Pod Insights Short Wave Moths, Owls And Fungi With Over 20,000 Sexes...Oh My! About this episode Put on your headphones. In today's episode, host Emily Kwong https://www.npr.org/people/767284140/emily-kwong leads us on a night hike in Patuxent River State Park in Maryland. Alongside a group of naturalists led by Serenella Linares https://www.maeoe.org/member/serenella-linares/, we'll meet a variety of species with unique survival quirks and wintertime adaptations. We'll search out lichen that change color under UV light and flip over a wet log to track a salamander keeping warm under wet leaves. Emily may even meet the bioluminescent mushrooms of her dreams. Plus, we talk about community events to get outside, such as the City Nature Challenge https://www.citynaturechallenge.org/ and Great American Campout https://www.nwf.org/Great-American-Campout.
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Transcript Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.
0:00 Emily Kwong? This message comes from Capella University. That spark you feel? That's your drive for more. Capella University's FlexPath learning format lets you earn your degree at your pace without putting life on pause. Learn more at capella.edu. You're listening to Short Wave from NPR.
0:21 Emily Kwong? What's up, tutorinos? It's Emily Kwong.
0:23 Speaker 01 And Burley McCoy, freshly back from parental leave. And Emily, today I hear you recently embarked on some late-night reporting in the woods under the cover of darkness?
0:33 Emily Kwong? Yeah.
0:33 Speaker 01 So is this your way of telling us you're a spy?
0:35 Emily Kwong? Would a spy reveal that?
0:37 Speaker 01 OK, my thoughts exactly. But seriously, what were you doing out there?
0:41 Emily Kwong? Well, Burley, I was on a night hike.
0:44 Speaker 02 So in about two minutes, we'll get started. Meanwhile, enjoy yourself.
0:50 Emily Kwong? It was a tramp through Patuxent River State Park in Maryland, hosted by a group of naturalists, people trained in gathering observations and educating people about the environment. Now, naturalists lead hikes all over the world, but not all of them, like this screw handout homemade banana bread.
1:04 Speaker 01 Hmm.
1:04 Emily Kwong? That was pretty cool. And UV lights provided by our leader.
1:08 Speaker 02 Hi, my name is Serenella Linares. I'm the Facility Director at Noreenier Nature Center and the Program's Chair of the Mycological Association of Washington, D.C.
1:19 Speaker 01 OK, so Serenella is a mushroom expert?
1:22 Emily Kwong? Yeah, along with other fungi. She's been leading nature walks since 2013, and tonight, I really wanted to see the forest through her eyes, to know what flaps and flutters and fluoresces when the sun goes down in winter.
1:36 Speaker 02 Ooh. It is a night for nature magic. Bioluminescence, fluorescence of fungi and lichens, of insects that fly in the night and are attracted to the bait that we have set up.
1:54 Emily Kwong? So I should really try to listen very closely to everything?
1:56 Speaker 02 Yes. We will have a...
1:58 Emily Kwong? And that's what I want to do with you today, Burley. I want to just get real quiet and listen to the sounds of a winter's night when everything is dead or dormant. Or is it?
2:08 Speaker 01 OK. Today on the show, we are taking you on a night hike through the Patuxent River watershed in search of owls and salamanders and maybe, if we're lucky, a bioluminescent mushroom. You're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.
2:27 Speaker 03 Stay tuned for the following announcements and messages from our sponsors.
2:31 Emily Kwong? This message comes from Whole Foods Market. Host Thanksgiving with industry-leading quality standards from Whole Foods Market. There are no antibiotics in their meat department, ever. So carve up turkey and spiral cut ham with peace of mind. Shop organic sides like stuffing mix and cranberry sauce from 365 Brand. And all their delectable pies are made with no high fructose corn syrup. Gourmet Thanksgiving flavors with the quality you want, only at Whole Foods Market. This message comes from Capella University. That spark you feel? That's your drive for more. Capella University's FlexPath learning format lets you earn your degree at your pace, without putting life on pause. Learn more at capella.edu.
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3:31 Speaker 01 All right, Emily. So you went on this night hike last month.
3:35 Emily Kwong? Mm-hmm.
3:35 Speaker 01 Set the scene for us. What does this park look like?
3:38 Emily Kwong? No idea. Because it was so dark. And we don't have half of these critters' night vision.
3:44 Speaker 01 OK, this makes sense.
3:46 Emily Kwong? But I know that the park, because I looked at a map, sits along the Patuxent River, which flows into Maryland's Chesapeake Bay. We were bundled in our winter coats. And the first stop along our night hike was a patch of lichen growing along a tree just off the parking lot.
4:01 Speaker 01 Remind me, what are lichen exactly?
4:04 Emily Kwong? Yeah, lichen is that stuff that grows on trees. It kind of looks like seaweed, but it's actually a hybrid colony of fungi and algae in a symbiotic relationship. To show us, Serenella dramatically shines her flashlight up the tree trunk.
4:18 Speaker 02 Nothing out of the ordinary, right? That blue-gray lichen color.
4:28 Speaker 02 Everything looks pretty much the same. Until...
4:32 Emily Kwong? Serenella then flips on her UV light, and the patch of green lichen totally changes.
4:38 Speaker 02 Do you want to tell us more?
4:41 Emily Kwong? And it suddenly glowed neon yellow. The lichen, one particular part of it was fluorescing. So absorbing the ultraviolet light from the flashlight and emitting visible light.
4:53 Speaker 01 Oh, and I'm just looking at the pictures you just sent me. And this is like neon neon yellow.
4:58 Emily Kwong? Yeah, it was like the Las Vegas Strip. Natalie Howe, an ecologist with the US Department of Agriculture, steps forward and shoves her face into the tree bark.
5:07 Speaker 04 If you come up real close, you can sort of tell that there's a lot of diversity there because there's some that are a little yellower or some that are a little grayer.
5:16 Speaker 01 She sounds so excited.
5:17 Emily Kwong? So we, we take a UV light and get up close to that tree to look. And pretty soon, Sarah Nella shouts. Oh, Natalie.
5:28 Emily Kwong? What did you find?
5:29 Speaker 04 Oh, orange. That's true. We barely ever see that orange one.
5:32 Speaker 01 They just sound so excited. This sounds like my kind of group. Okay, so like, what do the different colors mean?
5:38 Emily Kwong? Yeah, okay, so the yellow lichen is called Pixine subscenaria. And the orange lichen is Pixine ceridiana. And both have chemicals in their tissues which allow them to fluoresce.
5:50 Speaker 01 Okay, but like, why?
5:52 Emily Kwong? Natalie explained to me that lichen fluoresce as a protective response against ultraviolet light damage from the sun.
5:59 Speaker 01 Oh, my gosh, I wish we could do this. Okay, that's so cool. So like, these lichens are carrying their own sunscreen.
6:05 Emily Kwong? Yep. So the group starts to branch out at this point away from the lichen depot, drifting into pockets of the forest, swinging their UV lights and headlamps up trees. Everyone's kind of getting into it now. And they're breaking up books to try to identify what they see. And suddenly, it just feels weird to step on anything.
6:24 Speaker 01 Because like, everything is alive.
6:26 Emily Kwong? Yeah, except where there's trash.
6:28 Speaker 01 Oh.
6:29 Speaker 05 Oh, once I actually got too excited about finding like a soggy piece of toilet paper. Because it reflected weirdly.
6:35 Speaker 01 Oh, my gosh. Okay, so what did you see next on your hike?
6:39 Emily Kwong? Uh, well, there was this gigantic piece of fabric that one of the naturalists had hung up and lit with mercury vapor lamps. So those are lamps that emit this very broad spectrum of light and attracted all these different kinds of moths, just like clinging to the fabric.
6:57 Speaker 06 Come on over here if anyone wants to get a quick photo of the fall canker worm.
7:01 Speaker 01 I want to see a photo of the fall canker worm.
7:04 Emily Kwong? Yeah, this moth, along with all moths, use the moon and stars to navigate. So lamps are a good way to draw them out of the shadows. Then Matt Felbrin, a roving naturalist with Nova Parks, the regional park system of Northern Virginia, makes an announcement that he will be, quote, "doing owl calls intermittently."
7:22 Speaker 01 OK.
7:23 Speaker 06 They're very defensive of their territory. So they will frequently come and check out who the potential rival is in their territory.
7:31 Speaker 01 So what's the best way to call bard owl?
7:34 Speaker 06 There's a mnemonic for it. And the mnemonic would be, "Who cooks for you? Who cooks for you all?"
7:47 Emily Kwong? Matt learned how to do this while prowling for owls during the Great American Campout.
7:51 Speaker 01 What is that?
7:53 Emily Kwong? It's this nationwide campaign that happens every June to get people outdoors in a safe way. And this was a really common theme among the naturalists. They're all involved with some kind of community work. Anna Kahanui is the co-founder of the DC-based nonprofit Capital Nature. I found her crouched over a log, inches from the dirt, taking a picture with her iPhone.
8:14 Speaker 01 Oh, my gosh. What is that?
8:16 Speaker 04 It's a snow fungus. So it's a jelly fungus. That's, yeah, so I want to get a picture of it.
8:20 Speaker 01 There's fungi that are jellied?
8:23 Speaker 04 Yeah, let me show you a better picture of it.
8:24 Speaker 01 It looks like slime.
8:26 Emily Kwong? So you got Matt making owl calls in the background, Anna facing the dirt, showing me her iNaturalist.
8:32 Speaker 01 OK, so iNaturalist is that app that helps you ID things in the natural world? I use it all the time for things like flowers and trees and one time a spider in my garden.
8:41 Emily Kwong? Yeah, Anna's like a prolific user of iNaturalist.
8:45 Speaker 01 Well, you have 5,107 observations.
8:48 Speaker 04 I do make a lot of observations.
8:50 Speaker 01 Wow, 5,100, that's a lot.
8:53 Emily Kwong? Yeah, I have, I don't know, a few dozen. But I have realized that learning to identify and name and even just notice the life forms around me is one of the best ways to deepen your relationship to land and to nature. Anna says you can also look up a bird count or some other bio blitz in your area. That's what they call like these nature searches. One of the biggest ones is the City Nature Challenge.
9:18 Speaker 01 Oh, what's that?
9:19 Emily Kwong? It's basically a four-day sprint around Earth Day. Cities who enroll are tasked with identifying as many of a certain type of species as possible.
9:28 Speaker 04 It's multi-generational. So because, you know, mom and dad
9:31 Speaker 01 And grandma and grandpa and the kids can go out and the kids are low to the ground, so. So did that owl ever show up?
9:38 Emily Kwong? Never showed. Gave us the cold shoulder. But at this point in the hike, owl cameo didn't really matter. I mean, over the course of the night, just watching these grown adults act more and more like kids was so amazing. Like sticking their fingers in dirt, rolling over wet logs, jumping and shrieking when a tiny crustacean like an isopod appears.
10:03 Speaker 01 Oh no, it's like a little shrimp.
10:04 Emily Kwong? Or a tiny fungi shaped like a fan with an incredible secret.
10:09 Speaker 02 Chrysophyllum communae doesn't have two sexes, doesn't have four sexes. Give me a number of how many sexes do you think?
10:19 Speaker 01 Six?
10:20 Emily Kwong? No, higher.
10:21 Speaker 01 Twenty-seven?
10:23 Emily Kwong? Goes so much higher than you think is possible for how many sexes an organism can have.
10:27 Speaker 01 I mean, twenty-seven was the highest, you know, like what, hundreds?
10:32 Emily Kwong? Twenty thousand. This fungi has twenty thousand different sexes.
10:37 Speaker 01 Amazing.
10:38 Speaker 02 It's very successful, very abundant and found almost everywhere. Take a look.
10:45 Emily Kwong? And then there were life forms that were moving quite actively, like. We got salamander? Yep.
10:54 Emily Kwong? So I got low, you know, army crawling and peering through everyone's legs, hovering beneath this like chaotic cloud of science facts.
11:02 Speaker 01 Yeah, it's like orange and black and slithering. Looks kind of like a snake.
11:07 Emily Kwong? We have our eastern red-backed salamander. Yeah. Copperish. One of the most interesting things I picked up was the fact that red-backed salamanders will bury themselves, sometimes a foot deep in winter, to basically be surrounded by decaying roots to stay warm and wet because the salamanders need the moisture to absorb oxygen through their skin. Yeah, and there's so many adaptations for winter when you really start to look for them. Sometimes that looks like a change of location, sometimes that looks like. Energy conservation.
11:39 Speaker 01 OK, give me an example.
11:41 Emily Kwong? Yeah, this was towards the end of the hike.
11:42 Speaker 02 Hi.
11:43 Emily Kwong? I hear Serenella calling my name in the dark.
11:45 Speaker 02 Serenella?
11:46 Emily Kwong? Oh, all people look the same.
11:48 Speaker 02 We don't overlook the stick. The stick with the mushroom. With the mushroom.
11:53 Speaker 01 Wait, is this the bioluminescent mushroom?
11:55 Emily Kwong? That's right, that's right. This is the one Serenella spent the whole hike searching for. It is a honey mushroom. Our final observation of the night. So in the summertime, honey mushrooms produce a green light known as foxfire. They glow in the dark, all on their own, no flashlight required. And we call this phenomenon bioluminescence.
12:15 Speaker 01 I am really sad to say I've never seen bioluminescence in nature. But honestly, I usually imagine it's like a frog or some kind of plankton doing the bioluminescing, not a mushroom.
12:27 Emily Kwong? Yeah, I had no idea that mushrooms bioluminesce either. Scientists don't entirely know why. But as Serenella explained to me and my husband Duncan, it might be the fungi's way of attracting nocturnal creatures. You know, the glow is basically an advertisement saying,
12:43 Speaker 02 Come get me, I'm delicious. And by the way, take my kid away. Right. So how do you advertise your Burger King at 2:00 a.m.? Like, you need a neon sign that people walking by say, oh, yummy.
13:02 Emily Kwong? Hungry animals, so birds, rodents, and insects, eat the mushrooms and poop it out later, which may help with spore dispersal. But that's not what I saw, Burley.
13:14 Speaker 01 No?
13:15 Emily Kwong? No, it was winter. And apparently, the honey mushrooms will shut down all bioluminescent business. They will not glow at night in wintertime.
13:24 Speaker 01 Bummer, you did not see the green glow.
13:27 Emily Kwong? Nope, just a stick of happy brown caps that were not bioluminescing at all, which I think Provides a nice life lesson for wintertime, you know, about not spending energy when you don't have to.
13:39 Speaker 01 Honestly, Emily, this hike is reminding me that that's what winter is all about, right? At least according to nature. Slow down, rest, conserve your energy.
13:48 Emily Kwong? And you can consider this hike your permission slip.
13:51 Speaker 01 Thank you so much for this night walk.
13:54 Emily Kwong? Anytime, Burley. Welcome back to Short Wave.
13:56 Speaker 01 Thank you.
13:58 Emily Kwong? To join the City Nature Challenge or the Great American Campout, check out the links on our website.
14:04 Speaker 01 Make sure you never miss a new episode by following us on the podcasting platform you're listening from. And if you have a science question, send us an email at [email protected] . This episode was produced by Jessica Young and Hannah Chin and edited by our showrunner, Rebecca Ramirez. Tyler Jones checked the facts. Jimmy Keeley was the audio engineer. Beth Donovan is our senior director and Colin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy.
14:32 Emily Kwong? I'm Emily Kwong.
14:33 Speaker 01 And I'm Burley McCoy. Thanks for listening to Short Wave from NPR.
14:47 Speaker 03 Stay tuned for the following announcements and messages from our sponsors.
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