Bill Gates on possibility, AI, and humanity

How many lives will be saved with the help of AI over the next decade? Reid and Aria sat down with Bill Gates to discuss his main areas of focus: climate change, energy, global health, and education—and how AI will help transform each of them. Taking a bird’s-eye view of society’s challenges, it’s easy to give in to pessimism. But as one of the most influential people in the world, Bill Gates has a unique perspective on how far humanity has come and what our potential—and timelines—for meaningful change really look like. He gets granular on everything from cows (5% of global emissions) to disease reduction and eradication (Guinea worm disease). At each turn, he has data at his fingertips to ground his beliefs. So, what current set of innovations is Bill most excited about? And what is realistically on the horizon for AI, climate change, energy, global health, and education? For more info on the podcast and transcripts of all the episodes, visit https://www.possible.fm/podcast/ Topics: 03:18 - Hellos and intros 03:24 - Projects Bill is most excited about 05:46 - Bill’s recent Netflix series 08:14 - Technology that will change what’s possible 10:41 - Solutions for malnutrition 12:09 - Cow-based solutions for climate change and nutrition 17:06 - What Bill is working toward for climate change 19:19 - Viable alternative energy sources 23:80 - What will make solar work? 26:47 - Nuclear fission and fusion 29:30 - How AI will help mitigate climate change 32:38 - What to focus on in global health 37:24 - AI and drug discovery 39:52 - What else will AI unlock in public health? 42:28 - Personalized medicine: is it worth it? 44:02 - Conditions on the ground in the poorest countries 47:29 - AI in education 51:24 - Khanmigo and early GPT-4 54:59 - Non-tech levers for change in education 56:34 - What would Bill ask someone from 2100? 58:25 - AI in 3-5 years, and what comes next for work 01:03:05 - Rapid-fire Questions Select mentions: The Better Angels of Our Nature by Steven Pinker https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Better_Angels_of_Our_Nature What’s Next? The Future with Bill Gates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6xxhYr4gbQE Bill Gates Visits First Avenue School: Commends Innovative Use of Technology https://www.nps.k12.nj.us/schools/first-avenue-school/bill-gates-visits-first-avenue-school-commends-innovative-use-of-technology/ Possible is an award-winning podcast that sketches out the brightest version of the future—and what it will take to get there. Most of all, it asks: what if, in the future, everything breaks humanity's way? Tune in for grounded and speculative takes on how technology—and, in particular, AI—is inspiring change and transforming the future. Hosted by Reid Hoffman and Aria Finger, each episode features an interview with an ambitious builder or deep thinker on a topic, from art to geopolitics and from healthcare to education. These conversations also showcase another kind of guest: AI. Whether it's Inflection’s Pi, OpenAI’s ChatGPT or other AI tools, each episode will use AI to enhance and advance our discussion about what humanity could possibly get right if we leverage technology—and our collective effort—effectively.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:03Speaker 00

  AI for material science, biology, it is a gigantic accelerator. So take whatever green product you think is going to be the hardest to get the zero green premium, rethink how hard that's going to be because the AI tools are so phenomenal at accelerating all of these paths of innovation.

• 0:38Reid Hoffman?

  Hi, I'm Reid Hoffman.

• 0:40Aria Finger?

  And I'm Aria Finkler.

• 0:41Reid Hoffman?

  We want to know what happens if, in the future, everything breaks humanity's way? What we can possibly get right if we leverage technology like AI and our collective effort effectively?

• 0:53Aria Finger?

  We're speaking with technologists, ambitious builders, and deep thinkers across many fields: AI, geopolitics, media, healthcare, education, and more.

• 1:04Reid Hoffman?

  These conversations showcase another kind of guest, whether it's Inflection's Pi, OpenAI's GPT-4, or other AI tools. Each episode, we use AI to enhance and advance our discussion.

• 1:16Aria Finger?

  In each episode, we seek out the brightest version of the future and learn what it'll take to get there.

• 1:23Reid Hoffman?

  This is possible.

• 1:24Aria Finger?

  How do you settle on a topic of discussion for someone with as much going on as Bill Gates? He's a technologist, business leader, and philanthropist who works to solve some of the world's biggest problems, using technology to address poverty, climate change, global disease, and educational disparities worldwide.

• 1:49Reid Hoffman?

  For just a snapshot of Bill's contributions to a better future for humanity, he co-founded Breakthrough Energy Ventures, which has $3.5 billion to invest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The Gates Foundation has distributed more than $7.8 billion to improve medical research, access to immunizations, and more. Bill led the effort to reduce global child mortality by 50% and continues to work to eradicate and lessen the impact of diseases worldwide. The foundation's commitment to improving education in the US and abroad has been equally strong. As just one example, in 2022, the Foundation pledged $1 billion to improve math

• 2:32Reid Hoffman?

  education in the US in the wake of the COVID pandemic.

• 2:35Aria Finger?

  Bill is quite literally one of the most impactful people in the world with a unique capability to steer technology that can change society for good. So that's what we're talking about today. Climate change, medicine, education, and the latest in AI. Plus, the way all of these issues will play off each other to impact our society. As someone with a broad view of cutting edge tech in these big areas, what opportunities is Bill Gates seeing? And what's the trajectory of nascent applications for AI in medicine, education, and energy?

• 3:12Reid Hoffman?

  Here's our conversation with Bill Gates.

• 3:18Reid Hoffman?

  So Bill, we've known each other for some time now. We probably don't want to quite date it, but it's been, it's been a while. And one of the things that I love about doing podcasts with my friends is that I actually, in research, learned some things that I didn't actually know before. And apparently, there's this kind of trifecta of three criteria. It's, will it have a big impact? Will you learn something? Will it be fun? What are some of the projects that immediately come to mind that are the kind of the most interesting that meet that trifecta for you? Like, what in that goes, ah, that's something that met all three and is fun and exciting for you?

• 3:57Speaker 00

  Well, until age 20, I got to read about lots and lots of things. So I ranged quite broadly, including auditing a lot of courses at Harvard that I wasn't even signed up for. Weirdly, then, when I got into software, I had to suppress my sort of normal desire to be polymathic and be monomaniacal. And so from age 20 to 35, I didn't stay up to date on geology. By the time I was 30, I started cheating and reading some other things, in particular, when I turned over the CEO role.

• 4:40Speaker 00

  So it's nice now that partly because the Foundation touches on a lot of things, I do get to range pretty widely. And there's a few topics like climate. Then you have to learn about weather and materials and Energy and so it's a great excuse for learning things. Nowadays, global health gets a lot of my attention. And so, you know, I do put a lot of energy into that because it really fits all of those criteria. And it's such an under invested field, you know, that you can invent tools that save millions, you can save lives for less than a thousand dollars per life.

• 5:23Speaker 00

  But, you know, yeah, now you've got climate, you've got AI. No shortage of interesting topics in the world today for somebody like me. And, you know, my ability to know people who can help educate me in the online tools, the combination means you, you don't have to worry about getting confused because someone, I know someone who will straighten me out.

• 5:47Aria Finger?

  So one of your projects that actually hit all three for me is your recent Netflix series. I loved it. What's Next? The Future with Bill Gates. And I will humbly say, I think it has a lot of DNA in common with this podcast. It's about the future. It's about what could possibly go right. So can you just tell us a little bit about how was that experience making that show? And is there any memorable moment, maybe an outtake that didn't, didn't make it into the final cut?

• 6:13Speaker 00

  Well, five years ago, I did a documentary with Davis Guggenheim, Inside Bill's Brain. And he picked things I was working on that could fail. Nuclear fusion, polio and magic toilets that don't need sewer systems. And that was an interesting paradigm. You know, why was I putting money into those when essentially no one else was? This one is quite different because it takes topics that like misinformation that I don't know the answer. I mean, literally, that's one of the few problems I say, okay, young people, we screwed this one up. You better create around it, you know, is AI going to help? Is AI going to hurt?

• 6:58Speaker 00

  It was fascinating talking through with my kids, did they want to be on the series? You know, and to them, I'm like, ah, that's doesn't seem like a priority. And then Phoebe's like, yeah, you know, Dad, you're so out of it on this digital stuff. You still try to send me email. Let me straighten you out on these things, which, you know, really became the case. You know, I met people that I hadn't talked to much before. I'd never met Lady Gaga before. And, you know, so that was kind of a privilege and, you know, way very interesting person. You know, on the global health, we had so much footage.

• 7:40Speaker 00

  You know, that's the one that I worry, will it get the viewership that the others will get? Because, you know, we really do know what to do in that space. It's it's kind of amazing. And because it's far away, people I think would learn a lot because, you know, they they're not confronted with 500,000 malaria deaths a year. And the fact we see a path to drive that that to zero.

• 8:04Aria Finger?

  I mean, I think the tagline, come for Lady Gaga, stay for global health. Like, you got it, you got it.

• 8:09Speaker 00

  Absolutely.

• 8:11Reid Hoffman?

  Yeah, Netflix might use that on its rotation. What are you currently most excited about in terms of the technologies that will make a massive difference of changing what's possible at scale?

• 8:28Speaker 00

  Yeah, the current situation is that all the things I'm working on that relate to innovation, whether it's climate or these health issues, a lot, malnutrition, infectious disease, or, you know, digital tools for, say, teaching or or health. The pace of innovation is faster than I would have expected. And I, you know, I have a pretty high expectation. I go to product meetings and say, how come we can't do this twice as fast? Just do that many times a day. And yet innovation is even exceeding my best hopes. So it's super promising in all of those areas. You know, take malnutrition. Almost half the kids in Africa, their brain and bodies don't develop.

• 9:11Speaker 00

  And we haven't understood chemically, they're getting enough calories. You know, what are the micronutrients or the mix in their diet that causes them to be on average five inches shorter than they would be and, you know, 20 IQ points less capable than they should be, which for them and their countries is pretty profound. And now with the latest tools of science, you know, looking at these bacteria in the gut, the microbiome, and okay, how do we influence that? We clearly have a path to solve malnutrition. And, you know, people should go, wow, that, that is a very, very big deal in terms of

• 9:55Speaker 00

  the uplift that comes out of that. You know, on the energy side, things like either getting fission or fusion to provide both very cheap and constant reliable electricity, you know, that's a longer timeframe in, in the fusion case. So, but, you know, there's a ton of companies I'm invested in, in five. So, deep understandings of complex science things, including all these diseases, this next 20 years is going to be mind blowing.

• 10:30Reid Hoffman?

  And actually, knowing a little bit about the malnutrition, go the next level depth on the bullion, so make it a little bit more tangible, so people could say, oh my God, we're there now.

• 10:41Speaker 00

  Yeah, well, with malnutrition, if you don't get the right vitamins during pregnancy or in your first several years, you can never catch up, you know. So it's a sad fact, you don't get to go back and say, okay, eat your Wheaties, and you get the IQ points and the, the physical capabilities. And it's weird that you're just missing small amounts of things like vitamin A and vitamin D. And so how do you solve that? Well, you could fortify a food like US breakfast cereals are, are fortified, but you have to find some food that even the poorest households who are the most likely to be malnourished

• 11:25Speaker 00

  because they're not getting eggs and, and milk and meat. And it turns out these bullion cubes are preferably bought by low income households because it gives them something tasty and it's very cheap relative to how tasty it is. So now we're going to put a lot of vitamins, particularly vitamin A, into that billion cube. It raises the price about 3% to do that.

• 11:51Aria Finger?

  Something I love about what you do is you identify the problem, you bring data to it, you test it, figure out, like, especially because you're working with populations who are low income in Africa, the poorest of the poor, like, even if you're raising the price 3%, you have to build that into everything that's happening. And so now, we want to get into all of the different areas that you're focused on. And so, let's start with climate. I was lucky enough to have dinner with you and Reed and a few others a few weeks ago. And one of the interesting things you were talking about is you were saying how one of the interventions that we need to do is around cows. I feel like everyone sort of knows that maybe cows contribute to climate, but you were giving me very specific interventions that can move the needle. Could you talk more about those?

• 12:34Speaker 00

  Yeah, so there's basically two ways to help with cows. Cows are about 5% of global emissions, which is pretty unbelievable.

• 12:44Aria Finger?

  Wild!

• 12:45Speaker 00

  And if your goal is to get to zero, you don't get to skip the cows, or the steel, or the cement, or, you know, any of those big areas. So, there's a whole class of solutions of making meat without cows. Today, it doesn't taste as good and it costs too much. It's going through a little bit of a lull, but, you know, those companies, Impossible Beyond, Memphis and others, are pursuing that. In terms of the cows, we actually have, we pursued many solutions. So, one is to vaccinate the cows in a way that their gut bacteria that emit the methane,

• 13:27Speaker 00

  which is also called natriogas or CH4, which is the second most important greenhouse gas, you can vaccinate them and that species of bacteria isn't there. Their stomachs are very special because they can eat grass, you know, it's a three-stage fermentation process, basically. There's another way you can change what they eat, and you could either put that in their water.

• 13:51Speaker 00

  Or their feed. There is a drug to change the microbiome, not a vaccine, but a drug. That looks very promising. And then there's a solution where you stick a sort of a metal thing into the skin of the cow and it actually burns the methane. And all of these look to be quite cheap and implementable even in Africa. And so I'm, you know, this is one where I wasn't hopeful when I I got started a decade ago. And now it's just a question which solution for which country ends up being the the best.

• 14:30Reid Hoffman?

  Yeah, it's similar amazing to like what you did with the toilet and all the rest is like, doesn't look like it's possible. Now it is, and it makes a huge difference. One of the other funny things when we were talking about the discovery of the work around cows over the dinner tables, once you focus on it, it's not just the systemic climate change, but it's also the questions about like, for example, what this can do for quality of life in Africa. Right? So say a little bit more about like milk production and cow breeds and other things. Because it's like, I never thought Bill as the cow expert, but here we are.

• 15:03Speaker 00

  Well, I didn't grow up knowing much about cows. So protein is a very important part of a good diet. And foods with proteins tend to be very expensive. So if you can make chickens and cows live longer and be more productive, then that's super beneficial. So the West has taken these cows, these Holsteins, and driven them up so they make 30 liters of milk a day, whereas the normal cows make less than three liters a day. So you have this factor of 10 productivity through the genetics of that cow.

• 15:44Speaker 00

  Now, you can't just fly a Holstein down to Africa because the heat and the diseases, it's not adapted. But if you do the cross breeding properly, only giving up a little bit of the productivity, say down to 20 liters, still a factor of six better, you can improve those cows. You also take the idea of grazing where the cows are going out into areas that are now being fenced off. And you can change it so the cows largely stationary and the food, which they call fodder, is brought to the cow. And so you avoid these incredible conflicts. Between the grazers and the other farmers. And so it's one of the most exciting foundation things. And once we do the R and D and get those good cows in,

• 16:29Speaker 00

  it's private market sustainable. We're further along with chickens. You know, so I was in Ethiopia a few weeks ago seeing that we've cut the price of chickens in half. Women who do this, you know, they make extra money. They give some of the extra eggs to their kids as well as selling them. So it's taking, but it's leveraged off of the West. You know, that spent the last hundred years doing selective breeding of both chickens and cows.

• 16:58Aria Finger?

  So obviously, when we're thinking about chickens and cows, it's climate change. It's malnutrition. It's potentially war and conflict. If we zoom out on climate change, what is the sort of statistic that for you sort of represents the gravity of the situation? Or what are you working towards to decrease when you think about, you know, climate in general?

• 17:19Speaker 00

  Well, the, the size of the emissions and which is over 50 billion tons CO2 equivalent per year. And the pie chart of, okay, you know, one of the big five areas, you know, like transport is one of the big five, but then, you know, cars, planes, boats, trains. Underneath that, you know, electricity, which is coal, natural gas, industry, buildings, agriculture. You know, I want everybody to have that pie chart in their head. And, you know, the theory of change, which is that we need to make all those things without them costing more.

• 18:03Speaker 00

  You know, I always say there's two numbers, 50 billion and zero. Zero is what we want emissions to be. And zero is what we want the extra cost of green cement, green beef, green rice, you know, green car. We want it even at the low end where you park on the street. Because even if the world should pay a lot for green things, they won't because it's a global problem. The real problem is for future generations. The negative impacts have been somewhat overstated for the current generation, actually. But because it accumulates and gets worse over time, if it causes us to help those

• 18:45Speaker 00

  future generations, that, you know, it's not a terrible thing. The damage is mostly in poor countries. It's almost like people didn't realize weather's always been a problem. And they're like, oh, every bad weather thing, that's climate. No, there was bad weather before and it's, you know, slightly getting worse. But it's near the equator where your absolute temperatures defeat outdoor work and the current crops that we have. That's where you're getting into conditions that humans have never thrived in.

• 19:19Reid Hoffman?

  Well, on the electricity side, and we'll get to nuclear in a minute because you and I share a passion and that being a great source. And there's all kinds of things. One, the need for electricity. Second, you have good, scalable, clean, cost-effective power. You can solve all kinds of ills. What are the other energy sources of renewables and green energy that are capturing your attention outside of nuclear?

• 19:46Speaker 00

  Well, of course, we want to keep driving solar to be cheaper. You know, that's gone way better than was expected. And there's some new things using perovskite that'll drive the efficiency up of that. You know, we want to drive wind cost down, including offshore wind, which is still quite a bit at a premium. We want to improve energy storage, but it's not realistic to think we'll completely solve that problem, which is why you need nuclear in the mix as well. Geothermal actually looks like it might play a role. You know, the western half of the United States actually has pretty good hot rocks. And...

• 20:33Speaker 00

  Then there's geothermal companies that wanted to dig really deep holes. That's more early stage, but Furvo and one other company are showing that they can actually get reasonably good pricing and now they're scaling up. You know, Google just did a purchase agreement at a premium to help them scale up, which is, you know, all the tech companies are very oriented towards not raising their emissions, which will take advantage of that to get these products onto a learning curve. You know, eventually we want to have a zero green premium, but somebody has to help get us, you know, which solar was very subsidized and then under certain definitions has now

• 21:18Speaker 00

  gotten to a zero green premium. There's a few things like tidal that probably is pretty limited. You know, solar panels in space, maybe, you know, some people have even talked about, okay, put the whole data center up there. It's just bits, actually moving bits from space to ground is easier than moving energy from space to ground. So, you know, particularly because launch costs are down, you can at least dream of those things. That's kind of a far out thing, but you know, should be in the portfolio of innovation.

• 21:55Reid Hoffman?

  One of the things that I think that it's useful to highlight for most people is they, like for example, the current discussion of AI is always going to be all this electricity, but the investment that all the hyperscaler companies are putting into the kind of how we make clean data centers, how we have clean power and all the rest is like that subsidy for the R and D and these advanced purchase agreements are exactly the kind of thing where you kind of like different ways of conceptualizing public-private good.

• 22:22Speaker 00

  Yeah, I mean, I say that rich countries, rich companies and rich individuals should bootstrap the market for these green products. You know, we should buy clean aviation fuels. You know, some nations may mandate that for private aviation, which that would definitely be a good thing because it would get the volume to go up so that eventually we can get something with either a zero or very low green premium into commercial aviation, which is another 6% of the emissions we have to get all the way to zero. So. Yeah, and it's important to remember that all that data center demand, it's big numbers and it's coming quickly over the next six or seven years, but it's not as

• 23:06Speaker 00

  much as electric cars or electric heat pumps. So we've, our climate solution, because you can't avoid using the energy somehow, the only non hydrocarbon way we really know how to make energy is in a portable form is electricity. So we get rid of coal and natural gas, but you have to make a lot more electricity to replace the either heating or industrial capacity that those direct hydrocarbons provided.

• 23:38Aria Finger?

  And can you tell us a little more about solar? You were telling me actually about the amazing increase in ability of solar panels and like what percentage of the sun they capture for energy, which was fascinating. But you also said that you don't think, you know, batteries aren't going to be here in time. Or is it, we just need more time to get to batteries where they are? The cost is too high? And I feel like not having the batteries we need is what is inhibiting solar from being the energy source that can save us all?

• 24:05Speaker 00

  Most places, we should be adding solar as fast as we can. And we're actually, you know, limited by the grid capacity. So I love solar, you know, the efficiency, you know, started out at like 10%. It's in the 20s now. It could get as high as 40 with new approaches over the, particularly Proskite, over the next decade or so. But it's not just a 24-hour storage problem. Lithium ion batteries are now, sodium and others will solve your 24-hour problem. But you have periods of time, like the Midwest gets a cold front, where you get 10 or 12 days. All the batteries ever made in history for

• 24:47Speaker 00

  every car, every computer, wouldn't store a day of electricity. And If you're only using a battery once a year, that is, you charge it and it's sitting there for this unusual thing, that's super expensive electricity. Instead of getting the capital value out 365 times a year, you get it out once. So various seasonal and bad weather things where you don't want to shut off power, particularly if it's being used to heat homes, it's way more complicated than people think. Electricity doesn't move long distances today. It's mostly coal or natto gas plants that are fairly near to

• 25:27Speaker 00

  the usage. And yes, there's innovation and transmission, actually fairly exciting stuff. But we're going to have to have a mix, you know, in particular, if you look at a country like Japan, where there's essentially almost no solar potential there. And even the wind has periods where you have too much or too little. The US happens to be very blessed. We have incredible wind and solar resources. And these open source models that are now we're modeling now, okay, what does that energy system look like are are part of seeing, okay, when can we get there? And there's a lot of these goals that are not well thought

• 26:12Speaker 00

  through. It's going to be harder than we wished it would be.

• 26:16Reid Hoffman?

  Well, one of the things that you already mentioned, gestured at before, is that part of the reason why we need nuclear fission infusion is because of the fact that there are all these awesome renewables, solar, wind, hydro, etc. Well, hydro can do a little bit more 24, but yes, but they have they have limitations on when they generate and when they don't. And so and then battery storage is a challenge. And so you and I have invested in some fusion things together. Say a little bit about what's the hope and the and the possibilities for fusion?

• 26:54Speaker 00

  Fusion is where you take the big atoms like uranium and as they split you get energy and fusion is where you take the small atoms primarily hydrogenous as you put them together you release energy the middle of the periodic table is the most stable and so you're getting relativistic energy through that mass decrease. Fusion is very difficult it involves you know temperatures that are like the center of the sun you know millions of degrees and so that's plasma physics which we know a lot more about you know we're using AI tools to study those things and now there's

• 27:37Speaker 00

  a variety of techniques tokamak which Commonwealth Fusion System is using being the one with the most credible schedule for say 10 years from now most the others are probably more like 15 years away but at some point fusion energy will be extremely cheap and it's not it doesn't have the same waste problems that fission does you know I think those are solvable problems and I'm investing in that because that's more like a six-year timeframe if everything went perfectly so we society as a whole even though a lot more

• 28:19Speaker 00

  money is coming into it we're still under investing in fission and fusion given that the value of cheap electricity specifically is so fundamental to society I mean if you know somebody says to you oh we have a water shortage no there's a lot of water it just takes energy to move that water and desalinate it so if energy is cheap you have infinite wonderful water everywhere in the world but the energy is is too expensive right now to do that at scale even recycling things you know why can't we you know atoms don't leave the planet tiny bit of hydrogen but it's all there and the reason we don't is

• 29:02Speaker 00

  that the energetic costs of restoring things to their original state is is too high.

• 29:09Reid Hoffman?

  Well one of the for our listeners a power super awesome way of kind of actually using nuclear fission waste as fuel and so getting a compounding effect is one of the things that you guys have been working on for. Number of years, maybe even ten.

• 29:24Speaker 00

  Yeah, 2006 is when the vision company Terra Power got started.

• 29:28Reid Hoffman?

  Exactly. Now, one of the things that always amuses me about some of the current public dialogue around AI is like, oh, is this going to accelerate climate change because of the electricity cost? And I think what, you know, most of these people are not realizing how we can also use AI to help us with climate. So because it is like, if we can get a lot more intelligence applied to various problems, that can help us with climate. Say a little bit about how you're thinking in that arena.

• 29:54Speaker 00

  You know, the extra electricity load is, you know, it's there, but it's, it's like a 10% add-on. And it'll challenge the way that we do green accounting a little bit. And I wish vision and fusion were sooner because this sort of gold rush for AI backend capacity is kind of the next eight years. And even vision will only be able to make a modest contribution in the 2030 timeframe to that electricity supply. So the value of AI in solving the scientific problems of, okay, how do you grow? How do you make plants more productive?

• 30:39Speaker 00

  Okay, you model photosynthesis and you model how you change the plant genetics in order to double the productivity. That's a very profound advance in improving photosynthetic efficiency. In fact, you know, because it's kind of a far out thing, the foundation is the primary funder of that. As, as we show that it can work, okay, other, other people will come into that. But anyway, AI for material science, biology, it is a gigantic accelerator. So take whatever green product you think is going to be the hardest to get to zero green premium.

• 31:20Speaker 00

  Rethink how hard that's going to be because the AI tools are so phenomenal at accelerating all of these paths of innovation.

• 31:31Reid Hoffman?

  Yeah, and actually, one of the things I've been thinking about is like, While it's a big electricity cost for training these scale learning machines, once you have that intelligence, like that's how we've made everything is through intelligence. Once you have that intelligence to amplify across the board, like applying that to climate change has got to be a, like, there's got to be some multiplier effect of we get this much actually savings in carbon and other kinds of things through the application of this electricity. I don't know what the multiplier will end up being, but I'm certain it's there.

• 32:04Speaker 00

  No, it's absolutely there. There are some goals, like not going above 1.5 degrees, that even with AI being a net positive contributor, because of the difficulty of scaling in all the areas in all the countries, you know, some of those goals we will miss. But the, we will avoid the level of heating that would be disastrous. And we will need to do some adaptation, particularly in in poor countries.

• 32:38Aria Finger?

  So I want to switch gears. Another area where I think you're probably best known is global health. And I think it's an area where AI can do so much. And my husband is a public health data scientist, so he's particularly excited about this area of the interview. You have focused on the eradication of disease. And I think, but fact check me, in 1980, the WHO declared that smallpox was eradicated, and that's the first and only disease that we have eradicated. You've said, let's tackle polio, let's tackle malaria. How do you pick what is the next disease you're going to tackle? Like, what an amazing ambition. And then how do you go after it?

• 33:18Speaker 00

  Yeah, so most diseases, we're going for a burden reduction.

• 33:25Speaker 00

  Only very few diseases should you try to go for eradication because it's very, very hard to get to zero. And right now with polio, you know, we're in Afghanistan, we're in Gaza, we're in Somalia, we're in DRC, and you know, we're having to execute high-coverage vaccination campaigns against misinformation and violence in the toughest places in the world. So it's very, very hard. Polio's close, there's one called Guinea worm, which is combined to Africa where, you know, President Carter just got to 100, he's been a champion of that. So we're hoping he'll be alive not only to vote in the election, but also to come to

• 34:10Speaker 00

  the Guinea worm celebration party. It's gonna take a couple of years, so he's gonna have to hang on a little longer. So the magic thing that happened at the turn of the century was people got serious about global health, about really measuring, okay, kids die of diarrhea, but what caused that diarrhea? They die of pneumonia, malaria, okay, it's more clear what that is. But let's, even though there's no market, the people who die of malaria happen in kids' ear, it's not like you can make a business case of, hey, go to Silicon Valley and do a malaria startup and, you know, look at that spreadsheet. The line that says life saved will look good, but the line that says profit will have a

• 34:53Speaker 00

  lot of red numbers because they can't afford these tools. So medical science is very distorted towards rich world conditions and even amongst rich world conditions towards cancer and a few other things. So the incentive system is, you know, potentially could be improved. But the Gates Foundation, that's our place we come to fill in, is that the things that aren't market-driven, like getting diarrhea vaccines cheap enough for all the kids of the world, not just the rich kids who don't die of diarrhea, but that also used to be a half million, now down to 100,000. So as we went from 10 million under five deaths per year... In the, at the turn of the century to 5 million.

• 35:38Speaker 00

  Diarrhea was one of our best. Pneumonia, we got a vaccine out for that, which was a very expensive vaccine that we worked with all the vaccine companies, Western and Asian, to get those prices down. And so we're, we're basically driven by the inequity where we say, why do mothers die in childbirth 20 times as much in Africa? Why do kids die 50 times as much in their first five years in, in poor countries, particularly Africa, but also Southeast Asia? And so we're, you know, taking all of those and saying, okay, let's find the best scientists. Let's understand the field conditions, you know? Is this stuff deliverable? Will it be accepted?

• 36:23Speaker 00

  You know, we have crazy ways of killing mosquitoes that, that alone doesn't get rid of malaria. But if you treat a lot of humans and the reinfection rate has been massively reduced, then you can get to the point the U.S. got to, because we had malaria, where you've cleared during the low season, that's the winter here and the dry season there, you've actually cleared the parasite. So there's no humans, so there's no reinfection taking place. And, you know, in the next, hopefully well less than, than 20 years, we have five years now, we need to do the tools. So our goal is to finish polio during this five years.

• 37:06Speaker 00

  And then with new tools, get the credibility to get the world to fund a malaria eradication starting in 2030.

• 37:14Reid Hoffman?

  Yeah, totally awesome.

• 37:24Reid Hoffman?

  One of the other projects we work on together is AI and drug discovery. And so this is one of the ones I think we may actually even begin to see, you know, some of the earliest, you know, kind of global benefit from. So we're in, what areas of AI drug discovery are you kind of most focused on and think can make a kind of a global health difference?

• 37:45Speaker 00

  Yeah, so understanding protein and molecular shape space is a perfect AI problem because we have databases, the protein database, that, you know, we have 150,000 molecules, we know the shapes. And so we've trained AIs on those, their ability to predict the shapes and therefore the drugable sites in these proteins, you know, that is accelerating medical discovery. There was actually a company called Schrödinger that was doing it pre-AI, but now there might be 20 times as many people and progressing much faster

• 38:27Speaker 00

  because AI is very, very well suited to this. And eventually AI won't just model the low level, what the shape is, but it'll model the cell and the organ and the organism. And so even complex disease dynamics, you know, it's beyond human understanding to map out all the different things that go on. The AI models, as you gather the data, which will be the limiting factor, will help you understand, you know, overnutrition, malnutrition, way better than we do today. So, you know, most things, put aside neurological,

• 39:07Speaker 00

  in the next 10 to 20 years, I would say the likelihood of dramatic medical advances, even in the neurological one thing, Alzheimer's, I'd say those will be solved. And I love talking to these companies about, okay, which part of the problem they're solving.

• 39:24Aria Finger?

  I mean, one of the things that strikes me is I feel like it's super fashionable today to be, oh, the world is terrible, the world's a dumpster fire, it's getting worse, the past 30 years have been horrible, the next 20 are horrible. And yet, talking to you, I'm like, no, stop. If we actually look at the data, things have been getting better, especially in global health over the last 30 years. And often because of AI, the future's bright. There's so much that can happen. And you just sort of touched on Not just sort of the technological progress, but also some of the sort of bureaucratic, some of the, some of the other things that perhaps AI or else can unlock. Are there things that AI can unlock that are just boring administrative or helping

• 40:09Aria Finger?

  healthcare workers that aren't sort of about cutting edge technology, but are other ways that AI can help in the public health field?

• 40:15Speaker 00

  You know, in the same way that the microcomputer revolution allowed me at a young age to think, okay, computing will be free, therefore, what would an individual do with free computing? And, you know, Paul Allen and I kind of saw that and said, okay, software is the only thing that will hold that back, whereas older people kind of thought, ooh, computers are expensive. And so the idea of, oh, it'll be doing spreadsheets or word processor, they'd be like, are you kidding me? That's just too expensive. Here, it's even more mind blowing that you could say white collar worker capability.

• 40:55Speaker 00

  And eventually, although robotics is still very specialized, eventually horizontal blue collar productivity will be very inexpensive. So, you know, I take an MRI diagnosis that a friend has and, you know, ChatGPT does such a good job of explaining it, you know, and showing, you know, where it got that material. The creativity, the fluency is kind of mind blowing. And so all of us should have this crutch of, yes, if you just want to know what fertilizer is, Wikipedia was good. But if you want to know what a trip with a 16 year old for four days with a budget

• 41:38Speaker 00

  of $4,000 to Italy in August looks like, nobody wrote that thing. But the, the AI, if it's connected up properly, it is mind blowingly good at those things. So we're already all, you know, in our life of, you know, writing poems or speeches or understanding or having complex material summarized, you know, we're already getting a, a huge benefit. And, you know, that

• 42:11Speaker 00

  You know, a lot of white collar work, you know, should already be either more productive or, you know, drive towards, towards higher quality.

• 42:21Reid Hoffman?

  So actually, one of the things this conversation is reminding me of that I haven't actually ever asked you is, um, so, you know, there was this decade or so of a lot of focus on personalized medicine. Where are we at currently on that? Is that improving? Is that, is the, is the promise of that turning out at all?

• 42:39Speaker 00

  I always am put off by people's fascination with N equals one medicines. Uh, you know, a half million kids die of malaria. You know, millions of people are diagnosed every year with Alzheimer's. So I'm just the impersonalized medicine guy. Unlike, uh, you know, the world does not have the resources to do N equals one solutions. If some super rich person, you know, funds that, maybe it helps the scientific discovery path, but, you know, I couldn't bring myself to be involved with that because it's so unjust to take finite resources.

• 43:22Speaker 00

  Eventually, yes, understanding everyone's genetics and saying, okay, your drug dose is different because of this. Uh, and so, you know, I'm, I'm kind of taking a provocative position on this. The, the science that goes under that name is very good science. The people who work on that are very well intended. It's just, you know, we have rare diseases. We've created such an incentive for them versus widespread conditions. We're not really allocating that effectively, particularly, I mean, the insane stuff is the, the diseases of the, the poor countries.

• 44:02Aria Finger?

  So can you actually say more about, you've traveled recently, Africa, Asia, all over, about the conditions with healthcare workers on the ground? What have you seen there and how can we help improve them?

• 44:13Speaker 00

  Well, people should understand that most people in Sub-Saharan Africa never meet a doctor, not when they're born, not when they're sick, not when they die. And so this is not a doctor's thing. So your image of healthcare, healthcare for most people in those countries is primary healthcare. A modestly trained person who can give you some antibiotics, bed net, vaccines, very, very importantly, to give a pregnant woman their prenatal checks. You know, now we'll get an ultrasound evaluation and we'll see, okay, which 10% of pregnancies might be complicated.

• 44:54Speaker 00

  And then the woman does need to get to somewhere where there's trained personnel who could do a C-section. So we can see with this AI-trained ultrasound, is it going to be a complicated pregnancy? And the predictions are stunningly accurate and go to all that trouble, which you couldn't afford to do for all pregnancies. And, you know, so the greatest shortage of doctors in the world is there. And so the idea that in native language, through your smartphone, which, okay, not everybody has, but time's on our side, even in the poor countries on this, you will get health advice.

• 45:34Speaker 00

  And a lot of the diagnostic tools will be available at a point of care where individuals, you know, can take, a lot of people experience this with lateral flow COVID tests. You know, now we're trying to convert those to be point of care, but molecular tests and still super cheap, but also more, more sensitive, more accurate. And so healthcare is, you know, it's in a, we only have $100 per person per year versus in the US where we spend $15,000 per person per year. So it's, you know, it's 150 times different.

• 46:18Speaker 00

  And, you know, in fact, there is triage involved in, okay, which things should you treat? Now, even things like blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity, my hope is that not only are the costs of those treatments going down, we're also going to put them into forms where it's like yearly dosing. And so the cost in the delivery system of getting GLP-1 to all Africans, you know, 10, 15 years from now, you know, we'll be able to do that.

• 46:52Reid Hoffman?

  So in addition to the elevation of humanity through all forms of kind of global medicine and what is actually in fact healthcare, education is another area that you and the foundation work on intensely. And, you know, obviously, people have encountered AI a lot with this, you know, it's kind of like, you know, what does it mean? What are some of the, the kind of maybe more surprising or other kinds of use of AI in education, whether it's, you know, kind of a globally available tutors or other kinds of, what are some of the AI for education for the world that's kind of captured some of your attention?

• 47:35Speaker 00

  Well, I think the first thing to admit is that tech lovers like myself have talked about the benefit of technology being used in education for our whole career. And the actual benefit for the average student has been very, very modest. If you're a motivated student who can get on Khan Academy two hours a night or watch YouTube videos about photosynthesis, wow, you know, people like ourselves, we are able to learn in a way that's unprecedented. You know, there's a company called The Great Courses where I, when I'm on the treadmill, I love watching those things, just so much great stuff out there.

• 48:19Speaker 00

  But the current math achievement of a high school graduate in the US is not better than 100 years ago. It's not like medicine where there's new tools and new understanding. If I said, oh, in 1900, the best math teacher was then, you couldn't contradict me because it may be true. And so. We've done a lot, and you know, I'm a believer, but AI, because of the fluency and personalization, I think we can have very high aspirations of how we mix social experience in the classroom,

• 48:58Speaker 00

  experiences with the teacher, and working on your own, that correcting your pronunciation as you read things, immediately telling you, no, you didn't get this math problem right. Not turning in homework, so two days later, after the poor teacher spent all this time, you're like, well, was that a manipulation error? Or was that a conceptual understanding error? The AI, and Khan Amigo is on the cutting edge of this, but there's others like CK12 Mini, it'll say, yes, you, those two minuses, you didn't cancel those properly, as opposed to, no, you set the problem up wrong, because you know, these two trains, you didn't get

• 49:40Speaker 00

  the, when they pass each other, algebraic equation properly. And, you know, so the, the idea that it will learn how a tutor keeps students motivated, you know, using the domain like sports, or health, or construction, that the student can relate to. The, the promise of having fantastic personal tutors in the inner-city US and in poor countries is super exciting. And, you know, talk about an area that's underfunded, you know, global education is. And the magic formula for countries uplifting themselves is to have good health and good

• 50:23Speaker 00

  education, and then their economy grows, their tax collection grows, and they're, they're very self-sufficient. And that's, you know, why we want to help countries get out of the poverty trap, not because it's an endless guilt thing, but if we help them get their, not only morally, but economically, stability, you know, many good things flow from those, those countries being well off. Global education. It's a very underdeveloped field, but particularly now with AI, you know, I'm encouraging philanthropists to get in and showing that that there are things like structured pedagogy where the teacher's given a very clear way of teaching

• 51:08Speaker 00

  that we are seeing some, some very good results.

• 51:11Aria Finger?

  No, I really appreciate. I think some people are like, oh, the boy who cried wolf. It's like you told me 20 years ago that, you know, moocs were going to do it or that whatever. And so, you know, people are skeptical.

• 51:22Speaker 00

  They should be.

• 51:22Aria Finger?

  Are we, you know, are we finally there? Can you tell us more about the First Avenue Elementary School in Newark? And obviously you're super concerned about equity. Is this something that is replicable that could scale?

• 51:33Speaker 00

  Well, so I love Khan Academy, but it was mostly used by motivated students. And so for the last, I think it's like eight years, they've been saying, okay, how do we get into the classroom? How do we work with the teachers, explain this stuff? You know, yes, the computers, the internet stuff is getting more pervasive. The pandemic actually helped a bit with that. So Saul and I were amongst the first two people who OpenAI was nice enough to let us mess around with early ChatGPT-4. And a lot of the cool things like having it write songs and poems. Actually Saul taught me that stuff. I was like, I wouldn't have known to ask. It can write like Shakespeare? Wow.

• 52:18Speaker 00

  And so he, you know, has put a lot of Khan resources in. He gets support from the Gates Foundation and many others. Has created this Khan amigo. And he, last school year, he had it in a small number of schools, but including this New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey school. And so I went there to meet the teachers, to meet the students and see. You know, so you meet a kid who clearly is ahead of his class. And sort of the factory-based model of, you know, 30 kids in a classroom, you definitely have a problem where you need to do remediation and catch kids up. But you're also pained by that kid who's ahead, you know,

• 53:03Speaker 00

  and maybe checking out or being disruptive. And yet, you know, you think, wow, we want to drive that. So the personal tutor aspect allows that student to sometimes be off on his own, sometimes helping the other students. And this Khan dashboard, along with Khan amigo, which is seen. You know, so when you walk in and you're teaching in the morning, instead of people handing in homework, you have to do that. You just go to your dashboard and say, okay, who connected in last night? How many hints did they need? How far did they get in the progression? And, you know, you're giving feedback. You know, you can have the parents connected up to that. Even the thing where a paper gets turned in,

• 53:48Speaker 00

  you don't turn in the paper, you turn in the AI session. So you can just say to the AI, okay, how much did the student do? What's your suggestion on how we get them to either help with the first draft or help with the grammar or the logic? So it's great to see it being there and seeing it in person. Reminded me of embedding it in. And always with teachers, whenever you have some new thing, there's maybe 10% of the teachers that latch on to it and you get these great results. And then when you tell the other 90%, you must use this, those results almost always just disappear.

• 54:28Speaker 00

  And so, okay, how do we make this one one that scales? You know, so that humility of how far we haven't come is even with AI, we will have to do that. But what I saw made me even more optimistic.

• 54:45Reid Hoffman?

  So one of the things that people sometimes miss about the approach that you and the foundation bring to these problems is, you know, not just quantification of like, okay, cost per life saved, et cetera, but also the systems thinking. And so what are some of the kind of non-tech related levers for change in education? Like, what are some policy things that either we as Americans or, you know, the world should be thinking about to improve education?

• 55:15Speaker 00

  And there's a lot of very good data about not having cell phones in the school and, you know, some great work going on there. There's very good data about boys should probably start later than they do. School, school day should start later. There's all the learning out of the charter school movement, which it's hard to stop because it shows that long school day, long school year are incredibly beneficial, engaging the parents in, hey, you know, here's where your kid's having a challenge and communicating with them, although these digital tools are going to make that far easier for the parents who

• 55:55Speaker 00

  want to engage in that. You know, we're seeing now in communities where there are charters, even though most of the kids are in the public schools, those public schools essentially compete. They either adopt those practices or find their own ways. So we're, you know, there are places like New Orleans or DC or Austin where school performance is up. And so we ought to make sure that even as we try to put AI into this, some of those learnings are incorporated.

• 56:26Aria Finger?

  I mean, amen. As a mother of three boys, I'm like, how are they going to compete with the girls? What is happening? So to switch gears from education, I think I'm going to steal one of your own questions, which is, if you had the opportunity to meet with someone from the year 2100, what would your questions be for them?

• 56:46Speaker 00

  Wow. How did you? Deal with the AI challenge opportunity. You know, did, you know, you said earlier that I have this view that life is improving, which is objectively true. There's always footnotes like nuclear weapons, bioterrorism, and now AI needs to be added to that list. But, you know, the past 50 years, life in general, if you're a woman, if you're gay, I mean, they, it's kind of sad in a way that because we're so problem oriented, we're not very reflective about, hey, 5 million kids a year aren't dying. You know, like you meet with climate people and they say, oh, no, climate's going to ruin the world.

• 57:30Speaker 00

  Do you think you're going to go back to 10 million a year dying? No way. You're not going to go back. It is a super big headwind because of the impacts through agriculture. So, you know, I bring my, hey, the world is pretty good, but that 2100 person, I hope to hear how they avoided, I'll call it the four footnotes. AI, nuclear weapons, bioterror weapons, and polarization. You know, people being able to get along and cooperate, including in how governance adapts, you know, which AI will force governance to come up with different way of taxing people and regulating things.

• 58:12Speaker 00

  And it's a little scary that it's happening at a time when the broad trust in government is at a very low point, both relatively and absolutely.

• 58:25Reid Hoffman?

  What are some of the things that you think people should anticipate coming with AI in the next three to five years?

• 58:33Speaker 00

  Well, it's so mind blowing, you know, sometimes it's hard to get your head around it. No one expected the white collar thing to come before the blue collar thing. You know, so in like life 3.0, they have these hills where the computers are doing the easy things and, you know, warehouse work, which we can't yet do, was down there in the lowlands and helping diagnose, you know, was way up the hill or writing legal briefs or code. And so it's, we're surprised at that order, but, you know, the so-called blue collar horizontal robot. That can be told, you know, go to this construction site and help, go to this restaurant, go to this hotel and clean the rooms, you know, even if the price is such that in the

• 59:17Speaker 00

  home, it only drops by for an hour, doesn't live there at at first, you know, those things are, I believe, within within easily within the next decade.

• 59:30Reid Hoffman?

  Well, and actually, going back to your original vision of a PC on every desk with software that would help people do their work and lives and so forth, what do you think is going to come now? I think a lot of people haven't realized that part of what's happening with current AI is essentially the largest programming language will be natural language, e.g. English, and everyone will have a coding assistant, not just the PC, but a coding assistant. What do you think, going back to those kind of earliest, what do you, how do you think that will transform the world?

• 1:00:02Speaker 00

  Well, the ability to navigate data, you know, which a long time ago, you had to have some IT guy write a thing and, you know, okay, what's the header and footer and, you know, report, there's a thing called RPG Report Generation Language, you know, and Cobol, you have this section in the picture. Anyway, you know, a lot of that stuff, it's so obsolete, it it it just makes you laugh. The idea you can sit down and engage in a dialogue about data in a very rich way means that, you know, our ability to run businesses better, you know, understand bottlenecks, adapt to changing things will be so incredible,

• 1:00:46Speaker 00

  and it won't require custom software. And in fact, the whole complexion of the software market, how many applications will there be? You know, at first, what we have is everybody adding AI to every application and saying, okay, pay me extra because now I got a little AI. But in fact, the number of applications you need, you know, think of a college which has a scheduling app, a finance app, a support the the student app, you know, they, that should all be one thing, that every encounter with the student to the college is all maintained in a rich way. So the software Software applications will be very different.

• 1:01:29Speaker 00

  And I'm trying to figure out, okay, how quickly does that happen? It's incredibly beneficial that this software is more adapting to you, including creating user interfaces dynamically than you going, "Okay, I use this software package for this, and then I go to this website and do this." You're a low-level clerk. Even looking at your email, the email is so stupid that you have to figure it out. It only can time-sort the order. It doesn't know what's important. And then you have your messages, and you have to go back and forth, and you're the one who puts it in little folders and things. I mean, I thought the semantic level of interaction with the computer would be higher by now, even without AI.

• 1:02:10Speaker 00

  But now with AI, the idea that it, the very high-level tasks that I'm doing, I'm working on my budget, I'm considering buying a new home, that it will be working with you, not at the spreadsheet cell level, but at the, "Oh, let's break this task down in a high-level form. Here's what I can automatically go in and do for you." It's super-revolutionary. We'll all have an agent that is a utilitarian, help you get things done. It reads everything you read, but the things you meant to read, it reads. And then your agent can figure out, okay, which parts of that

• 1:02:55Speaker 00

  are important enough to take your time to understand.

• 1:03:05Aria Finger?

  We are now switching to Rapid Fire. I'll let Reid ask the first question.

• 1:03:09Reid Hoffman?

  Is there a movie, song, or book that fills you with optimism for the future?

• 1:03:16Speaker 00

  Well, the better angels of our nature, Steven Pinker, sort of documents how...

• 1:03:22Speaker 00

  Violent death, lifespan, education have gone. And there's some lessons of why we've done well. Doesn't guarantee, and he doesn't say that's the future. But if you have one book which should get you back into the mindset of, okay, how far have we come? What should we feel good about? I'd recommend that one.

• 1:03:45Aria Finger?

  Fabulous. And what is a question that you wish people asked you more often?

• 1:03:50Speaker 00

  How does malnutrition work?

• 1:03:53Aria Finger?

  Yeah.

• 1:03:54Speaker 00

  A lot of things I think about are boring and we should solve without most people having to ever figure out toilets and nuclear reactors. And understanding disease, I'm surprised people aren't more curious. You know, when I first said, what do kids die of? I had a hard time finding out. And I would have thought, well, shouldn't we all be asking that kind of thing? It's more important than GDP.

• 1:04:25Reid Hoffman?

  Exactly.

• 1:04:26Aria Finger?

  I love it.

• 1:04:27Reid Hoffman?

  So where do you see progress or momentum outside of your industry? And of course, that's very broad, that inspires you.

• 1:04:34Speaker 00

  Well, India is an example of a country where, oh, there's plenty of things that are difficult there. The health, nutrition, education is improving. And they're stable enough and generating their own government revenue enough that it's very likely that 20 years from now, people will be dramatically better off. And it's kind of a laboratory to try things that then, once you prove them out in India, you can take to other places. And so our biggest non-US office for the foundation is in India. And then most number of pilot rollout things we're doing anywhere in the world are with partners in India.

• 1:05:18Speaker 00

  And if you go there and you've never been, you might think, whoa, this is a chaotic place. And you're not used to so many levels of income all being on the street at the same time. But you will get a sense of the vibrancy.

• 1:05:32Aria Finger?

  All right. Last question. Can you leave us with a final thought about what is possible to achieve if everything breaks our way in the next 15 years? And what's the first step to get there?

• 1:05:43Speaker 00

  The potential positive path is so good that it will force us to rethink, how should we use our time? You know, you could almost call it a new religion or a new philosophy of, okay, how do we stay connected with each other, not addicted to these things that will make video games look like nothing in terms of the attractiveness of spending time on them? So it's fascinating that we will, the issues of, you know, disease and enough food, of climate, if things go well, those will largely become solved problems.

• 1:06:23Speaker 00

  And, you know, so the next generation does get to say, okay, given that some things that were massively in shortage are now not, how do we take advantage of that? You know, do we ban AI being used in certain endeavors so that humans get some, you know, like, you don't want robots playing baseball, probably.

• 1:06:46Aria Finger?

  Sure.

• 1:06:47Speaker 00

  Because they'll be too good. So we'll keep them off. The field, okay, how broadly would you go with that? We are so used to this shortage world that, you know, I hope I get to see how we start to rethink the, these deep meaning questions. Bill, a tour de force. Thank you.

• 1:07:10Reid Hoffman?

  Yeah, great talking to you. Possible is produced by Wondra Media Network. It's hosted by Ari Finger and me, Reid Hoffman. Our showrunner is Sean Young. Possible is produced by Katie Sanders, Edie Allard, Sarah Shleid, Adrian Bain, and Paloma Moreno Jimenez. Jenny Kaplan is our executive producer and editor.

• 1:07:38Aria Finger?

  Special thanks to Soraya Yalamanchili, Saida Sapieva, Ian Alice, Greg Beato, Parth Patel, and Ben Ralas. And a big thanks to Aubrey Bogdanovich, Ian Saunders, Kristy Anthony, Alex Reed, Jen Krajicek, David Sanger, Larry Cohen, Alicia Salmon, Sean Simons, Denali Weiraman, Andrea Dramer, John Ryder, the whole team at Gates Ventures and Little Monster Media Company.