 03

  This is real. Good to see you. This is Google Beam. We're trying to make it feel like you and I could be anywhere in the world, but when these magic windows open, we're back together. I see you exactly the same way you see me. It's almost like we're sitting at the table, sharing a table together. I could learn from you, talk to you, share a meal with you, get to know you.

• 1:58:32Lex Fridman?

  So you could feel the depth of this.

• 1:58:34Speaker 03

  Yeah, great to meet you.

• 1:58:36Lex Fridman?

  Wow, so for people who probably can't even imagine what this looks like, there's a 3D version. It looks real. You look real.

• 1:58:43Speaker 03

  Me, it looks real to you.

• 1:58:44Lex Fridman?

  It looks like you're coming out of the screen.

• 1:58:47Speaker 03

  We quickly believe, once we're in Beam, that we're just together. You settle into it, you're naturally attuned to seeing the world like this, and you just get used to seeing people this way. But literally, from anywhere in the world with these magic screens.

• 1:59:00Lex Fridman?

  This is incredible.

• 1:59:01Speaker 03

  It's a neat technology.

• 1:59:02Lex Fridman?

  Wow, so I saw demos of this, but they don't come close to the experience of this. I think one of the top YouTube comments and one of the demos I saw was like, "Why would I want to hide definition?" I'm trying to turn off the camera, but this actually is, this feels like the camera's been turned off and we're just in the same room together. This is really compelling.

• 1:59:21Speaker 03

  That's right. I know it's kind of late in the day too, so I brought you a snack, just in case you're a little bit hungry, but um...

• 1:59:27Lex Fridman?

  So what, can you push it farther and it just becomes...

• 1:59:29Speaker 03

  Yeah, let's try to float it between rooms. You know, it kind of fades from my room into your one.

• 1:59:33Lex Fridman?

  And then, and then you see my hand, the depth of my hand.

• 1:59:36Speaker 03

  Of course, yeah. Of course, yeah, it feels like you... Try this, try give me a high five, and there's almost a sensation of human touch. You almost feel.

• 1:59:43Lex Fridman?

  Yes.

• 1:59:43Speaker 03

  Because you're so attuned to, you know, that should be a high five. It feeling like you could connect with somebody that way. So it's kind of a magical experience.

• 1:59:50Lex Fridman?

  Oh, this is really nice. How much does it cost?

• 1:59:54Speaker 03

  We've got a lot of companies testing it. We just announced that we're going to be bringing it to offices soon as a set of products. We've got some companies helping to build these screens. But eventually, I think this will be in almost every screen.

• 2:00:04Lex Fridman?

  There's nothing, I'm not wearing anything. Well, I'm wearing a suit and tie, to clarify. I ain't wearing clothes. This is not CGI. But outside of that, cool. And the audio's really good, and you can see me in the same three-dimensional way.

• 2:00:18Speaker 03

  Yeah, the audio's spatialized, so if I'm talking from here, of course it sounds like I'm talking from here. You know, if I move to the other side of the room.

• 2:00:24Lex Fridman?

  Wow.

• 2:00:26Speaker 03

  So these little subtle cues, these really matter to bring people together. All the nonverbals, all the emotion, the things that are lost today. Here it is. We put it back into the system.

• 2:00:35Lex Fridman?

  You pulled this off? Holy shit, they pulled it off. And integrated into this, I saw the translation also. Right, this is the.

• 2:00:43Speaker 03

  Yeah, we've got a bunch of things. Let me show you a couple of kind of cool things. Let's do a little bit of work together. Maybe we could, um, critique one of your latest, uh. So, you know, it's you and I work together, so of course we're in the same room, but with this superpower, I can bring other things in here with me. Um, and it's, it's nice. You know, it's like we could sit together, we could watch something, we could work. Um, we've shared meals as a team together in this system, but once you do the presence aspect of this, you want to bring some other superpowers to it.

• 2:01:13Lex Fridman?

  And so you could do, review code together?

• 2:01:15Speaker 03

  Yeah, yeah, exactly. I've got some, uh, slides I'm working on. You know, maybe you could help me with this. Keep your eyes on me for a second. I'll slide back into the center. I didn't really move, but the system just kind of puts us in the right spot and knows where we need to be.

• 2:01:27Lex Fridman?

  Oh, so you just turn to your laptop, the system moves you, and then it does the overlay automatically?

• 2:01:32Speaker 03

  It kind of warps the room to put things in the spot that they need to be in. Everything has a place in the room. Everything has a sense of presence or spatial consistency, and that kind of makes it feel like we're together with us and other things.

• 2:01:44Lex Fridman?

  I, I should also say, you're not just three dimensional. It feels like you're leaning like out of the screen. You, you, you're like coming out of the screen. You're not just in that world, three dimensional. Yeah, exactly. Holy crap. Move back to center. Okay, okay, okay, okay.

• 2:02:01Speaker 03

  Let me tell you how this works. You probably already have the, the premise of it, but there's two things, two really hard things that we put together. One is a AI video model. So there's a set of cameras. You asked kind of about those earlier. There's six color cameras, just like webcams that we have today. Taking video streams and feeding them into our AI model and turning that into a 3D video of you and I. It's effectively a light field. So it's kind of an interactive 3D video that you can see from any perspective. That's transmitted over to the second thing, and that's a light field display. And it's happening bidirectionally. I see you and you see me both in our light field displays. These are effectively flat televisions or flat displays. But they have the sense of dimensionality, depth, size is correct.

• 2:02:45Speaker 03

  You can see shadows and lighting are correct. And everything's correct from your vantage point. So if you move around ever so slightly and I hold still, you see a different perspective of you. You see kind of things that were occluded become reveal. You see shadows that, you know, move in the way they should move. All of that's computed and generated using our AI video model for you. It's based on your eye position. Where does the right scene need to be placed in this light field display for you just to feel present?

• 2:03:11Lex Fridman?

  It's real time, no latency. I'm not seeing like, you weren't freezing up at all?

• 2:03:15Speaker 03

  No, no, I hope not. I think it's, it's you and I together, real time. That's what you need for real communication. And at a, at a quality level-

• 2:03:21Lex Fridman?

  This is awesome!

• 2:03:23Speaker 03

  -realistic.

• 2:03:24Lex Fridman?

  Is it possible to do three people? Like, is that gonna move that way also?

• 2:03:27Speaker 03

  Yeah, let me, let me kind of show you. So if, if she enters the room with us, you can see her, you can see me. And if we had more people, you eventually lose the sense of presence. You kind of shrink people down. You lose the sense of scale. So think of it as the window fits a certain number of people. If you want to fit a big group of people, you want, you know, the boardroom or the big room, you need like a much wider window. Um, if you want to see, you know, just grandma and the kids, you can do smaller windows. So, everybody has a seat at the table or everybody has a sense of where they belong and there's kind of this sense of presence that's obeyed. If you have too many people, you kind of go back to like 2D metaphors that we're used to. People in tiles placed anywhere.

• 2:04:04Lex Fridman?

  For the image I'm seeing, did you have to get scanned?

• 2:04:06Speaker 03

  I, I mean, I see you without being scanned. So it's just so much easier if you don't have to wear anything. You don't have to pre-scan. You just do it the way it's supposed to happen without anybody having to learn anything or put anything on.

• 2:04:16Lex Fridman?

  I thought you had to solve the, the scanning problem, but here you don't. It's just cameras. It's just vision.

• 2:04:23Speaker 03

  It's, it's video. Yeah, we're not trying to kind of make an approximation of you because what can you do everyday matters, you know? I cut myself shaving, I put on a pin. Um, all the little kind of, you know, aspects of you, those just happen. Um, we don't have the time to scan or kind of capture those or dress avatars. We, we kind of appear as we appear. And so all that's transmitted truthfully as it's happening.

• 2:04:47Speaker 04

  How are you doing?

• 2:04:48Lex Fridman?

  Good.

• 2:04:49Speaker 04

  Nice to meet you. So, as Max mentioned. We've got the eyeglasses here. We start with a foundation of great glasses, something stylish, lightweight, wearable. And we say, how can we build great technology and experiences on top of that? One of the core tenets of the Android XR platform, this idea of a multimodal conversational device, see what you see, what you hear. So we've got a camera, you've got speakers, multiple microphones for speaker isolation. I'll give you a chance to try these yourself. Yeah, sorry, I woke it up there.

• 2:05:16Lex Fridman?

  Whoa.

• 2:05:17Speaker 04

  Yeah. So the first thing you see is a super simple, straightforward home screen. So you probably see the time, the weather, calendar appointments there. This is designed to be sort of your one-stop shop for quick, glanceable information throughout the day. We want to be something that's easy to get what you need and then go back to what you're doing. So you can imagine turning on the display, getting that quick glance, and then continuing on your way. You can be fully conversational at this point. You can ask questions, for example, about the paintings. You can interrupt, you can ask follow-up questions. And as I mentioned before, if you want to do a anytime pause, you just tap there on the right.

• 2:05:50Lex Fridman?

  Gemini, how much does this painting cost?

• 2:05:53Speaker 05

  The painting is called "The Bridge of Belifalib, 1875", by Armand Gilmet. It appears to be a print, and it would be impossible to know its cost without finding the seller.

• 2:06:02Lex Fridman?

  Okay, so this is fake. I understand. Why do humans pay so much money for paintings?

• 2:06:07Speaker 05

  People pay a lot for paintings because of their artistic merit, the artist's paintings, its season's rarity, and for the appreciation it earns.

• 2:06:15Speaker 04

  So, a few more things I want to show you, just for the sake of time. If you go ahead and long press on the side again to slip Gemini there. There you go. Did you catch Google I/O last week by any chance?

• 2:06:25Lex Fridman?

  Yes.

• 2:06:26Speaker 04

  So you might have seen onstage the Google Maps experience very briefly. Wanted to give you a chance to get a sense of what that feels like today. You can imagine you're walking down the street. If you look up like you're walking straight ahead, you get quick turn-by-turn directions. So you have a sense of what the next turn is like, taking your phone in your pocket.

• 2:06:43Lex Fridman?

  Oh, that's so intuitive.

• 2:06:45Speaker 04

  Sometimes you need that quick sense of which way is the right way.

• 2:06:48Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, sometimes.

• 2:06:49Speaker 04

  So let's say you're coming out of a subway, getting out of a cab. You can just glance down at your feet. We have it set up to translate from Russian to English. I think I get to wear the glasses, and you speak to me if you don't mind.

• 2:07:01Lex Fridman?

  I can speak Russian. Привет, друг. Как у тебя дела?

• 2:07:06Speaker 04

  I'm doing well. How are you doing?

• 2:07:10Lex Fridman?

  Tempted to swear, tempted to say inappropriate things. А ты сразу мой голос слышишь или подождать надо?

• 2:07:19Speaker 04

  I see it transcribed in real time. And so, obviously, you know, based on the different languages and the sequence of subjects and verbs, there's a slight delay sometimes, but it's really just like subtitles for the real world.

• 2:07:30Lex Fridman?

  Thank you for this. All right, back to me. Hopefully, watching videos of me having my mind blown like the apes in 2001 Space Odyssey playing with the monolith was somewhat interesting. Like I said, I was very impressed. And now I thought, if it's okay, I could make a few additional comments about the episode and just in general. In this conversation with Sundar Pichai, I discussed the concept of the Neolithic package, which is the set of innovations that came along with the first agricultural revolution about 12,000 years ago, which included the formation of social hierarchies, the early primitive forms of government, labor specialization, domestication of plants

• 2:08:11Lex Fridman?

  and animals, early forms of trade, large-scale cooperations of humans, like that required to build, yes, the pyramids and temples like Gobekli Tepe. I think this may be the right way to actually talk about the inventions that changed human history, not just as a single invention, but as a kind of network of innovations and transformations that came along with it. And the productivity multiplier framework that I mentioned in the episode, I think, is a nice way to try to concretize the impact of each of these inventions under consideration. And we have to remember that each node in the network of the sort of fast-follow-on

• 2:08:56Lex Fridman?

  inventions is in itself a productivity multiplier. Some are additive, some are multiplicative. So in some sense, the size of the network in the package is the thing that matters when you're trying to rank the impact of inventions on human history. The easy picks for the period of biggest transformation, at least in sort of modern-day discourse, is the industrial revolution, or even in the 20th century, the computer or the internet. I think it's because it's easiest to intuit for modern day humans, the impact,

• 2:09:39Lex Fridman?

  the exponential impact of those technologies. But recently, I suppose this changes week to week, but I have been doing a lot of reading on ancient human history. So recently, my pick for the number one invention would have to be the first agricultural revolution, the Neolithic package that led to the formation of human civilizations. That's what enabled the scaling of the collective intelligence machine of humanity and for us to become the early boot loader for the next 10,000 years of technological progress, which, yes, includes AI and the tech that builds on top of AI. And of course, it could be argued that the word invention doesn't properly apply to the agricultural revolution.

• 2:10:24Lex Fridman?

  I think actually Yuval Noah Harari argues that it wasn't the humans who were the inventors, but a handful of plant species, namely wheat, rice and potatoes. This is strictly a fair perspective, but I'm having fun, like I said, with this discussion. Here, I just think of the entire Earth as a system that continuously transforms and I'm using the term invention in that context, asking the question of when was the biggest leap on the log scale plot of human progress? Will AI, AGI, ASI eventually take the number one spot in this ranking?

• 2:11:05Lex Fridman?

  I think it has a very good chance to do so, due again to the size of the network of inventions that will come along with it. I think we discussed in this podcast the kind of things that would be included in the so-called AI package, but I think there's a lot more possibilities, including discussed in previous podcasts and many previous podcasts, including with Dari Almaday, talking on the biological innovation side, the science progress side. In this podcast, I think we talk about something that I'm particularly excited about in the near term, which is unlocking the cognitive capacity of the entire landscape of brains that is the human species.

• 2:11:50Lex Fridman?

  Making it more accessible through education and through machine translation, making information, knowledge and the rapid learning and innovation process accessible to more humans, to the entire eight billion, if you will. So I do think language or machine translation applied to all the different methods that we use on the internet to discover knowledge is a big unlock. But there are a lot of other stuff in the so-called AI package, like discussed with Dario, curing all major human diseases. He really focuses on that in the Machines of Love and Grace essay.

• 2:12:31Lex Fridman?

  I think there will be huge leaps in productivity for human programmers and semi-autonomous human programmers. So humans in the loop, but most of the programming is done by AI agents. And then moving that towards a superhuman AI researcher that's doing the research that develops and programs the AI system in itself. I think there will be huge transformative effects from autonomous vehicles. These are the things that we maybe don't immediately understand, or we understand from an economics perspective, but there will be a point when AI systems are able to interpret, understand, interact with the human world to sufficient degree to where

• 2:13:14Lex Fridman?

  many of the manually controlled human in the loop systems we rely on become fully autonomous. And I think mobility is such a big part of human civilization that there will be effects on that, that they're not just economic, but are social, cultural and so on. And there's a lot more things I could talk about for a long time. So obviously, the integration utilization of AI in the creation of art, film, music. I think the digitalization and automating basic functions of government and then integrating AI into that process, thereby decreasing corruption and costs and increasing transparency

• 2:13:57Lex Fridman?

  and efficiency. I think we as humans, individual humans, will continue to transition further and further into cyborgs. So there's already a

• 2:14:11Lex Fridman?

  AI in the loop of the human condition and that will become increasingly so as AI becomes more powerful. The thing I'm obviously really excited about is major breakthroughs in science and not just on the medical front, but on physics, fundamental physics, which would then lead to energy breakthroughs, increasing the chance that we become, we actually become a Carter Shev type one civilization and then enabling us in so doing to do interstellar exploration of space and colonization of space. I think there also in the near term, much like with the industrial revolution that led

• 2:14:53Lex Fridman?

  to rapid specialization of skills of expertise, there might be a great sort of despecialization. So as the AI system become superhuman experts at particular fields, there might be greater and greater value to being the integrator of AIs for humans to be sort of generalists. And so the great value of the human mind will come from the generalists, not the specialists. That's a real possibility that that changes the way we are about the world, that we want to know a little bit of a lot of things and move about the world in that way.

• 2:15:34Lex Fridman?

  That could have when passing a certain threshold, a complete shift in who we are as a collective intelligence, as a, as a human species. Also, as an aside, when thinking about the invention that was the greatest in human history, again, for a bit of fun, we have to remember that all of them build on top of each other. And so we need to look at the delta, the step change on the, I would say, impossibly to perfectly measure plot of exponential human progress. Really, we can go back to the entire history of life on earth and a previous podcast guest, Nick Lane, does a great job of this in his book, Life Ascending, listing these 10 major

• 2:16:15Lex Fridman?

  inventions throughout the evolution of life on earth like DNA, photosynthesis, complex cells, sex, movement, sight, all those kinds of things. I forget the full list that's on there, but I think that's so far from the human experience that my intuition about.

• 2:16:34Lex Fridman?

  Let's say productivity multipliers of those particular invention completely breaks down and a different framework is needed to understand the impact of these inventions of evolution. The origin of life on Earth, or even the Big Bang itself, of course, is the OG invention that set the stage for all the rest of it. And there are probably many more turtles under that which are yet to be discovered. So anyway, we live in interesting times, fellow humans. I do believe the set of positive trajectories for humanity outnumber the set of negative trajectories, but not by much. So let's not mess this up.

• 2:17:19Lex Fridman?

  And now let me leave you with some words from French philosopher Jean de la Bouillere. Out of difficulties, grow miracles. Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.