Freakonomics Radio
Hosted by Stephen J. Dubner
A commitment device forces you to be the person you really want to be. What could possibly go wrong?
6,270 words · 10 speakers
Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.
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Well, it was in late August of 09. I went to a Harris casino and played Pai Gow. And I was doing fairly well. I couldn't believe the luck I was having.
That's Tony Belandrin. This was on one of those riverboat casinos in Kansas City, Missouri. Belandrin is a journalist in his late 40s.
The big hand that I was dealt was a seven-card straight flush.
Wow.
And a seven-card straight flush is pretty amazing, pretty rare. And of course, that had a joker involved, so that was a wild card there. And I believe that was 750 to 1 on the odds. So my $5 bet on it netted me, I think, $37.50.
And what happens then? Did you keep playing for a few hours? Or were you jazzed? You decided, "I'm going to cash out"? How did it work?
No, they spread the cards out for the camera, of course. They did a card count.
Oh.
And the supervisor congratulated me and asked for my ID because this was going to be a big payout, a significant payout. And I just thought, wow, here it goes.
Here's the thing. That beautiful hand Belandrin was dealt, that 750 to 1 straight flush hand, it actually turned out to be bad luck. You see, Tony Belandrin wasn't supposed to be gambling in that casino, or any other casino in the state of Missouri. It all began when he realized that his gambling had gotten out of control.
Sometimes after work, and on the weekends, when the casinos did not close, there were a couple of times when I stayed there until I had to go to work the next day.
Wow. And at what point did you say to yourself, "Tony, this is not good, and I need to do something"?
Well, when I was borrowing money from friends, and I wasn't completely honest with them about why I needed the money. And I knew I was in a pattern of living paycheck to paycheck despite a decent income.
You know, when I was trying to figure out how many dollars I had to get my next meal, I thought, this is not good, and I gotta stop.
Belandrin knew he did not have the will to stop himself, so he decided to do something drastic. Missouri, like many states with casinos, offers what's called a self-exclusion plan. You sign yourself up for a registry that effectively bans you for life from all casinos in the state. If you ever do come back, you can be arrested for trespassing. It's like signing a contract with yourself against yourself. For a while, it worked. Belandrin stayed out of the casinos until he started going back. He discovered a loophole. He found he didn't have to show his ID to get into the casino or even to play the table games.
In fact, he wouldn't have to show his ID at all unless he won a certain amount of money, at which point the IRS would have to be notified. And that brings us back to Tony Belandrin's seven-card straight flush.
And I just kept a smile on my face, thinking, I don't know, maybe, maybe I'm going to be lucky in another way. Maybe the computer glitch occurred, or maybe somebody accidentally erased records from six years ago. But all the time, I thought, they're taking too long.
And then what?
I believe it was Highway Patrol, and I believe that's the state agency, the gaming entity. They tapped me on the shoulder and asked me to step away from the table and to gather my chips and to come with them. And they didn't need to explain why, and I followed them.
And is at least a little bit of you thinking, holy cow, why did I do that? I did this to myself. I signed up so that the casino...
Yes. I was beating myself up.
I mean, no offense, I don't blame you, because, I mean, as bets go, this is a bad bet. You could only lose. There's no way you could win once you signed that ban.
Well, if I had won several more four-of-a-kind hands, I could probably win under the radar. But what I'm really doing is hoping I don't win big. And you're right, the logic doesn't follow. Was it dumb? Yes. And I even kind of joked about it with the officer. I said, "A seven-car straight flush? Come on." I said, "At least give me some compliment for that while you write that citation."
Belandrin was charged with criminal trespass, paid a small fine, and worst of all, he had to surrender his $3,750 jackpot. So, the casino got to keep the money he lost and the money he won, which makes a self-exclusion ban seem like a pretty good deal, at least from the casino's end. And so, if you had it to do all over again, if you could rewind back those years ago, would you sign up again?
Well, that's a tough question. If everything was going to be repeated in hindsight, I would not want to go through all that again. I know I had to get away from those casinos for a while. So, in the time that it kept me away, I think that was worth the ban, worth putting my name on that list.
If there were a national casino ban registry, a national self-imposed casino ban registry, would you sign up for it?
No.
From WNYC and APM American Public Media, this is Freakonomics Radio. Today, save me from myself, when commitment devices work and when they don't. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.
So economists have a name for the self-imposed ban that Tony Blandren signed up for. It's called a commitment device. To understand how a commitment device works, if it does work, you have to picture two versions of yourself, the current you and the future you.
Sometimes it's the case that people know that their future version of themselves will want to follow a behavior that their current version of themselves is not comfortable with.
That's Steve Levitt. He's my Freakonomics friend and co-author.
So I'm on a diet, and I would like to stick to that diet. But I know that when someone puts a chocolate cake in front of me, I will lose my willpower, and I will eat that chocolate cake. A commitment device is an attempt on the part of a person to set up constraints so that the future self isn't able to take advantage of the situation and do what the future self wants, but instead requires the future self to behave in a way that the current self would like the future self to behave.
You remember how Odysseus had himself lashed to the mast of his ship so he couldn't succumb to the sweet song of the sirens? That is a commitment device. Have you ever bought an expensive gym membership to force yourself to get into shape? That's a commitment device. For some people, marriage is a commitment device. Now, in the last few years, commitment device websites have been popping up, like stick.com, that's S-T-I-C-K-K, and aherk, that's A-H-E-R-K. And they let you set up a contract to help you quit smoking, or finally write that novel, any kind of goal you can imagine. If you fail, there's a penalty to be paid.
You may have to donate money to an organization that you hate, or you might have to post an embarrassing picture of yourself to Facebook. Steve Levitt, being Steve Levitt, has some singular ideas about commitment devices.
So bariatric surgery is one of the ultimate examples of a commitment device. It's a case where you know you can't control how much you eat, so you actually have surgeons go in and put rings or cut your stomach out so that you just don't want to in the future eat it all, which has always struck me as a really, really extreme solution to not being able to lose weight. I think I have at least two far superior ways of losing weight that I haven't been able to convince anyone else to go with. Now, the one that's maybe more civilized is if you've ever had really bad canker sores or kind of cut your gums, it's so unpleasant to eat, so why not just slice up your gums a little bit? Cut up your mouth so that you just don't feel like eating it all. I think that would
be a great diet approach. But people say, no, no, no, too violent, I can cut myself. One thing I know would work is just take a little can, like say a baby food jar, and fill it with vomit, okay, and wear it around your neck. And every time you decide that you're hungry, just open the jar and take a little sniff. I guarantee you, you will lose weight. Guaranteed.
And we can't figure out why people don't like economists. I don't understand.
But how is that worse than bariatric surgery? Wouldn't you rather sniff vomit once in a while than risk death going under the knife to have someone cut open your body and make it so that you'll never be able to reverse it?
Yeah, it's also a one-time thing. As unpleasant as it is that one time and as risky as it is for the one time, you figure if I get through it, then I'm done, as opposed to just walking around with a baby food jar of vomit on a string my whole life? I mean, come on.
Think about what a great conversation starter that would be.
With what kind of people? Who are you trying to start a conversation with?
The ladies at ladies' night at the bars.
Okay, so maybe Levitt's methods aren't for everybody, or anybody. But let's say that you do want to change your life in some way, large or small. Maybe you find yourself questioning the choices you make. Maybe you're looking for answers to life's big, big questions.
I was talking to my cousin Jimmy, who asked a question that really summed up the whole thing. He said, "Is life without steak and porn worth living?"
That's Adam Scott. He works in telecom policy for the Canadian government in Ottawa. He's 35 years old. He and his wife had their first kid a year ago. His perspective on life has shifted.
I've always been a weak-willed person, but now I'm becoming a weak-willed, fat, old person. So I've definitely had my health on my mind lately, recognizing that I've only got so many years, so many hours left to live. Am I spending them in a valuable way?
So he took his cousin Jimmy's question kind of seriously. What if he did give up steak and pornography and, while he's at it, all the other habits he considered unhealthy?
I'll give you the full list. It's hamburgers, hot dogs, french fries, onion rings, chicken wings.
Adam decided to go cold turkey for 30 days. He committed himself to a life of health and virtue. His cold turkey list ended up with 42 items.
I'll pop illegal drugs, which I don't really do anyway.
I remember when I was a kid, how hard it was to give up one thing for Lent, like ketchup. I loved ketchup. How do you live without ketchup for the entire Lenten season? And here's Adam Scott trying to give up not one thing he loves, but 42.
These are things that I've been doing habitually. Foods that I've been eating for the last 20 years, television shows that I've been watching every night for the last two or three years. And I've never really made a conscious decision about them. I've never sat down and assessed the value of watching TMZ every night. It just crept into my life, and now it's there. So I don't necessarily want to give it all up, but I do want to evaluate it and see, if I think my life is better with beer and entertainment television in it, I'll be drinking in front of the TV on day 31.
Adam knew how hard this was going to be, and he knew that he was going to need some kind of commitment device.
So what I came up with is I've written a $750 check made out to Oprah Winfrey. Who my wife adores and who I despise might be too strong a word, but who I'm not a big fan of.
Yeah, it's true. I do love Oprah.
I think she's great. I think she does great things.
That's Heather, Adam's wife.
I couldn't see anything bad coming of her having more money. I'm sure it would go to something charitable and good. But Adam didn't see it that way.
I'm convinced that she'll spend it to advance her evil empire, one way or another. My hope would be that she would spend it on herself. A new pair of shoes, or I mean, something that she has in abundance already.
Adam needed one more thing, a referee. So he gave the $750 check to his friend Scooby.
And if he gets any credible evidence that I've broken my contract, he has instructions to mail that check immediately to Oprah Winfrey.
There was one last layer of the commitment. Adam decided to post a series of videos on YouTube called The Cold Turkey Diaries in order to make public his progress.
Hi, my name is Adam Scott, and this is The Cold Turkey Diaries.
We talked to him on day five.
The commitment contract is really working. The combination of guilt and fear of getting caught, that really has been effective so far.
But by day 10, the novelty seemed to be wearing off.
Like yesterday, when I got home from work after a really stressful day, I was tired, kind of annoyed, fed up with my job. Would have been a great day to sit down, crack a cold beer, open a bag of pretzels, and sit in front of the TV for half an hour, just to decompress a little bit. I don't get to do that anymore.
But Adam presses onward. He certainly didn't make it easy on himself, giving up so much all at once. He has to get going in the mornings without the benefit of caffeine. He has to avoid TV, even in other people's homes. At poker nights with his buddies, he drinks Gatorade while they're all pounding beer and chips. But Adam Scott, hardy Canadian that he is, doesn't quit, and he doesn't cheat.
But then, on day 21.
There was a slip up.
Adam and Heather had gone to a diner for breakfast.
Which I knew was risky at the time.
He ordered a decaf coffee, which is not on the cold turkey list. Heather also ordered a coffee.
And there were two coffees on the table and one was black and one was sort of creamy looking and I hadn't put anything in my coffee and I was like, well, that's kind of strange that that one's creamy looking. Maybe there's something wrong with it, I don't know. And I had turned to Adam and I said, like, what, what's in the coffee?
And I didn't know what she was talking about. And then she just yelled, "Milk!"
Milk. Not allowed. Adam had only put a couple little containers of 2% milk in his coffee and had a few sips. It was, as he would later insist, a total accident, but it didn't matter. After three weeks of perfect compliance, he had broken his commitment.
Oh, it was an immediate freak out. It was, it was like, oh, it was such a blow. It was like the, the wind was just completely knocked out of our sails. Like, damn.
So I was really wondering, like, is this what I'm gonna go down on? Something so, so stupid?
Adam knew what he had to do. He contacted Scooby.
Yeah, so he texted me and I think my first instinct was, who puts milk in their coffee, first of all? That's just sick. So I thought about it and I said, okay, well, I said, if it was half and half, yes. Said, I'll let 2% slide. Don't let it happen again.
So Adam keeps going and he makes it, all the way to day 30, with no further slip ups, no sleepwalking into the pantry for a bag of chips, no plopping himself down in front of the TV. He had committed himself to a cold turkey regimen and as hard as it was, as unlikely as success may have seemed, he made it. But when we talked to him on day 30, he didn't sound so happy.
I'm kind of feeling guilty about those two little sips of milk, right? It's like the record book is always gonna have the asterisk beside it. It's a bit of a letdown, to be honest.
So he comes up with a workaround. Call it a 2% solution.
So maybe the best thing to do is just read you the letter I've written. So it starts off, "Dear Oprah, Attached to you'll find a check for $750. Please allow me to explain. One month ago, I said..."
He mails the check to Oprah Winfrey. And his letter explains the whole project. What happened with the milk, how Scooby forgave him, but how Adam couldn't forgive himself. And then, he just leaves it up to her.
"I throw myself on the mercy of the Oprah and ask only that you adjudicate this matter fairly. Tonight, I will sleep guilt-free."
I'll be honest with you. I think Adam Scott was way, way too rough on himself. 42 banned items and one slip up in 30 days? I mean, come on. But I also find myself thinking, look how much effort he expended. Look how much angst he put himself through. Simply to get himself to do the things he already wanted to do. That's why some people aren't such big fans of the commitment device.
I really think commitment devices are kind of a farce.
That's Steve Levitt again. He tried a commitment device on himself once.
He was actually in Thomas Schelling's undergraduate class in economics at Harvard. So Thomas Schelling was one of the greatest economists of all time. He won the Nobel Prize. He was a wonderful lecturer.
Schelling was also one of the first scholars to study what we now call the commitment device.
But I had this problem, which was a 9:00 AM class. As soon as I would settle into a seat, I would immediately go to sleep. And I really wanted to see these lectures. I just couldn't keep my eyes open. And so I had this brilliant idea. Now, this was an economic class on strategic thinking. And what better way of using strategic thinking was than to use the commitment device of putting myself in the very front row, in the very middle seat? How could I possibly fall asleep if Thomas Schelling was looking right at me as he delivered the lecture?
And unfortunately, it couldn't have been more than two minutes into class when I found myself dozing off already, and I couldn't keep my eyes open the entire lecture. And I decided, well, that commitment device didn't work. I'm going to sit in the back of the class. At least it's not half as embarrassing. The problem with commitment devices is as clever as your current self is at trying to devise ways to keep your future self from getting around it, the future self just desperately wants whatever it's being denied, and it finds ways to get around it. I mean, while people pretend to want commitment devices, I think, deep down, real people don't really want them.
All right. So, personal commitment devices are imperfect, to say the very least. But what if we raise the stakes a bit? What if a commitment device could be applied to help fight, say, domestic violence?
There are essentially two commitment devices available to women who are the victims of domestic violence. And one of them is essentially to kill him.
That's coming up on Freakonomics Radio.
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From WNYC and APM, American Public Media, this is Freakonomics Radio. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.
So, commitment devices don't always work. In part, because your future self rebels against your current self. And in part, because the devices may simply not be powerful enough. And there's another problem. Sometimes, you just change your mind.
So, you know, for the most part economists believe people are rational and they can make the best decisions for themselves.
That's Anna Azar. She's an economist at Brown University.
So economists, for the most part, don't like to tie people's hands. But there can be circumstances when you might actually think it would be improving.
Azar studies commitment devices in an unusual context.
Which is the context of domestic violence. And the reason why this, we believe, is sort of a nice context for studying this is that in domestic violence, what you witness is a large degree of cyclicality, a large degree of women leaving abusive relationships and returning multiple times.
If you think domestic violence isn't a big problem, you are wrong. In the course of a lifetime, an estimated one in four women is beaten or raped by an intimate partner.
In the US, every day roughly 14,000 women are the victims of domestic violence and four are killed by their intimate partners.
One big problem is that many domestic violence victims don't report their abuser to the police. And there's another problem. A woman who does call the police might end up dropping the case. Her boyfriend or husband might sweet talk her out of it, or maybe threaten her. Back in the 1980s, a vast majority of domestic abuse cases were dropped before final judgment. So, across the country, lawmakers tried to come up with solutions to these problems. One was a mandatory arrest policy, which meant that the police were required to arrest a suspect even if the victim had already changed her mind by the time the police showed up. Another similar solution was called the no-drop policy.
And this policy states that once a case has been presented for prosecution,
A woman can choose not to follow through, but the prosecution will continue anyway. And I should say, I believe that the justification for that was prosecutors believed that women were being threatened by their abusers to drop the charges. And so, once they removed that from her power, they felt that they were actually making her safer in that sense.
So if a woman reports her partner for having abused her and then decides, in the light of day or in the dark of night, to change her mind and not proceed, the prosecutor has the legal authority to continue without her help?
Without her cooperation. That's correct.
So both of these solutions that you're talking about, both of those are commitment devices, then, yes? They're both bells that cannot be unrung.
That's correct.
Most big American cities now have these mandatory prosecution policies. Azar and her co-author, Pedro Dalbo, who happens to be her husband, wanted to know what kind of effect these policies had on domestic violence. They began by looking at the data from California. During the 1990s, the seven biggest cities in California adopted the policies at different times, which made for a nice, natural experiment to help study cause and effect.
So we could essentially look at a county before and after it adopted one of these policies and look to see what happened to both arrests for domestic violence and calls reporting domestic violence. And what we found was an increase in both, on the order of 14% to 20%. So after these policies were adopted, it seemed to be that there was an increase in reporting of domestic violence.
And what was your response to that as an economist? Did you say, you know, this means that the policymakers got it right and that they came up with a kind of rejiggered incentive that produced some good pro-social change?
Essentially, yes. You know, this was very much consistent with women demanding or wanting a way to commit themselves to prosecution.
So that sounds good, but let me play devil's advocate. You could imagine that in some circumstances, a commitment device like this might backfire. That is, some women might be more reluctant to call the police, knowing they won't be able to change their mind later. And men, now that the stakes are higher for them, might have a greater incentive to force women to not call the police. And how about this? Azar tells us that domestic violence calls and arrests rose as a result of these new laws. But what about domestic violence itself? Do more arrests necessarily mean that less violence is happening?
Hmm, that's less clear. So that's hard to look at also. So you can't get survey data on this at that kind of level, at the level we're looking at, this very local level. What we could do is look at hospitalizations for assault among women over this period. And we did not see that they declined significantly. So I won't sort of hang my hat on that.
So you're saying that the law works well. The commitment device works really well in that it gets more people to report, but you can't really say that it works well in lowering the actual symptom that it was trying to address in the first place, right?
Right. The data's just not there to allow us to answer that question.
So you could say, well, it's good that this law's been arrived at, this commitment device that works. On the other hand, we can't really prove that it produces anything more than more kind of legal and prosecutorial activity.
So if we sort of take this fundamental principle of economics, that you look at what people-- if you want to know what people want, what people like, you look at what they do and not what they say. So the fact that you see an increase in reporting suggests that this is actually a policy that they prefer.
Azar did find some convincing data of a slightly different sort when she went beyond California and looked at the national figures.
So what we did find, and I have to admit that we tried as hard as we could to make these results go away, but we couldn't. What we found was that we saw a significant decline in intimate partner homicide with men as the victim.
Did you catch that? What Azar's saying is that after these domestic violence policies were adopted-- Fewer women murdered their husbands and boyfriends. Now granted, that's not a very big category of murder in the first place, but still, how do you explain that?
Well, there are essentially two commitment devices available to women who are the victims of domestic violence. And one of them is what we call the extreme device, which is essentially to kill him. Once she kills him, there is no way to return.
That is a commitment device, isn't it?
That is a commitment device. And the second is the one offered by this policy, which is obviously a considerably cheaper device.
It makes it seem so much less draconian compared to murder now.
Doesn't it though?
Because if you were just to offer the one choice of, you know, if you are going to report your partner as abusing you, then it is a bell that cannot be unrung. That might sound very stiff. On the other hand, if you consider that the other option is that if you don't report, you may end up killing him, that's a much more costly commitment device to the woman and to say nothing of to the man.
As an economist who looks at, you know, the way people make decisions for themselves, how does that sit with you, I guess philosophically? Do you like the idea of a commitment device that helps that much?
Yes and no. I mean, what we're essentially doing is we're preferencing one state of being over another. We're saying with this policy that we believe that the woman, right when she is attacked and reports her abuser, that we are going to follow that woman's preferences and not the second woman, who shows up a couple of weeks or a couple of months later and decides she no longer wants to prosecute and actually wants to return to him. So you might argue, who are we to preference that woman's self as opposed to her other self, if we can call it that? And you would be right.
I think the way to look at it is to say, A, is there any collateral damage? Are there externalities? And the answer to that is yes. There are children who bear the cost of these decisions and that the policymakers should consider the welfare of those children as well. And the second part of the response is, well, let's see what women do. Let's see whether they in fact increase their reporting. And if they do, that would suggest... That they have a preference for this as well and that the policy choice was correct.
Uh huh, okay. That makes perfect sense, except, let me ask you, that necessitates women knowing that these policies do exist, right?
So, is that the case?
Well, you know, there's no study. There's no, I can't give you numbers. As far as I know, nobody has actually studied this. What do women actually know about the rules and policies? The only thing I can say is typically, these policies are accompanied by an increase in resources in both the prosecutor's office and the police department for cases of domestic violence.
All right. So, while the evidence is hardly overwhelming, and there are all kinds of data we don't have, it does seem that these commitment devices that are meant to help the victims and potential victims of domestic violence have had some benefits. What's interesting, to me at least, is that with these commitment devices, it's somebody else who's doing the committing for you. Now, maybe that's how it's gotta be. Self-imposed commitment devices, as we've seen, are rather imperfect. Tony Belandrin signed himself up for a gambling ban, and he couldn't keep himself out of the casino. And then he got busted when he won a huge jackpot. He lost by winning.
Adam Scott, meanwhile, he won by losing. That is, he deemed his cold turkey experience a failure because of those few wayward sips of coffee with the milk in it. But in the end, the cold turkey thing really worked out for Adam. He lost eight and a half pounds during that month. He may, of course, be out the $750 that he mailed to Oprah Winfrey.
So, I pictured my check, you know, traveling through the mail, landing in Oprah headquarters. She opens it, sees the $750, and decides that she can go shoe shopping.
Stop the car! Stop the car! I see a shoe in the window!
But to date, the check remains uncashed.
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Freakonomics Radio is sponsored by Southern Company. The world and its energy needs are always changing. Southern Company's commitment to meeting this demand stays the same. That's because Southern Company believes energy is more than a utility. It's what powers possibilities. So they are looking ahead and investing $80 billion in infrastructure upgrades and are committed to fueling growth in ways that benefit all customers so that reliable and affordable energy is accessible for generations to come. Go to southerncompany.com to learn more. Southern Company, building the future of energy.
This episode is brought to you by Charles Schwab. Is there a right time to sell a stock? Are you taking the right risks with your portfolio? Financial decisions can be tricky, and often your own cognitive and emotional biases can lead you astray. Financial Decoder, an original podcast from Charles Schwab, can help. Join host Mark Reapy as he offers practical solutions to help overcome the cognitive and emotional biases that may affect your investing decisions. Listen at schwab.com/financialdecoder.
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