Vietnam Draft Board Raids, Part 1

The draft board raids were part of an antiwar movement, largely grounded in Catholic religious convictions, that spanned almost four years. Part one covers the basic context of the Vietnam War and why the U. S. was involved in the first place, and the earliest raids on draft boards.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

  This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed Human.

• 0:04Tracy V. Wilson?

  Whether you're calling the wise women in your life, video calling your girlfriends across the country, or checking in on someone who always knows how to make you smile, staying connected matters. Those small conversations, shared laughs and quick hellos, are what keep relationships strong even when life gets busy. Some of the most life-giving conversations start with just a phone call. That's why AT&T guarantees the network you can rely on, so you can focus on the moments and people that matter most. That's the AT&T Guarantee. AT&T: Connecting Changes Everything. Terms and conditions apply. Visit att.com/guarantee for details.

• 0:39Holly Frey?

  A rare disease diagnosis can change your life, but it doesn't have to define your future. In season seven of Untold Stories: Life with a Severe Autoimmune Condition, host Martine Hackett continues the conversation with people living with MG, CIDP, and the broader rare disease community, exploring what comes after diagnosis through stories of hope, progress, and connection. Produced by Ruby Studio in partnership with Argenx. Listen on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 1:13Speaker 03

  That sound? That's pro squash. Some of the fastest rallies in sport played inches from the crowd. The National Squash League is back in full swing for season four. The sport is heading to the 2028 Olympics for the first time, and you can see it up close right now in a city near you. Watch every match for free on YouTube. Search National Squash League and hit Subscribe or follow live updates on Instagram at nsl.sport.

• 1:40Speaker 04

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• 2:09Holly Frey?

  Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeart Radio.

• 2:20Tracy V. Wilson?

  Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson. And I'm Holly Frey. Back in 2020, we did a two-part episode on COINTELPRO, which was a series of FBI counterintelligence programs that started out ostensibly focused on communism, but they went on to target an array of primarily left-wing organizations and movements in the United States. One of my really favorite parts of working on that was getting to how those programs came to an end. The FBI still does counterintelligence, but these formerly-defined COINTELPROs ended after a group of regular people pulled

• 3:02Tracy V. Wilson?

  off a heist at the FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania, and then they sent what they found to news agencies. This group of regular people called themselves the Citizens Commission to Investigate the FBI. And at the very end of those episodes, we mentioned that some of them went on to become part of a group called the Camden 28, who had raided a draft office in Camden, New Jersey in 1971. So I have wanted to do a Camden 28 episode for the last five years. Like, it's been on the list for a long time. As I finally got into

• 3:44Tracy V. Wilson?

  working on this, though, I realized that just focusing on the Camden 28 really wouldn't convey that this was not just one raid on one draft board office. It was part of a whole anti-war movement that was largely grounded in Catholic religious convictions. And this movement spanned almost four years. So this turned into a two-part episode.

• 4:09Tracy V. Wilson?

  Today, we are going to have some very basic context of the Vietnam War and why the US was involved in the first place. Due to the progression of time, we have reached a point where I think the majority of our listeners did not live through this or grow up in the immediate aftermath of it. So if you did, and you're like, why are you explaining this to me? I think a lot of people are not as steeped in some of this as like Holly and I were in our youths.

• 4:43Holly Frey?

  Yeah.

• 4:44Tracy V. Wilson?

  So we're going to talk about why the US was involved in the first place, and we're going to talk about a couple of the earliest raids on draft boards in this part of the two-parter. Then on Wednesday, we will talk about the raids that happened later in this movement and the Camden 28 specifically.

• 5:02Holly Frey?

  So the Vietnam War was a long, complicated conflict that is known in Vietnam as the American War, or the Resistance War Against America. It was part of a wider pattern of conflict and war in Southeast Asia involving multiple other nations beyond just the US and Vietnam. It went on for nearly 20 years, so we're not going to try to give a detailed account of the entire thing, or even to try to cover all the most notable moments. As Tracy just said, we're giving this overview for context.

• 5:36Tracy V. Wilson?

  Yeah, I kept being like, should I mention this too? Should I mention this too? And it was, there are too many things.

• 5:43Holly Frey?

  And then it was a 12-episode arc.

• 5:45Tracy V. Wilson?

  And then our whole podcast is just about Vietnam.

• 5:48Holly Frey?

  Which, those already exist.

• 5:50Tracy V. Wilson?

  Those already exist. There's plenty available. Over the course of its history, Vietnam has been an independent nation at some points, and it has been colonized at others. And the period that's most relevant to today's episode starts with France colonizing Vietnam and other parts of Southeast Asia during the 19th century. Then during World War II, Japan negotiated with Vichy France to occupy Vietnam. Vietnam remained under French administration until almost the very end of the war. And then Japan took control, imprisoned the French officials, and then killed the ones who refused to comply.

• 6:31Holly Frey?

  The events of World War II contributed to a growing independence movement in Vietnam. One part of this movement was the League for the Independence of Vietnam, also known as the Viet Minh, founded by Ho Chi Minh. The Viet Minh had been established in northern Vietnam, not far from the border with China, and it had a primarily communist leadership.

• 6:53Tracy V. Wilson?

  As World War II came to an end, the Viet Minh launched an uprising to try to secure independence for Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam to be an independent republic with its capital at Hanoi in September of 1945. Not long after that, Vietnamese Emperor Bao Di abdicated and declared his allegiance to the newly established Democratic Republic of Vietnam.

• 7:21Holly Frey?

  But with the end of World War II, France wanted to regain control of its colonial possession, and with the support of its allies, it tried to do just that. These allies included the US, although a lot wasn't publicly known about the US involvement until much later. This led to the first Indo-China War, also called the French Indo-China War, which stretched from 1946 to 1954. This war formally ended with the Geneva Convention of 1954, which also dealt with some ongoing issues from the Korean War that had ended with an armistice in 1953.

• 8:02Tracy V. Wilson?

  The accords that were signed at this convention created a ceasefire line at the 17th parallel, with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on one side and the state of Vietnam, also called the Republic of Vietnam, without the democratic part on the other. These are more generally referred to as North and South Vietnam. The accords also called for the establishment of a demilitarized zone along that line and a 300-day period for troops to be withdrawn to their respective sides of the line.

• 8:36Tracy V. Wilson?

  This division of Vietnam was also supposed to be temporary with the future of a unified Vietnam to be decided through a fair and free election.

• 8:47Holly Frey?

  From the United States' point of view, the idea that this election could result in a unified communist Vietnam was a major problem. This was during the Cold War between the United States and the USSR, which was also communist. In the US, there was a lot of anxiety around the idea of Vietnam unifying itself as a communist nation and forming an alliance with the USSR or with its neighbor China, which had become a communist nation in 1949. This was also connected to the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSR and worries around which nations would have access to nuclear weapons and where the USSR would be able to station them.

• 9:31Tracy V. Wilson?

  And this wasn't just about Vietnam. A lot of US foreign policy at this point rested on the domino theory, which is the idea that if one nation, quote, "fell to communism," its neighbors would inevitably follow. The US was trying to stop communist governments from forming or existing in other parts of the world as well. This included the CIA orchestrating a coup to overthrow the democratically-elected government of Guatemala in 1954. We covered that as a two-parter in September of 2019. We have talked about a number of times that the United States was willing to, like, prop

• 10:14Tracy V. Wilson?

  up a dictator if that meant a nation not becoming communist. With all of this in mind, the United States did not pledge to follow the agreements that had been signed at the Geneva Convention, and neither did the state of Vietnam, which then also did not work with the North on holding that election that was supposed to happen.

• 10:37Holly Frey?

  Initially, the Viet Minh was not interested in trying to start another war over this, but that started to change in the second half of the 1950s. Eventually, the National Liberation Front and its military arm, the Viet Cong, started trying to take control of South Vietnam. It was getting support from communists living in South Vietnam as well as from non-communists. Some saw this as a chance to get rid of corruption in the South Vietnamese government. Others thought the South Vietnamese government was out of touch with its own people and that the communist government would be better. The government of South Vietnam was also predominantly Catholic,

• 11:18Holly Frey?

  and the largely Buddhist population was facing religious oppression and persecution.

• 11:24Tracy V. Wilson?

  Yeah, there were definitely people who did not want the whole of Vietnam, like people living in Vietnam, who did not want the whole of Vietnam to become communist and like wanted international support in this. But there was also a very growing amount of support for the communists as all this was happening. The North Vietnamese also started building a supply route, known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail, to support its efforts in the South. Those efforts included a lot of guerrilla tactics that the South Vietnamese, who had largely been trained by Americans and other Westerners, weren't really quite prepared for. By the start of the 1960s, it was obvious to the United States

• 12:06Tracy V. Wilson?

  that South Vietnam could not win this conflict without more help.

• 12:10Holly Frey?

  At first, most people in the United States were generally supportive of US military action in Vietnam. The fear of communism and its expansion, the Cold War, and nuclear proliferation were all huge political issues. This was true even though the US military had already been through a three-year war in Korea, which had some similarities to what was happening in Vietnam. And at first, US support to Vietnam was mostly through things like equipment and training without a lot of US personnel stationed there. So, most people didn't really have a personal or family connection to what was happening.

• 12:49Tracy V. Wilson?

  But that changed in the 1960s. The US started ramping up its support of South Vietnam by deploying helicopters and green berets. And by 1962, about 9,000 American troops had been sent overseas. The US also started using napalm and defoliants like Agent Orange to destroy the vegetation that the North Vietnamese were using for cover and to also deprive them of food. In January of 1965, there was an incident in the Gulf of Tonkin. The exact details of this incident still are not clear today. But two US destroyers reported that they had been fired upon by North Vietnamese patrol boats.

• 13:33Tracy V. Wilson?

  Not long after this incident, Congress passed a joint resolution known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which set in part, quote, "that the Congress approves and supports the determination of the President as Commander in Chief to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." The President at this point was Lyndon B. Johnson, and this basically allowed him to essentially wage war in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war on Vietnam by Congress. Bombing campaigns and larger troop deployments started not long after this.

• 14:15Holly Frey?

  Every time the United States has been involved in a war, there have been people opposed to it, whether that opposition was on political or ideological grounds relating to that specific conflict, or was rooted in an opposition to war more generally. But as the United States' military involvement in Vietnam grew, the anti-war movement did as well, becoming the largest movement against a foreign war in US history. And this became an incredibly divisive, deeply polarizing, social and political issue.

• 14:48Tracy V. Wilson?

  We'll talk more about it after a sponsor break.

• 14:54Speaker 05

  First thought is like, wow, how are we going to do all this?

• 14:57Tracy V. Wilson?

  Hey, everybody. It's Tracy from Stuff You Missed in History Class. That's Alan Goya, a planning engineer at AT&T. He's talking about Intuit Dome, home of the Los Angeles Clippers, where every seat, screen, phone, and transaction is connected with AT&T fiber and 5G, defining the fan's experience. And Alan's master plan made it all possible.

• 15:17Speaker 05

  It was going to rival anything that was already built. And that takes quite a bit of people and different teams to all be on the same page.

• 15:25Tracy V. Wilson?

  That includes field services manager Drexel Jones. His team made sure it all came together and held up on game day.

• 15:32Speaker 06

  Through what Alan's whole crew designed, we connected the event visitors to the world.

• 15:37Tracy V. Wilson?

  And after years of hard work and collaboration, it was opening night.

• 15:41Speaker 06

  To actually see the whole stadium light up and data is flowing is a beautiful thing.

• 15:45Speaker 05

  What the fans experience is incredible. It gave me a lot of pride.

• 15:49Tracy V. Wilson?

  AT&T, connecting fans to what they love.

• 15:51Speaker 07

  Connecting changes everything. AT&T.

• 15:55Tracy V. Wilson?

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• 16:36Tracy V. Wilson?

  but thanks to ADT Blue, you can DIY trusted ADT home security in a snap. Head to ADT.com/BLU to build your system today. And to hear more about home protection and other grown-up topics, check out new episodes of Grown Up Stuff on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 17:01Holly Frey?

  A rare disease diagnosis can change your life, but it doesn't have to define your future. Tune in for season seven of Untold Stories: Life with a Severe Autoimmune Condition, a Ruby Studio production in partnership with Argenx. Hosted by public health and policy expert Dr. Martine Hackett, Untold Stories: Life with a Severe Autoimmune Condition pushes the conversation within the rare disease community forward. Featuring guests living with MG, CIDP, myositis, SMA, and other rare autoimmune conditions, each episode explores hope, progress, and connection. How does research create new opportunities? How do shared experiences help light the way forward? How do we best show up for each other?

• 17:46Holly Frey?

  Tune in to find out. Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 18:00Speaker 03

  That sound? That's pro squash. Some of the fastest rallies in sport played inches from the crowd. The National Squash League is back in full swing for season four. The sport is heading to the 2028 Olympics for the first time, and you can see it up close right now in a city near you. Watch every match for free on YouTube. Search National Squash League and hit subscribe or follow live updates on Instagram at NSL.Sport.

• 18:33Tracy V. Wilson?

  As we said before the break, in general, most Americans supported the United States' military efforts in Vietnam at the start of its involvement in this conflict, at least what was publicly known as the involvement in the conflict, largely because of things like opposition to communism and the fact that at first, this support did not involve large-scale troop deployments. But support for the war started to wane as that changed. Part of this was connected to the news coverage. As the US military presence grew in Vietnam, so did the number of journalists there. There were roughly 600 accredited journalists in Vietnam at the height of the war in 1968,

• 19:17Tracy V. Wilson?

  and some of them were reporting from combat zones. This was also really the first war that the US had fought during the television era. Televisions did exist before this, long before this, and there had been newsreels and other visual news sources during earlier wars as well. But it was only after the Korean War that there were televisions in more than half of American homes. And some of the images and stories that were coming out of Vietnam and being broadcast on the news in people's living rooms were truly horrifying.

• 19:54Holly Frey?

  On top of all that, during his 1964 presidential campaign, Lyndon B. Johnson had said he wouldn't be expanding the US presence in Vietnam. But after an attack on a US airbase not long after his second inauguration, Johnson ordered a bombing campaign known as Operation Rolling Thunder, followed by the deployment of more ground troops. By the end of the year, there were roughly 180,000 US military personnel in Vietnam. And by 1968, that number had risen to well over half a million. As the number of personnel increased, so did the number of casualties. And soon, about 300 Americans were dying in Vietnam every week.

• 20:39Holly Frey?

  This was a fraction of the number of civilian deaths in Vietnam, which people in the US were also seeing on the news.

• 20:47Tracy V. Wilson?

  Opposition to the war grew in parallel with this increase in troop deployments. We talked about the teach-ins that were part of this movement in our Saturday classic from this past February 22nd. There were also marches and sit-ins and demonstrations against companies like Dow Chemical, which was the primary producer of napalm. Some of the public opposition to the war was tied to the growing hippie movement and counterculture movements, and it was associated with things like music, drug use, and free love. Other demonstrations against the war were visceral and intentionally disturbing, including multiple people who set themselves on fire, mirroring the acts of Buddhist monks

• 21:31Tracy V. Wilson?

  in Vietnam who had emulated themselves in protest.

• 21:35Holly Frey?

  In 1967, some of the anti-war marches and demonstrations in the US were enormous. One of the organizations that formed to resist the war effort was the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, aka the MOBE, which organized demonstrations and marches in multiple US cities on April 15th of that year. Hundreds of thousands of people marched in New York City, San Francisco, and other major cities. On October 21st, 1967, about 100,000 people rallied near the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC, with roughly 50,000 of them marching to the Pentagon across the Potomac River in Arlington, Virginia.

• 22:18Tracy V. Wilson?

  One of the famous images of the anti-war movement was taken at this protest. It was of George Harris, later known as Hibiscus, placing carnations in the barrels of the rifles that were being wielded by military police. Photographer Bernie Boston titled this photo Flower Power. Beat poet Allen Ginsberg had popularized that term in a 1965 essay that called for demonstrators to carry flowers and give them to soldiers, police, spectators, and other people. This photo was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize.

• 22:52Holly Frey?

  While opposition to the Vietnam War was really growing in the mid to late 1960s, it wasn't really one cohesive movement. There were a lot of different people and groups who opposed the war for different reasons, and they all had their own priorities and their own methods. There were people who thought the US shouldn't be in Vietnam at all, or that the war had become unwinnable and the US should withdraw. Some who opposed the war connected what was happening in Vietnam to US foreign policy in other parts of the world, including the coup in Guatemala that we mentioned earlier. Or they drew connections between foreign wars and issues of poverty, racism, and discrimination at home.

• 23:36Tracy V. Wilson?

  But one specific issue that a lot of people objected to was the draft. This draft took place via the Selective Service System, which was first established in 1940. The war on the horizon at that point was, of course, World War II, which was already underway in other parts of the world, but that the US was not actively part of yet. With very few exceptions, men in the United States, regardless of whether they were citizens, were required to register with the local Selective Service Board, also called the Draft Board, when they turned 18. Through the Selective Service System, men had previously been drafted to serve in World War II and the Korean War.

• 24:20Holly Frey?

  Just like there has been an anti-war movement alongside every war, there have been objections to conscription every time the United States has used it. But opposition to the draft during the Vietnam War became massive. The US had a large population of men of draftable age, thanks to the post-World War II baby boom. So especially at first, there were a lot of lawful ways for people to defer their service or to be made exempt without keeping the military from meeting its enlistment goals. Like, college students were eligible for deferment, and the longer a person stayed in school, the longer they could defer. Married men with children were eligible for hardship deferment, and people could also

• 25:05Holly Frey?

  be exempted for a number of medical conditions. As many as half of the people who were eligible for the draft during the Vietnam War got some kind of deferral or exemption. People who met the criteria could also register as conscientious objectors and be assigned an alternative service.

• 25:23Tracy V. Wilson?

  Yeah, some of this was narrowed down as the war progressed, but at first, there were a lot of different ways that people could be deferred for a long time. People did also evade the draft by fleeing to Canada or another country, or by just refusing to report for induction. It's estimated that more than half a million people evaded the draft during the Vietnam War.

• 25:47Holly Frey?

  People objected to the draft for a lot of reasons. To some, it was unconscionable for anyone to be forced to serve in the military. Others thought there were circumstances in which a draft was called for and just, but that the war in Vietnam was not one of them. Although all men were required to register for the draft, there were racial and economic disparities in who was actually called to serve, which led to criticisms from civil rights activists and people who advocated for the rights of the poor. Changes were made to the draft system midway through the war to try to mitigate some of these issues.

• 26:24Tracy V. Wilson?

  Once someone registered with the draft board, they were issued a card containing their identifying information and their draft status. By law, these draft cards had to be carried at all times. People who opposed the war, or specifically opposed the draft, started burning their draft cards as a symbolic act of protest. This didn't erase their registration or stop them from being drafted, but it more made a statement. In 1965, Congress passed the Draft Card Mutilation Act, which established fines of up to $10,000 or five years in prison for knowingly destroying or mutilating a draft card.

• 27:09Tracy V. Wilson?

  Since the law required cards to be carried at all times, it already implied that it was illegal to destroy them, but this made that explicit.

• 27:18Holly Frey?

  With the passage of that law, burning a draft card could take on another layer of protest. A person could do it publicly with the intention of being arrested. One person who did this was David Paul O'Brien. He and three others burned their draft cards in front of a crowd outside the South Boston courthouse on March 31, 1966. O'Brien told FBI agents who were on the scene that he knew what he had done was illegal, but that he had done it because of his beliefs. He was indicted, tried, and convicted. And at trial, he told the jury that he hoped his action would inspire others to adopt those same beliefs. O'Brien was by far not the only person to do this,

• 28:03Holly Frey?

  but his case was the one that went all the way to the Supreme Court, which issued a seven to one decision that this law did not violate First Amendment protections on free speech.

• 28:14Tracy V. Wilson?

  Like the flower power imagery that we mentioned earlier, burning draft cards became emblematic of opposition to the Vietnam War. While burning a draft card didn't stop someone from being drafted, there were also anti-war activists who were trying to destroy draft records in a way that would stop the draft. And that was by going to the draft boards to do it.

• 28:39Holly Frey?

  We're going to talk more about that after we pause for a sponsor break.

• 28:46Holly Frey?

  A rare disease diagnosis can change your life, but it doesn't have to define your future. Tune in for season seven of Untold Stories: Life with a Severe Autoimmune Condition, a Ruby Studio production in partnership with Argenx. Hosted by public health and policy expert Dr. Martine Hackett, Untold Stories: Life with a Severe Autoimmune Condition pushes the conversation within the rare disease community forward. Featuring guests living with MG, CIDP, myositis, SMA, and other rare autoimmune conditions, each episode explores hope, progress, and connection. How does research create new opportunities? How do shared experiences help light the way forward? How do we best show up for each other?

• 29:31Holly Frey?

  Tune in to find out. Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 29:45Speaker 03

  That sound? That's pro squash. Some of the fastest rallies in sport played inches from the crowd. The National Squash League is back in full swing for season four. The sport is heading to the 2028 Olympics for the first time, and you can see it up close right now in a city near you. Watch every match for free on YouTube. Search National Squash League and hit subscribe or follow live updates on Instagram at @N

• 30:12Speaker 03

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• 30:33Speaker 05

  Depending on certain loan attributes, your business loan may be issued by OnDeck or Celtic Bank. OnDeck does not lend in North Dakota. All loans and amounts subject to lender approval. Hi, I'm Jenna Oshkowitz. You might know me from Glee. This is At the Table, the food allergy podcast, a show about food, connection, and what it really looks like to live with food allergies. Each episode, we hear stories from real people like Daniel.

• 30:56Speaker 03

  People would always think I was lactose intolerant, so I just kind of shortened my explanation to I'm deathly allergic, in a big way that defined a lot of my childhood. And while there are challenges, there are moments that remind you you're not alone. One of the best guys that I dated, he made a point to memorize all my food allergies. So join us and hear their stories and more, because living with food allergies isn't just about what you can't eat, it's about still having your seat at the table.

• 31:27Tracy V. Wilson?

  Brought to you by Genentech and Novartis. Listen to At the Table, the food allergy podcast, on America's number one podcast network, iHeart. Follow At the Table and start listening on the free iHeartRadio app today.

• 31:44Tracy V. Wilson?

  In September of 1965, 19-year-old Barry Bondis received his draft notice. He went to Minneapolis for his physical and his psychological tests, and on his paperwork, he listed his birthplace as Earth and his race as Human.

• 32:01Tracy V. Wilson?

  He and his father, Tom, started trying to get him exempted from service on religious grounds. That led to a meeting at the draft board office in Elk River, Minnesota. Tom said that he was worried about the draft because he had 12 sons and a member of the draft board asked where the rest of them were.

• 32:21Holly Frey?

  Tom was outraged by this question and stormed out. And later, the family came up with a plan to deliver the rest of Barry's brothers to the draft board. They had come up with an interpretation in which the rest meant residue and residue meant waste. So they put a couple of pails in the bathroom and they collected their waste in them. And then on February 23, 1966, Barry took buckets of waste to the draft board. His initial plan seems to have been to basically leave them on the secretary's desk and say, here's the rest of my brothers. But once he was in the office, he had another idea, which was to

• 33:03Holly Frey?

  dump the waste into the file cabinet containing the draft records. That December, Barry Bondes was convicted of damaging government property and interfering with the selective service.

• 33:16Tracy V. Wilson?

  This seems like kind of a spur of the moment decision on Bondes's part to actually dump the human waste into the file cabinet. But according to news reports from the time, he was heavily influenced both by his father and by the family's religious beliefs. Bondes isn't usually described as being part of the movement that evolved to target draft boards, but this is probably the earliest incident of draft board vandalism during the Vietnam War.

• 33:46Holly Frey?

  A religious movement to target draft boards started a little later in 1967. On October 27 of that year, four people entered a draft board office in Baltimore, Maryland, located in the United States Customs House. Philip Barrigan was a Catholic priest. Thomas Lewis was an artist and an organizer with artists concerned about Vietnam. David Eberhart was secretary of the Baltimore Interfaith Peace Mission. These three presented themselves as having some reason to be at the draft office, like needing to change their address or to check their draft status. Once they were in the office, they poured bottles of blood.

• 34:27Holly Frey?

  Reportedly, it was their own blood onto the draft records.

• 34:32Tracy V. Wilson?

  A fourth man, James Mengele, was a minister in the United Church of Christ, and he acted as a lookout and tried to get in the way of anybody who might come in and try to stop them. But this was not so the four men could make their escape once they were done. Getting arrested was part of the point, and they were just waiting for that to happen once they had poured the blood on the draft files. They issued a statement to the press that said in part, quote, "We shed our blood willingly and gratefully. We pour it upon these files to illustrate that with them and with these offices begins the pitiful waste of American and Vietnamese blood 10,000 miles away."

• 35:15Holly Frey?

  They were charged with conspiracy and an attempt to mutilate selective service records. They reportedly turned down offers of leniency, instead remaining in jail as an act of political protest and fasted and prayed while there. While they made no secret of what they had done, they pleaded not guilty so their case would go to court and continue to keep the issue in the spotlight.

• 35:41Tracy V. Wilson?

  One of the people who watched their trial from the gallery was US Army veteran George Misha, who had worked with the Catholic organization Maryknoll Missionaries in Mexico and connected US policy in Vietnam to its policies in Latin America. When the question was raised at trial of whether the Selective Service Board couldn't just use their duplicate copies to keep the draft functioning, it was revealed that there were no duplicates. When he heard this, Misha turned to his wife and said they should burn the cards.

• 36:17Holly Frey?

  The four men on trial became known as the Baltimore Four, and their demonstration was the first of what's sometimes described as the Catholic Number Group actions. The Catholic-led protests and some that were arranged by people who were not Catholic were often described using the number of people involved and the city where the action took place.

• 36:38Tracy V. Wilson?

  A few months after the Baltimore Four was the Catonsville Nine. One of those nine people was George Misha. Tom Lewis and Philip Baragon were involved as well. They had been convicted of pouring blood on the draft records in Baltimore, but they had not yet been sentenced, at least I think. There's some kind of contradictory reporting here of why they were not incarcerated at this point in the timeline. Another person who was part of this was Philip Baragon's brother, Daniel, who was also a priest.

• 37:13Holly Frey?

  The Catonsville Nine break-in happened on May 17, 1968, a little more than a month after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and the widespread civil unrest that had followed it. The North Vietnamese had also launched a coordinated surprise attack known as the Tet Offensive at the end of January, on the Lunar New Year holiday, or Tet. Although both sides claimed victory in the Tet Offensive, this did not bring a decisive end to the war as the North Vietnamese had hoped when planning the operation. But American casualties did spike during this part of the conflict, which was one of the reasons support for the war continued to wane in the United States. The House of Representatives had called for a congressional review of U.S. policy in

• 37:58Holly Frey?

  Vietnam, and the U.S. had replaced the commander in charge of its military forces there.

• 38:04Tracy V. Wilson?

  So, when seven men and two women went into the draft board in Catonsville, Maryland, removed 378 draft files, covered them with homemade napalm in the parking lot, and set them on fire in the wake of all this, it was a major national news story. Pouring blood on the draft records had been evocative, and so was burning them with napalm. They had made it from a recipe they adapted from a special forces handbook. As had happened in Baltimore, getting arrested and facing trial was part of the point, and so was the news coverage. They had tipped off the media ahead of time.

• 38:44Holly Frey?

  None of the Catonsville Nine were eligible for the draft. They were exempt because of their age, their sex, or some other reason. They spoke of being motivated by their religious convictions, including the fact that only five of the roughly 400 Catholic bishops in the US had spoken out in opposition to the war. Thomas Melville, one of the participants, told reporters that since their church had failed to act officially, they felt it was up to them to act as individuals to speak out in the name of Catholicism and Christianity.

• 39:17Tracy V. Wilson?

  Some of the participants also spoke out on what they saw as parallels between US involvement in Vietnam and its actions in other parts of the world. We mentioned George Misha's time in Mexico earlier. John Hogan had served as a mission business manager in Guatemala, and Marjorie and Thomas Melville had both been in Guatemala in connection with the Maryknoll Catholic Mission Movement. They had all seen the impact of things like the CIA orchestrated coup that we mentioned earlier. These activists saw patterns of oppression, inequality, and poverty, including within the United States, as interconnected with what was happening in Vietnam.

• 40:01Holly Frey?

  After setting the draft records on fire, the Catonsville Nine prayed for peace while waiting to be arrested. They refused bail, and they fasted while waiting in jail. Their trial began in federal court on October 5, 1968, and it lasted for five days. There was an anti-war protest on the first day of the trial, which happened at the same time as a George Wallace campaign rally, which made it a tense day. Anti-war protests continued on in the later days of the trial as well.

• 40:33Tracy V. Wilson?

  At trial, the defendants admitted to what they had done, but without describing themselves as guilty. They talked about burning the draft records as an act of conscience, one connected to a desire to end suffering around the world, including within the United States. David Darst, who was a Christian brother, said, quote, "I wanted to do a tiny bit to stop the machine of death I saw moving."

• 41:00Holly Frey?

  The Catonsville Nine were found guilty on all charges. They were fined and given sentences of between 24 and 42 months each. Tom Lewis and Philip Barrigan were given the longest sentences, in part because of their earlier conviction for pouring blood on the draft records in Baltimore.

• 41:19Tracy V. Wilson?

  David Darst died in a car accident before his sentence began. And Mary Moylan, the Barrigan brothers, and George Misha all went into hiding rather than reporting for their incarceration. The four of them were all eventually captured or turned themselves in, but that took years. The last of them, Mary Moylan, turned herself in 10 years after the trial. Dan Barrigan also seemed to kind of taunt authorities. He would regularly appear in public to speak or to participate in some kind of protest or demonstration, and then he would disappear again.

• 41:55Holly Frey?

  The Catonsville Nine became the inspiration for a whole movement of direct actions at draft board offices. At least 30 of them were connected to the Catholic Left movement, which was focused on nonviolent resistance against the Vietnam War and against war more generally. Especially among the people who were motivated by their religious convictions, these were public demonstrations, not just with the possibility of being arrested and charged with a crime, but with the intent of that happening, because that was part of the sacrifice and part of the impact of what they were doing.

• 42:30Tracy V. Wilson?

  The effects these draft board raids had on the actual draft was often temporary. Although testimony in the Baltimore Four case had suggested that there were no backup records, there were registers and other paperwork. Draft files were often damaged but not completely destroyed in this process. So a lot of the time, it was possible to reconstruct most or all of them later. So it sort of put a pause on drafts happening from a particular office rather than a total stop to them.

• 43:03Holly Frey?

  Uh, we're going to talk about more of the nearly 300 draft board raids carried out between 1968 and 1972, next time.

• 43:13Tracy V. Wilson?

  In the meantime, I have listener mail.

• 43:15Holly Frey?

  Marvelous.

• 43:17Tracy V. Wilson?

  This is from Brandon. Brandon wrote after our episode on Dr. Daniel Hale Williams. And Brandon wrote, hi there, SYMIC. I wanted to say thank you for highlighting such an interesting figure in history whom I'd only heard simple anecdotes about previously. The comprehensive dive into his past makes for an exceptional story. Mr. Williams reminds me of one of my great ancestors who made huge advances in the black community during the late 18 and early 1900s. His name was Dr. Aaron McDuffie Moore, and his great, great granddaughter is the CEO

• 43:56Tracy V. Wilson?

  of the Durham Colored Library founded by Dr. Moore in 1915, who has written a very comprehensive official biography of his life. I and the rest of the family would love for you to tell his story and highlight him as well. You ladies are so good at it. You can order his biography here. Also, would you mind suggesting how I might go about getting a similar podcast started so that I can monetize telling great historically relevant stories to a wide audience? I'm sitting on a treasure trove and currently spinning my wheels getting started. Much appreciate all you do. Keep up the great work. Cheers. Brandon. Thank you so much, Brandon. I had not actually heard of the Durham Colored Library before.

• 44:42Tracy V. Wilson?

  This is new information to me. This biography of Aaron McDuffie Moore is called Aaron McDuffie Moore, An African American Physician, Educator, and Founder of Durham's Black Wall Street. If you go to durhamcl.org, standing for Durham, D-U-R-H-A-M, coloredlibrary.org, you can learn more about this biography and how to get a copy of it. So, thank you so much for writing and asking or letting us know about that. In terms of the question about starting a podcast, that's a very big question. There are lots of resources around about how to get started in

• 45:27Tracy V. Wilson?

  Uh, podcasting. One place that I point people to a lot when they are getting started is called transom.org, just transom, but transom.org is their website and they have a ton of resources about podcasting, about storytelling, all of that kind of stuff. It can be a place to really get started and learn new ideas and strategies. Uh, in terms of monetizing a podcast, that's a complicated question. The, there are lots of different ways to try to monetize a podcast and there are a lot of different services now that allow podcast, uh, hosts and creators

• 46:12Tracy V. Wilson?

  to have pod or have advertisements dynamically inserted into their show, which is how ours work. We have some ads that we, Holly and I record, but then we have other ads that come in through a sort of network. Um, I don't think we can really offer advice on any particular one. Um, but that is a way to get ads into a podcast if you are just starting out and building an audience.

• 46:37Holly Frey?

  Yeah, we're in that unique position where we're part of a bigger network that has been, you know, uh, the show has been part of for like close to 15, more than 15 years now.

• 46:51Holly Frey?

  So in that regard, we don't really deal with a lot of the monetization part. We had, there is literally a whole sales team within our company that does that.

• 47:00Tracy V. Wilson?

  Yeah.

• 47:01Holly Frey?

  I will say this, just as a matter of expectations management, a lot of podcasts don't make any money.

• 47:08Tracy V. Wilson?

  Right, right.

• 47:09Holly Frey?

  The vast majority don't make any money. So I would, I always encourage people, even if we bring them into our network, to not anticipate that this will be a significant driver of income or revenue.

• 47:22Tracy V. Wilson?

  Right.

• 47:22Holly Frey?

  Just as a reality scenario, like I don't want anybody to think like, you know, the chart of like. Uh, record, publish money and it doesn't really work that way.

• 47:33Tracy V. Wilson?

  Situation. Yeah. Um, my spouse and I were in a, a meeting. Um, and we were doing the sort of the introductory talking about who we are. And, uh, it was a personal meeting, but not important in the context, but, uh, he said something like, I have learned that the way to have a really financially successful podcast is to have started it way in the past, um, which we are extraordinarily lucky to have stepped into a podcast that was already established and also at this point to have been on it for more than 12 years. Um, because the process of, of building an audience, uh, and getting your work more widely heard can be

• 48:13Tracy V. Wilson?

  a long road. Uh, I mean, some shows are incredibly lucky and kind of hit that viral moment, but the viral moment doesn't happen for a lot of shows and for people that are doing something that is a, a labor of love that they're just really dedicated to and passionate about, that can carry people through a lot. Uh, but there are also people who eventually decide, hey, like I'm spending so much time on this and so much effort on this and I cannot continue to do it for, you know,

• 48:43Holly Frey?

  indefinitely.

• 48:43Tracy V. Wilson?

  Indefinitely without being able to, to make it a profitable thing. So, um, yeah. Uh, I don't know if I have, I used to have a whole list of other resources besides transom to, to direct people to. Um, but that's a good starting point.

• 49:02Holly Frey?

  I will also say this because it, it has come up a number of times where I will be out in the world, especially if I'm at like an event or something and someone comes up and wants to like pitch me a, a show. You don't have to be part of a big network to make a podcast.

• 49:20Tracy V. Wilson?

  No.

• 49:20Holly Frey?

  You don't have to wait for permission to make the thing that is in your heart. And like we said, even if you are, the odds of actually making money at it are not amazing. So like, I always encourage people to just make it. Never assume there's one great idea that you have and you will never have another good one. Make the great idea and then see what happens. And as Tracy said, you might decide this is too much time and effort for, uh, for me to do if I'm not getting compensated in some way, which is totally fine and in no way a failure because you have made something and that is amazing. Um, but yeah, I always don't, you don't have to wait for permission from a network or a sponsor or anything. You can just make an amazing show.

• 50:03Tracy V. Wilson?

  Yeah, yeah. Um, I'm kind of reminded of the number of pretty successful authors I know who've published a lot of books and also have day jobs.

• 50:14Holly Frey?

  Yeah.

• 50:15Tracy V. Wilson?

  Which, uh, is one of those things where if I had a magical wand, a magical wand, a magic wand to change things about society, uh, would include, you know, artists and writers and craftspeople earning a living wage on the things that they love to make. Um, but instead we'll say, you know, try what you want to try. Uh, do not feel tied to how other shows that are doing podcasts are doing it.

• 50:45Holly Frey?

  So important.

• 50:46Tracy V. Wilson?

  They're like, it's a wide open field to feel free to take risks, do interesting things, uh, not try to sound like other shows already sound. Um, hopefully any of that was helpful. Uh, if you'd like to send us a note about this or any other podcasts, we're at [email protected]. And you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you like to get your podcasts.

• 51:22Tracy V. Wilson?

  Stuff You Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

• 51:36Holly Frey?

  A rare disease diagnosis can change your life, but it doesn't have to define your future. In season seven of Untold Stories: Life with a Severe Autoimmune Condition, host Martine Hackett continues the conversation with people living with MG, CIDP, and the broader rare disease community, exploring what comes after diagnosis through stories of hope, progress, and connection. Produced by Ruby Studio in partnership with Argenx. Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 52:07Tracy V. Wilson?

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