Prof G Markets: Breaking Down the Google Monopoly Ruling — ft. Rebecca Allensworth

Follow Prof G Markets: Apple Podcasts Spotify Scott and Ed open the show by discussing Airbnb, Disney, and Shopify’s latest earnings, as well as X’s lawsuit against advertisers. Then they speak with Professor Rebecca Allensworth, Associate Dean for Research at Vanderbilt University, about the Google antitrust case. She breaks down the ruling, potential remedies for the situation, and what the case means for other big tech companies who are facing similar monopoly accusations. Order "The Algebra of Wealth," out now Subscribe to No Mercy / No Malice Follow the podcast across socials @profgpod: Instagram Threads X Reddit Follow Scott on Instagram Follow Ed on Instagram and X Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

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• 0:31Speaker 01

  This episode is brought to you by Google Chrome. You think you know a browser, but Gemini and Chrome, that's new. It can help you with practically anything on the web, like restoring a vintage motorcycle from a 50-page restoration block, or finally break down that long article you've had open for weeks. Gemini and Chrome is here for it. Ready to make anything online make sense? There's no place like Chrome. Check responses set up required. Compatibility and availability varies 18 plus.

• 0:56Scott Galloway?

  Today's number zero. That's how many stocks Democratic VP pick Tim Walz owns. I'd rather talk about JD Vance. I think he looks like one of those illustrations on the back of a mail cart and saying what a lost child would look like now if he were an adult. Also, Ed, he's definitely the kind of guy that invites you over for Bible study and won't stop asking if you want a massage.

• 1:16Ed Elson?

  I like the first one. Did you come up with that?

• 1:17Scott Galloway?

  I don't come up with any of these.

• 1:19Ed Elson?

  Ah, we need a prof G original. That was, too. That was great.

• 1:24Scott Galloway?

  There is so much good shit about JD Vance. I mean, I absolutely, I mean, it, with all the makeup he's wearing, he looks like he's joined a fundamentalist Christian metal band.

• 1:35Ed Elson?

  Yeah, yeah, the eyeliner is insane, huh?

• 1:38Scott Galloway?

  The eyeliner? The guy, the guy is clearly like The Handmaid's Tale, but he wears eyeliner? What's going on here, Ed?

• 1:45Ed Elson?

  Times are changing. We have to accept it.

• 1:47Scott Galloway?

  He also looks like the guy that will play him on SNL. Or I think he actually looks like you would look in your reflection in a teaspoon. I think you, you would look like him.

• 2:09Ed Elson?

  One more, come on.

• 2:10Scott Galloway?

  He looks like a picture of one of those dogs you see on Instagram that's just been stung by a bee. These are good.

• 2:17Ed Elson?

  Should we get an update from Aspen? Anything, anything interesting going on?

• 2:20Scott Galloway?

  Trying to think. My kids went to the rodeo last night. It was sort of a family thing, so I didn't do it.

• 2:26Scott Galloway?

  They went to the rodeo. We have some friends, have all these friends. Aspen is like New York. Once people find you have a place there, they're like, hey, let's get together. It'd be great to catch up.

• 2:34Ed Elson?

  When do you leave? You're heading to California, is it?

• 2:37Scott Galloway?

  Yeah, I head to Los Angeles this afternoon because I'm pitching this original scripted drama. And I have a bunch of meetings tomorrow and I'll hang out at the Beverly Hills Hotel.

• 2:45Ed Elson?

  Favorite hotel in the world.

• 2:46Scott Galloway?

  I'll go down to the pool and put on big black sunglasses and unlit cigarette in my mouth. And every woman who walks by me, I take my sunglasses down and I go, Jackie, marry me. I make you very happy woman. And nobody knows what I'm saying. That's actually Aristotle Onassis. What I thought he would have said to Jackie Onassis. Do you think anyone understands that or just wants to call security?

• 3:06Ed Elson?

  No, I don't think anyone understands. I don't even understand, but it doesn't matter because I still find it funny. Because it's so strange.

• 3:14Scott Galloway?

  I love it. It's what I call one of those, I'm super into hotels and the Beverly Hills Hotel is what I call a Disney hotel. It has all these attractions. It has the Polo Lounge, which is this cool restaurant and bar. It has this thing called, is it called the counter?

• 3:26Ed Elson?

  Yeah, the diner, right?

• 3:27Scott Galloway?

  The diner has like the best breakfast diner. It has this great pool and then a great restaurant off the side of the pool. So everyone will come to you. You never need to leave. People love coming to the Beverly Hills Hotel. So I absolutely, I love it there. I feel like a producer in the 50s having an affair with, I don't know, a starlet or, you know, one of the gaffers or something.

• 3:51Scott Galloway?

  It's great.

• 3:51Ed Elson?

  Well, I'm excited for you.

• 3:52Scott Galloway?

  Thank you. Thanks for that. All right, get to the news.

• 3:54Ed Elson?

  Let's start with our weekly review of market vitals.

• 4:03Ed Elson?

  The S and P 500 was volatile but recovered some of its Monday losses. The dollar stabilized after sliding to a four month low, Bitcoin rose and the yield on 10 year treasuries declined. Shifting to the headlines. Shopify reported second quarter sales and profit that beat expectations. Revenue projections for the third quarter were also higher than expected and shares rose almost 18%. Airbnb revenue came in higher than expected, rising 11% year over year. Shares dropped the most in two years, however, after second quarter bookings fell below analyst expectations. The company also forecasted third quarter bookings will grow at their slowest pace since 2020. Disney's streaming unit posted a profit for the first time ever and overall revenue

• 4:46Ed Elson?

  increased 4%. Still, investors were spooked by a 6% drop in operating income for its theme parks in the US. The stock fell more than 4%. And finally, Elon Musk's ex is suing a group of major advertisers for alleged violation of antitrust laws. The suit claims that a group of advertisers have been withholding ad dollars from X since Musk took over. X says this was a, quote, "a legal boycott that cost the company billions of dollars." Scott, your thoughts, starting with the earnings from Shopify?

• 5:17Scott Galloway?

  Well, we had a really interesting interview with Mark Mahaney, who's the head of, I guess, internet research for Evercore. And Shopify, he said, was sort of had been overly punished. And then the next day, you know, this happens, revenue increased 21% and subscription revenue increased 27%. Subscription revenue is generally valued at a greater multiple than general revenue because it's stickier. Their profitability improves, operating expenses decreased quarter over quarter, and free cash flow margin doubled from last year. So the gangster move here, the chocolate and peanut butter, is after a crazy amount of growth and investment in sort of the new economy, a lot of these CEOs have said, here's an idea, let's cut costs

• 5:59Scott Galloway?

  and see if we can maintain some growth. And if you can both cut costs, as Shopify has done, obviously above operating expenses decrease while maintaining some growth, which they did substantially, that is nitroglycerin around earnings and that is your earnings absolutely explode.

• 6:15Ed Elson?

  Yeah, I think it's interesting also, you know, we've seen all these recession fears that we've been talking about in the past week, after we saw that big stock market drawdown. I feel like those fears have mostly been put to rest at this point, but people are still kind of talking about it. But if you were to make an argument today as to why we are not about to enter a recession or a recession is not coming. I think these earnings from Shopify would probably be Exhibit A in your defense case. You've got one of the largest retail platforms in the world. It operates across every vertical. It works with tiny, small to medium sized businesses, even to huge

• 6:56Ed Elson?

  enterprises. It works with clients like Heinz and Mattel and Luxottica. It's across all of consumer and this company is experiencing historic revenue growth. So I don't think it's a hot take for me to say I don't think recession is on the table. But if you do want to make that argument, I think Shopify's earnings are a good place to start.

• 7:16Scott Galloway?

  The only thing we haven't talked about that has been sort of a great, I don't know what the term is, a great gift with purchase or kind of makes the story that much sexier is that they are, they have rolled out a number of AI enabled tools for its merchants that help you better market, better allocate your capital, look at your data set. And that seems to have the market excited that these small and medium sized companies now have access to these AI tools. So that was, you know, part of the great story here. Feels like it's oversold. Year to date, the company is down eight percent, right? So whereas when you look at Amazon year to date, Amazon is up 10%. So I just think a lot

• 7:59Scott Galloway?

  of this was when people got their pencils out, they said, all right, Shopify has been unfairly punished, is actually doing better than people think. Some AI secret sauce and it all adds up to, you know, a good trade here. Should we talk about Airbnb?

• 8:13Ed Elson?

  Let's start. Your thoughts? You're a big shareholder, so.

• 8:16Scott Galloway?

  I am, although I've pared a lot of, a lot of my holdings. Profits fell 15% year on year, mostly due to higher income taxes, which is interesting. I wonder why they're paying higher income taxes. Q2 bookings only increased by nine percent from a year earlier. Still, you know, good but below expectations. Airbnb said it expects a sequential moderation of bookings growth in the third. Can you imagine how many high paid comms consultants came up with the term sequential moderation? I mean, literally, if you're ever, if you're having sex with someone and you just want to kill the moment, start screaming sequential moderation.

• 8:51Scott Galloway?

  What the fuck does that even mean? Anyways, booking lead times got shorter, a sign that customers have less confidence in making long-term financial commitments. I wonder if people are a little bit running out of money, or they're returning to the office, or they're not deciding to take a backpack and go work from Thailand? I don't know. Airbnb also expects margins to contract in Q3 as a result of higher marketing spend. One of the things I always loved about Airbnb is that they were one of the few companies that was able to exit the stranglehold of Meta, Alphabet, and Amazon, that the majority of their bookings are direct to site. So when you go and book a hotel, such as the Beverly Hills Hotel, and you use Expedia, which I love, I love the Expedia site, if that traffic to the Dorchester Collection,

• 9:35Scott Galloway?

  who owns the Beverly Hills Hotel, comes in through Expedia, Expedia gets, I don't know, anywhere between $100 and $400 a night of the $1,300 a night that these firms are charging now, which dramatically reduces their margin, whereas Airbnb doesn't have to pay the toll nearly as often. So this is, I've always thought that Airbnb was the best brand in hospitality over the last several decades. As expected, the Olympics helped increase demand in Paris. Nights booked in Paris for staying during the Olympics were over 5x higher than the same time a year ago. That's not a shocker. The stock was down 13% after earnings. Jesus, that's a hit, right? The bottom line is, I think they would have been fine, the numbers were fine, but what they're saying is they're trying to prep people for what sounds like it's going to

• 10:19Scott Galloway?

  be a shitty next quarter. And that term sequential moderation cost the company about $10 billion. So this is not about their performance, it's about their guidance.

• 10:30Ed Elson?

  Yeah, I think that's exactly right. I think sequential moderation was the line that freaked Wall Street out, and the other line that freaked them out was, quote, "We're seeing signs of slowing demand from US guests." So I think a lot of this is wrapped up in those more general fears about a recession in the US that we've been talking about, that we saw play out in the markets last week. I believe, as it relates to Airbnb, those fears are really overblown. If you look at Airbnb's previous earnings report, which we also discussed on this podcast, they said almost the exact same thing. They said, we're seeing a moderation and we're seeing signs of slowdown. And the market didn't really like it, but they weren't as upset about it as they were this time.

• 11:15Ed Elson?

  I think if you are a long-term shareholder in this company, though, I really don't think any of this should bother you because everything we're talking about right now is about near-term consumer demand. And all of that consumer demand is cyclical. None of this has to do with Airbnb as a business on its own. And all the things that make Airbnb great, you know, you said this, the best brand in hospitality, number one travel app in the world, one of the most network advantaged companies you could buy on the, in the US stock market, none of that has changed. This is still a great company. It's just the consumer that has supposedly changed.

• 11:56Scott Galloway?

  So more importantly, I think the two of us should start a boy band called Sequential Moderation. You're going to be the dreamy front man. I'm going to be the brooding depressed backup guy that develops a heroin addict and then overdoses. And then you'll do it behind the music, talking about what a good guy I was. By the way, if you're wondering if they still sell edibles in Aspen, I think I just answered the question. By the way, I think it's time we started talking about legal edible products. I use Wild Time to help me wind down at night. I do five milligrams. The peach keeps me awake and the grape is just too much, Ed. It's just too much. It's like being hit over the head with a sledgehammer.

• 12:35Ed Elson?

  Have you ever recorded a podcast under the influence? That's a genuine question, by the way.

• 12:38Scott Galloway?

  Uh, no, I never have.

• 12:40Ed Elson?

  We should change that.

• 12:40Scott Galloway?

  I don't think I've ever been under the influence during when the sun's out. Yeah, I'm not, that's not, that's not my gig. How about you? How about tell all your future employers and potential mates?

• 12:49Ed Elson?

  No, no, no, not yet. Not yet. I'm, I'm happy to, I'm happy to change that, but we have to do it together. That's, that's my only rule.

• 12:56Scott Galloway?

  No, I don't, I don't think anyone needs to see that. I've become, I've become a better version of myself, a little bit fucked up. I'm nicer, more affectionate, more complimentary. I'm, I'm definitely much more interesting, a little bit fucked up. Anyways.

• 13:10Ed Elson?

  Yeah, we have, we have things to cover. The next thing we have to cover is Disney's earnings. What are your thoughts on finally some profitability in the streaming unit?

• 13:18Scott Galloway?

  I thought, I was shocked that the stock didn't respond more positively because I saw this as. I saw this as a pretty good quarter, revenue up 4%, EPS up 35%. So again, see above, same thing, right? That means they reduced their expenses while maintaining growth. So the company recorded a loss in the year ago quarter, largely as a result of restructuring charges, making the jump in EPS this quarter less substantive. So you could argue it was sort of an artificial jump, but still I was impressed. Where I think people got freaked out was that the experiences division, which is the parks, revenue increased 2% while operating income declined 3%. And executives blamed moderating consumer demand, again,

• 14:02Scott Galloway?

  more of this, at least they didn't call it sequential moderation. Disney CFO said the lower income consumer is feeling a bit of stress and the higher income consumer is traveling internationally a bit more. Those are both really interesting things. One, people are running out of stimulus or PPP, whatever you want to call it. And something I've actually tangibly noticed in Aspen, I've been coming here, I don't know, eight or 10 summers in a row, the last two summers, it's dramatically less crowded. And I think it's because the high end consumer who, you know, accurately decides who comes to Aspen has all this pent up demand to go to Europe because they didn't go for three or four years during COVID. And so I think that they are leaving, basically going to the Amalfi

• 14:46Scott Galloway?

  Coast because I haven't been there in a while. But the experiences group of the parks was always sort of the cash cow that kept on giving at Disney. They could go play in traffic with streaming, have their problems with ABC or activists, but they could always rely on a massive amount of cash flow from the experiences. I think that they probably haven't given the parks the love they deserve in terms of CapEx. I think they were milking them a little too much. It's expensive and not that great. It's the way I would describe Disney right now. And I think they recognized this in a year ago, they were going to start making more, more investments.

• 15:23Scott Galloway?

  But they got used to this massive cash flows in this milking. And I think they quite frankly, I just think they milked it a little too hard. And they're starting to see the consumer turn away to other options. And I think this has spooked the market that, oh, the parks aren't just going to keep generating cash flow without capex. Last year, Disney Experiences contributed 70% of Disney's operating profit, up from about 30% a decade ago. God, that's incredible. And there were some other positives this quarter. Disney's streaming division generated a profit for the first time. I think that's a big deal. And they also had that big movie, Inside Out Part Two. Is that what it was called?

• 15:57Ed Elson?

  Uh huh.

• 15:58Scott Galloway?

  What did it do? Like one and a half billion dollars? I'm finally at the stage where my kids are old enough that we don't have to go to every single kids movie. I saw the emoji movie in theaters, Ed. The emoji movie where the star was like that four fingered hand. Oh my God, don't have kids, Ed. Don't have kids. Anyways.

• 16:19Ed Elson?

  Yeah, the start that caught my attention the most was Inside Out Two, which I saw. Very mediocre movie.

• 16:26Scott Galloway?

  You saw Inside Out Two?

• 16:28Ed Elson?

  I saw it, yeah.

• 16:29Scott Galloway?

  Why would you choose to do that? You don't have to do that. Why would anyone choose to do that?

• 16:33Ed Elson?

  That's what I realized often.

• 16:35Scott Galloway?

  Oh, wait, and you claim not to do edibles? There's no way you saw that sober.

• 16:40Ed Elson?

  I kept on seeing it on my social media and saying it's the best Pixar movie of all time. It's incredible. It sucked. It was terrible, but everyone disagrees with me.

• 16:49Scott Galloway?

  Who did you go with?

• 16:50Ed Elson?

  I went with my girlfriend and you're going to give me some.

• 16:53Scott Galloway?

  Ah, a little night out.

• 16:54Ed Elson?

  Yeah, there you go. That's what we do.

• 16:56Scott Galloway?

  A little dating hall of lame. Hey, sweetie, let's go to Inside Out Two. So let me just give you a little bit of heads up.

• 17:04Ed Elson?

  Oh, no. Oh, my God.

• 17:06Scott Galloway?

  You got a few of those swings and a miss, but you can't, you can't repeatedly do that or she's going to end up going out with an older guy who like takes her to St. Bart's, not to some lame fucking Pixar movie. Get it together, Ed.

• 17:17Ed Elson?

  Yeah, we did the best of both worlds. We like to do it. We like to do both of them, but it sold. 1.6 billion dollars in tickets, which makes it the highest grossing animated film of all time.

• 17:28Scott Galloway?

  Amazing.

• 17:29Ed Elson?

  That's just absurd to me. I can't, I can't wrap my head around that.

• 17:35Ed Elson?

  And that's, that's what, that's all I could focus on, on this earnings. I'm like, I don't really care if streaming's profitable now. I'm like, wow, 1.6 billion dollars at the box office. Everyone was saying movie theaters were dead just a couple of years ago, and now they've come roaring back with, wait for it, Inside Out 2. It's just incredible. Let's move on to X's lawsuit. I'm sure you have a lot of things to say. I saw your very good post on threads. Thoughts on X's lawsuit here?

• 18:06Scott Galloway?

  This is not only stupid, it's, it reflects something that's a little bit more mendacious. So the idea that someone who claims to be a free speech warrior, which by the way is total bullshit on kind of the supply side, he throttles the speech of the New York Times, when we have white dudes for Harris, somehow the account for white dudes for Harris shut down during, during the speech, somehow just went offline. And then to claim that he's a free speech warrior, advertising is a form of speech and your ability not to say something. So people often ask me, are you upset that other people aren't speaking up about Israel? I'm like, free speech means I get to say what I want, but it also means

• 18:47Scott Galloway?

  someone has the opportunity to not say something if they don't want. That's their right. And it's the same way with advertisers. The notion that you have some sort of legal obligation to advertise across any platform, especially the Nazi porn bar that is Twitter now, is just fucking ridiculous. The suit alleges that this group, the Global Alliance for Responsible Media, or GARM, triggered a boycott of Twitter ads immediately following Musk's purchase of the company in October 2022. GARM encouraged advertisers to avoid X after Musk bought it. And this quote unquote illegal boycott, according to the suit, cost X billions of dollars in revenue. Musk wrote on X, "We tried being nice for two years," by telling them to go fuck themselves. He literally said that on stage. He was trying to play

• 19:31Scott Galloway?

  nice. That's him nice. And got nothing but empty words. Now it's war.

• 19:37Scott Galloway?

  Really, boss? Really? X generated almost one and a half billion in revenue for the first six months of 2023, down almost 40% from the same period in 2022 before Musk bought the company. You have never seen a company over a billion dollars during non-war time decline the way that X is literally the worst performing business in modern history outside of wartime. And so they're going to start suing advertisers? This just makes absolute fucking no sense. What are your thoughts, Ed?

• 20:08Ed Elson?

  I think you nailed it, and I think that desperate people do desperate things. And the reality for X is that their revenue has fallen 83% in the past two years. They went from 700 million in quarterly revenue to just over 100 million in quarterly in the most recent quarter.

• 20:25Scott Galloway?

  Is that right? Because if they generated one and a half billion revenue in six months...

• 20:29Ed Elson?

  That's what the New York Times has reported, is that in their most recent quarter, they made over 100 million dollars in revenue. And in 2022, in the same quarter, the number was 700 million dollars.

• 20:41Scott Galloway?

  So I just want to be clear, the New York Times is claiming the most recent quarter they did 100 million?

• 20:45Ed Elson?

  Yes.

• 20:46Scott Galloway?

  Well, that means the company's almost out of business.

• 20:48Ed Elson?

  Exactly.

• 20:49Scott Galloway?

  That means it's basically totally imploded. Did you see? Did you see the hostage video that CEO Linda Iaccarino put out?

• 20:55Ed Elson?

  So I was going to get to that, too. Exactly.

• 20:57Scott Galloway?

  I thought it was a parody.

• 20:58Speaker 04

  The evidence and facts are on our side. They conspire to boycott X, which threatens our ability to thrive in the future. That puts your global town square, the one place that you can express yourself freely and openly at long-term risk.

• 21:17Ed Elson?

  I have some advice for her and for Elon and for X. They need to go to Meta and they need to find and locate whoever was behind Mark Zuckerberg's rebrand. And then they need to give whatever drug they gave Mark to make Mark look cool suddenly, they need to give Linda Iaccarino that drug. Because that video, as you have just pointed out, that was, in my view, one of the most awkward, stiffest, weirdest statements I've ever seen from a CEO. It did look like she was at gunpoint.

• 21:51Scott Galloway?

  It's one thing to accept a job as the internet's best compensated rodeo clown, but it's another thing to watch, watch this person perform it.

• 21:58Ed Elson?

  I don't blame her for taking the job. I would have taken the job for sure.

• 22:01Scott Galloway?

  Yeah, I agree.

• 22:02Ed Elson?

  It's just... It was a trap. I mean, there's no way that you can do that job right. I guess it's a question of doing as not badly as possible. I think it's an impossible job, though. We'll be right back after the break for our conversation with Professor Rebecca Allensworth. If you're enjoying the show so far and you haven't subscribed, be sure to give Prof G Markets a follow wherever you get your podcasts.

• 22:33Scott Galloway?

  Support for the show comes from Built. Most of us work hard to earn our keep, but usually there's no one around to hand you a cookie when you successfully pay your monthly housing bill. No one except Built, that is. Built has expanded from their original rental rewards program, and they have a lot more going on for members now. For example, members can earn points on mortgage payments, too. Every housing payment gets you points that get you a lot more than baked goods, such as flights with top travel partners, including United and Hyatt, Lyft rides, Amazon.com purchases, and much, much more. Here's another benefit of Built membership. You also get access to what they call a neighborhood concierge. You can make restaurant reservations, book fitness classes, and find new local spots, all while rewarding you at more than 45,000 merchant partners.

• 23:15Scott Galloway?

  It's simple. Being a renter and now owning a home feels a lot better with Built. You can download the Built app and join the membership for where you live at joinbuilt.com/profg. That's J-O-I-N-B-I-L-T.com/profg. Use our link so they know we sent you.

• 23:33Scott Galloway?

  Support for the show comes from Vanta. As AI adoption grows, so does your company's security risks and requirements. New frameworks, audits, and vendors keep piling on, but your team isn't getting any bigger. Most compliance tools promise automation, but you're really stuck doing all the work by hand, chasing screenshots, validating controls, and playing catch-up when audit season comes around again. Vanta works differently. Their Agentic Trust platform is built to scale with you. Not slow you down. With over 1,400 automated tests across 400-plus integrations, Vanta collects evidence and monitors your controls year-round, cutting your audit prep by 82%. Plus, you can access the Vanta agent everywhere you work, whether your team is

• 24:13Scott Galloway?

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• 24:40Scott Galloway?

  Support for the show comes from Vanta. As AI adoption grows, so does your company's security risks and requirements. New frameworks, audits, and vendors keep piling on, but your team isn't getting any bigger. Most compliance tools promise automation, but you're really stuck doing all the work by hand, chasing screenshots, validating controls, and playing catch-up when audit season comes around again. Vanta works differently. The Regent Trust platform is built to scale with you, not slow you down. With over 1,400 automated tests across 400-plus integrations, Vanta collects evidence and monitors your controls year-round, cutting your audit prep by 82%. Plus, you can access the Vanta agent everywhere you work, whether your team is in Vanta every day or living in tools including Claude or

• 25:23Scott Galloway?

  Cursor. Want proof? Over 16,000 fast-growing companies like Ramp, Ryder, and Harvey save time and resources while scaling fast with Vanta. Learn more at vanta.com/profg and get $1,000 off. That's spelled V-A-N-T-A.com/propg for $1,000 off.

• 25:50Ed Elson?

  We're back with Prof G Markets. Google is a monopoly. That is the ruling from Judge Amit Mehta on the biggest US antitrust trial in decades. Judge Mehta found Google has illegally exploited its dominance in the search business to crush competition and suppress innovation. Its roughly 90% share of the market was evidence of that dominance. Here to help us break down the ruling and what it means for Google and the rest of big tech is Professor Rebecca Allensworth, Associate Dean for Research at Vanderbilt University Law School. Professor Allensworth, thank you very much for joining us.

• 26:22Speaker 05

  Thanks for having me.

• 26:26Ed Elson?

  So let's just start with the background here. This is a ruling on a lawsuit brought against Google by the Department of Justice. What exactly were the DOJ's accusations in this lawsuit?

• 26:39Speaker 05

  Well, the DOJ claims that Google monopolized the search market and the advertising market. And monopolization in the US requires two showings. One, that the company is indeed a monopolist. In other words, that it has monopoly power. That, as you said, was found here by virtue of Google's size in the search market and in a relevant advertising market. And then that's not enough, though. It's not enough to be a monopolist to violate the law. You have to have maintained or obtained that monopoly using some sort of exclusionary tactics. In this case, that was exclusive dealing contracts that Google has with Apple and Mozilla

• 27:21Speaker 05

  and in the Android ecosystem that essentially make it the default search engine on almost all mobile devices and that that kind of prevented any avenues for competitors to use to get to the kind of scale that they would need to build a better search engine that could actually compete with Google. So the idea is that Google kind of foreclosed its rivals from entry into the search market.

• 27:48Ed Elson?

  We've been talking about antitrust for years now, Scott especially. The way I would describe the antitrust conversation is that it is just that, just a conversation. It's kind of all talk, very little action. Most big tech companies have not faced much substantive enforcement. Maybe that's about to change, but what's different about this lawsuit today versus all the other lawsuits we've covered in the past?

• 28:15Speaker 05

  Well, I guess I wouldn't argue that they're that different. So I think if you're talking about antitrust being all talk and no action, you're kind of having to go back to a time before 2020. So this suit was filed in 2020. It was at the end of the Trump administration. But largely, this push for antitrust enforcement, especially against big tech companies, is associated with the Biden administration. And there's been a lot of action, so I wouldn't call it talk. If what you mean is actual decisions in these cases, it's true that this is the first of all the major monopolization cases to come to trial. These cases take a very long time to bring, and they always have. In fact, one of the most famous monopolization cases from more than a century ago, Standard

• 29:00Speaker 05

  Oil, also took five years. So part of the answer to your question is what's different about this one is that it's just the first to be decided. In fact, something very similar could happen in some of these pending monopolization cases.

• 29:13Scott Galloway?

  What do you think the potential remedies are? What happens now to Google to try and rectify the monopoly maintenance?

• 29:19Speaker 05

  Well, that is the big question, and nobody really knows. This judge has been very careful not to tip his hand about remedies. Some people have been very excited about the possibility of a breakup. I think that that's really, really unlikely in this case, not only because breakups are sort of disfavored remedies and seen as a bit extreme. And I'll note that even though the decision that came down on Monday is a huge win for the government and a big loss for Google, it's also very careful. It's really not out there. It's very much couched in traditional antitrust terms. And so I would be very surprised to see this judge go for a remedy that would be seen as out there. The other reason why I think a breakup is unlikely is because there's not a natural

• 30:02Speaker 05

  or simple way in which you would break up this company to address the harms from this lawsuit. A different example would be the Facebook lawsuit. So there's a pending monopolization claim against Meta because Facebook acquired Instagram in 2012 and WhatsApp a couple of years later. Well, it would seem like if that's monopolization, a natural remedy would be to force divestiture of these kind of independent properties. We don't really have that in the Google case. So. Anyway, that's a long way of saying I think that breakup is off the table. More likely, I think they'll enjoy the kinds of exclusive dealing contracts that were found to be unlawful here. That might result in a choice screen for us when it comes to using search.

• 30:46Ed Elson?

  Choice screen, meaning when you open up your phone, you're given an option, multiple different options of what browser you want to use, right?

• 30:53Speaker 05

  The devil's in the design details, right? Is this a choice screen that happens when you open up your phone, as you say? What is it a choice between? Is it a choice once and then it's the default forever? So these are all questions, I think, that will be raised in this next phase of litigation. But yes, put simply, I'm calling a choice screen some sort of moment where the user's able to decide this is the search engine that I want to use, be it Google or Bing or DuckDuckGo or some other product.

• 31:23Scott Galloway?

  I mean, I'm just saying, from a consumer preference standpoint, I wouldn't be surprised if they maintain that 93% share. It has an outstanding product. People are just sort of inclined to click on the Google logo. And then, but it diminishes the power of Apple to extract exorbitant $20 billion a year by being the default. Could this end up being sort of a net neutral for Alphabet and hurting Apple a lot?

• 31:49Speaker 05

  No, this is going to save, let's put it this way, this is going to save Google a lot of money because they're going to get potentially for free what they were having to pay a lot for, and that could hurt Apple. But I think viewing it at that, in that sort of zero sum way is maybe incorrect because I don't think revenue sharing is going to go away. So that $20 billion payment represents the revenue sharing agreement. I don't think that it's necessarily true that now that there won't be a default, that there, you know, some sort of like exclusion, exclusive default, that there won't be some sort of revenue sharing.

• 32:29Speaker 05

  For example, at trial, it was shown that Apple tried to negotiate for a less lucrative revenue sharing agreement if Google agreed it would not be exclusive. So in other words, if it opened up the possibility for Apple to also use, you know, to push its own search product or maybe Bing or something. Google refused. Now, maybe Google can't refuse that and yet so that revenue sharing will go down. So I'm not sure it's net a total like $20 billion change of hands. There's also other dynamics in here that that we need to put in play. So I totally agree that if I were now presently given a choice between DuckDuckGo, and in fact,

• 33:09Speaker 05

  I am in a way given a choice between DuckDuckGo, Bing and Google, I would pick Google. However, it would seem that that 94% share is vulnerable in a world in which there's not this exclusive default. Otherwise, what was Google paying for? And so over time, I think it's reasonable to assume that if you open up these barriers, something will change within this market. It kind of unfreezes the market. And does it on day two, you know, really alter Google's market share? Maybe not right away. Does it make that market share more vulnerable? I think so.

• 33:48Ed Elson?

  One thing I found really interesting is that the Google's stock wasn't actually affected too heavily by this decision. It did fall, but so did the rest of the market. And this drop wasn't that much more pronounced than the rest of the stock market, which leads me to believe that Wall Street isn't worried about this from a shareholder perspective. Perhaps they think Google won't be punished, or that if it is punished, the punishment is going to be extremely light. I'm wondering if you have any thoughts on that? And is Wall Street correct if that's what they're assuming here?

• 34:24Speaker 05

  Okay, well, you have a lot more expertise about whether movement of the markets actually reflects real information about whether the future will happen. And I tend to be a little skeptical about that. But I think the fact that that the markets didn't move in a way that reflected panic about Google makes perfect sense to me for a few reasons. One, Reasonable antitrust law enforcement is not going to destroy these companies. It is going to shift their tactics. It's going to make them compete harder. I don't see that meaning that Google's not a good bet, right? I mean, I don't think that that's a reason to sell your Google stock, that the only reason why this company is worth investing in is because it has a lockdown illegal monopoly.

• 35:08Speaker 05

  And when that's threatened, the company is worthless. That's just sort of a straw man argument, which is another reason why I think when the tech companies say, "Why are you trying to destroy us, America? We make your most valuable products." That's also a little bit of a straw man argument. The other thing is, this is going to take a very long time. This is going to take potentially years. I would say potentially up to a year before we know what the remedy is, whether it's strong or weak or whatever. And probably another year before it's implemented. And so this is where I defer to the experts on how markets move. But I think it would be strange to sell off in a scenario where you're worried about losing value two years from now.

• 35:45Ed Elson?

  Yeah, that makes a lot of sense. And also, Google will appeal, right?

• 35:49Speaker 05

  Yeah, that's why it's going to take. So I think that we may have a decision on the question of remedy within a year, but then the whole thing will be appealed.

• 35:57Ed Elson?

  What do you think their argument would be? If we were to try to steel man the other side of this, how do you think Google will argue that those $20 billion payments to Apple were kosher and that they are in fact not a monopoly?

• 36:09Speaker 05

  Well, I mean, they made these arguments at trial. The argument that they're not a monopoly is pretty weak. I think that they gave the government more of a run for its money on the question of what did these payments really represent? And they presented them as profit sharing. You know, we have an extremely valuable product. People love it. People use it a lot. And we have so many eyeballs on our stuff, day in and day out, that we make a lot of money off of advertising revenue. It's only natural that we would want to share that revenue through our distribution channels, you know, with our distribution partners like Apple. That was sort of the thrust of their argument. And the place where it fell apart was on the idea that, okay, fine, share it.

• 36:53Speaker 05

  Why does it have to be exclusive? What is the value? Not to Google, which is clear, the value, but what is the value to consumers that this be exclusive?

• 37:06Ed Elson?

  We'll be right back.

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• 39:24Ed Elson?

  We're back with Prof G Markets. What do you think this will do for antitrust moving forward? I mean, you talked about the fact that there are several other antitrust cases in litigation at the moment. I also like your point that I'm saying nothing's happened, but the reality is these things take a while and I've just been impatient. But it is annoying how long it takes. But do you think this decision will have any effects on those cases? Does the fact that Judge Matea ruled in favor of the Department of Justice do anything to affect what's going on with Meta and Microsoft and all these other big tech companies?

• 40:01Speaker 05

  Absolutely, in ways that are big and small and short term and long term. So it's hard to know where to start. But the first is just that this is an indication of the times that we're in now. This is a data point of how a sort of careful, legalistic, pretty much down the middle federal judge thinks about this kind of monopolization case of which there are, you know, four other ones pending. So it's just kind of like a test case. And I think for that reason, we can think about what it means about the other cases. Not that they're all as strong as this one. They have their own problems, but it is a data point that I think is very relevant. And the other is in specific holdings that he made, that these are not going to be precedential.

• 40:43Speaker 05

  You don't have to follow them if you're a judge in another case. But he said a lot about how you define a market in tech, about the power of defaults, about the importance of scale in tech markets that are in various ways relevant to these other cases. And so I think that it could be hugely influential in those ways, too.

• 41:02Scott Galloway?

  Quick question, Professor. Imagine there's a presidential candidate and a VP candidate, and his VP are basically sort of bought and owned by the tech industry. That some tech bros have said, we'll get you a billion dollars, but we want you to take a very much a free markets laissez faire, hands off approach to tech. Could they?

• 41:23Speaker 05

  Is this a hypothetical?

• 41:24Scott Galloway?

  This is a total hypothetical. So imagine a different world where you had an insurrectionist and a rapist running for president.

• 41:31Scott Galloway?

  Okay, so they get elected. Could they effectively, if they decided, could they undo this decision or just make it, essentially neuter the whole thing and stop it?

• 41:42Speaker 05

  Um, yes, technically. So they could, from a legal perspective, they could not appeal. For example, they could abandon their appeal. They could change what's being sought on remedy. So I think the remedy phase is going to last probably through the election. But I will remind you that this hypothetical presidential candidate was the president when this case was brought. So he's gonna, so it's actually not a Biden administration case. So it would be optically odd for this particular case to switch horses in that way.

• 42:21Scott Galloway?

  You mean, you mean hypocritical and inconsistent?

• 42:23Speaker 05

  So maybe, maybe the answer is that definitely will be abandoned. I think the conventional wisdom is, is that it won't be. And I, you know, for that, I defer to some regulators and, and heads, former heads of these agencies that have said that, that this will kind of survive into the, I mean, part of it is like, so now we're talking politics and not antitrust and I'll, I'll do my best here. But I, I could just, I could see somebody spinning this to their own advantage as their own win in a way that actually was politically expedient, even if it is against a big tech company.

• 43:01Scott Galloway?

  When I saw this, I saw that the biggest, the biggest or the most important feature of this decision wasn't what happens to Alphabet or even to its partners. It's just that it feels like antitrust has its mojo back. And that this is sort of, there was a general, almost a bereft resignation, that's a redundant, that we had been overrun by these guys or government just couldn't compete, government couldn't. You know, they kind of show up and almost dare them to try and do this shit. That they had more lawyers, public sentiment behind them, consumers love their products. You know, try, try, try to take us on. And the DOJ and the FTC have, and they've taken on, you know, one of the biggest and most

• 43:46Scott Galloway?

  well-resourced and most over-lawyered and over-lobbyist. And they've won. And this, this to me represents a change in the tide where the government and the kind of antitrust folks have their mojo back. It might inspire some of these companies to prophylactically. I mean, I can see Alphabet spinning YouTube. I can see Amazon spinning AWS going, you know, we're going to become more valuable. And we want to get out in front of this because clearly these guys are no longer afraid of us and judges are no longer afraid to rule against us. It feels like momentum has shifted dramatically here. Your thoughts?

• 44:21Speaker 05

  I mean, I could not have put it better than that. That is what I think is so important about this case. You know, what it does for Google and the specific search market in question, I think, is a little bit unclear at this point. But what it definitely shows, well, first of all, the holding that Google has monopoly power also opens the door to everything else it's going to now do with that power. So let's say that they're negotiating contracts to get content for AI. Well, now they're negotiating contracts for AI content to train their models as a monopolist. In America, that, you know, you're halfway to a monopolization verdict if you have that first half. So now they're going to have to be thinking about how exclusive are those contracts going to be.

• 45:05Speaker 05

  So, so even for, for Google, I think before we even get to remedy, it's meaningful. But I agree that the biggest important thing here is that, as you said, antitrust has its mojo back. And I don't think a change in administration can really change that. I take a long view. There was a big shift in the way that we did antitrust in the seventies. I think we're at the beginning of that same kind of shift in the other direction now.

• 45:27Ed Elson?

  Professor, where do you stand on consumer harm? I feel like that's been one of the big arguments from big tech that, yes, they have these sort of monopolistic-esque practices, but ultimately they're delivering great products. Everyone still loves buying from Amazon because stuff is cheap. And, you know, people, as you said, would choose, if they were given the option, would probably choose Google over Bing and DuckDuckGo. Where do you stand on that side of the argument? That, that consumers aren't being harmed, so what's the problem?

• 46:02Speaker 05

  I think consumers are being harmed. And, and I think that's what the opinion says. It's, the question is, how innovative are these companies? How much energy is Google putting into defending its monopoly that it could be putting into competing? What, what other smaller search engines, like Niva is an example, that came up during, during the trial, could have been bringing something new to the table that aren't? I think the most striking thing about this opinion is that it actually uses this idea of innovation, which the big tech companies have been using as kind of trying to beat back antitrust laws, saying antitrust enforcement's going to stifle innovation. And it says, no, it's you that's stifling it.

• 46:43Ed Elson?

  You aren't that innovative.

• 46:44Speaker 05

  Well, so, I mean, the idea that antitrust law can be used to improve innovation, I think is really squarely in this case.

• 46:51Ed Elson?

  I'd love to get your view on the rest of these antitrust cases. You know, there are cases out against Meta, Microsoft, Apple. Which company, in your view, is the worst when it comes to antitrust? Which is the most monopolistic? Which has violated the most amount of laws? And in your view, which one needs, is most in need of some sort of enforcement or breakup?

• 47:19Speaker 05

  That's a hard question to answer because I'm inclined to say Amazon has the worst impact on markets and is the most.

• 47:32Speaker 05

  Problematic, but it is also, I think, the least likely to be found to be a monopolist. And that's because of some defects in the way that antitrust law has evolved over the last 40 years that need to be undone, and they can only be undone incrementally. So, in other words, I think that the pending suit against Amazon is the weakest, but it's the one maybe that I'm most rooting for. So, I can't predict that they're going to win. I think the strongest of the pending suits, I think the suit against Apple came out a lot stronger than I thought it was going to.

• 48:09Scott Galloway?

  Around the App Store, kind of useless pricing around the App Store?

• 48:12Speaker 05

  No, it's more the green bubble, blue bubble is the way that people are kind of shorthanding it. It's the idea that they're degrading the quality of Android on the phone so that people choose the Apple ecosystem kind of artificially. And they're holding back interoperability in order to basically keep Android at bay. That's a decent complaint.

• 48:34Scott Galloway?

  The thing you said that I found fascinating with Amazon is probably the most in need of a breakup, I imagine because you believe it suppresses competition, but it's the least likely to be broken up on legal grounds, which connotes a need for the change in antitrust law. I'll cosplay an antitrust lawyer here. Isn't that, don't we need sort of a return from the Bork kind of test around consumer pricing to more Brandeisian around what makes markets less or more competitive? Isn't it, don't we need to move from the consumer test back to just the competitive test?

• 49:12Speaker 05

  So, I actually believe in the consumer welfare standard, but I find that when I talk about it, often people who also believe in the consumer welfare standard describe it in a way that I don't recognize. They'll say things like, "Consumer welfare standard demands present, short-term, numerical harm to consumers to make for an antitrust violation." I don't believe in that. I think all these lawsuits describe long-term, meaningful consumer harm. And to me, I think that you can get 95% of what the Brandeisians want through a sort of common sense and reasonable understanding of what consumer welfare really is. So I don't, I'm kind of actually in my

• 49:56Speaker 05

  own work, struggling with whether I say I believe in the consumer welfare standard, because that phrase often means something that I can't endorse. On the other hand, I do feel like moving away from consumer protection, you lose a lot of like, well, what are we doing here exactly? What does competition mean? So I feel ambivalent about that question.

• 50:17Scott Galloway?

  Just, just as we wrap up here, one observation. Professor Allensworth, you are outstanding. You are outstanding. Your ability to take these topics and make them seem somewhat interesting, which is nearly a miracle of oration and presence. You are, you are in the right seat, helping shape legal minds. We very much appreciate you coming on and again, really enjoyed this conversation. Well done.

• 50:43Speaker 05

  Thank you. That's really nice to hear. Thank you so much.

• 50:45Ed Elson?

  100%. Rebecca Hall Allensworth studies antitrust and professional licensing. Her work on antitrust focuses on how to adapt competition policy to address competition problems posed by tech platforms. She teaches contracts and antitrust law at Vanderbilt University and is a six-time winner of the Hall Hartman Outstanding Professor Award for Excellence in Teaching. Clearly too qualified to be on this podcast. Thank you very much for joining us, Professor Allensworth.

• 51:09Speaker 05

  Thank you.

• 51:20Scott Galloway?

  Ed, what'd you think? Incredible. I loved all of her points. Yeah. And by the way, she won the best teaching award. Every school, graduate school has this. And she's won that six times. I would imagine the faculty at the Law School of Vanderbilt have between 100 and 200 props. For her to win it six years, that means she's out, she's out. That is, that's like, like, that is literally like being MVP or, yeah, the MVP in a league six years in a row. That is so hard to accomplish. There was one guy who's done that at Stern, who we also have asked about the motor. And I've been nominated a couple of times for that award, Ed. I haven't yet to win it. What do you think you're doing wrong? You know, let's be honest. The, the reason I haven't won it is just simple jealousy. It's just that.

• 52:04Scott Galloway?

  That I gotta be honest, that's an award I coveted. I think I've been nominated once or twice. You want to hear, okay, this is my life. My department chair calls me and says, I've got great news. You won best teaching, the best teaching award. This is like 10 years ago. And he's like, we're so proud of you. This is such great news. I was so excited. I called a bunch of people and he calls me back goes, oh, we fucked up. Glenn Oaken won it. Sorry about that. And I'm like, I just called pretty much everyone I know and told them I just won best prop.

• 52:37Ed Elson?

  It's like the Steve Harvey Miss Universe blunder. This is terrible.

• 52:39Scott Galloway?

  This happens all the time. It happened to.

• 52:42Ed Elson?

  I went to the Oscars, too.

• 52:43Scott Galloway?

  Yeah. And it happened to Paul Romer, who is an outstanding professor. Especially the dean of our university called him and told me he'd won the Nobel Prize and it ended up he hadn't. But the good news about Professor Romer is he did eventually win the Nobel Prize. I have not. I'm still waiting, but.

• 53:01Ed Elson?

  Yeah, that's, that's, that was similar to when I got an email about the Webby Awards. I thought that we had won a Webby or that I had won a Webby. And it turns out that I had won an honorable mention for the Webby Award, did not win the actual Webby. So that's.

• 53:16Scott Galloway?

  The Webby's have adopted the same business model as Amazon. So if you write a book on Am- and you put it on Amazon, they slice it into so many categories, it'll be your number seven in professors with erectile dysfunction, who have a shaved head, who write books about the economy.

• 53:32Ed Elson?

  Come, come to our dinner and spend $1,000 just to show up. Yeah.

• 53:36Scott Galloway?

  That's the Webby. Yeah, that's the Webby's is they just slice, they slice the cheese a million different ways to, to get people engaged. Anyways, you'll get there, Ed.

• 53:43Ed Elson?

  Okay, let's take a look at the week ahead. We'll see the consumer price and producer price indices for July. We'll also see earnings from Home Depot, Walmart and Alibaba. Scott, do you have a prediction for us?

• 53:54Scott Galloway?

  I would bet over the next couple of weeks, you're going to have a lot of very smart people at all of the big tech firms get in a room and say, okay, the jig is up. And these guys clearly have mojo now, are going to allocate more resources, more lawyers. And Judge Meta has given permission to other judges to say, no, you're, you're guilty of monopoly abuse. And I think some of them might decide to prophylactically stave off the wolves at the door here and break themselves up. I think you're going to in the next 24 months, see a prophylactic spin of an AWS or a YouTube because these guys are so smart.

• 54:34Scott Galloway?

  And also, I generally believe that it would increase shareholder value. So anyways, the prediction, you're going to see some spins that attempt to immunize them against antitrust.

• 54:48Ed Elson?

  This episode was produced by Claire Miller and engineered by Benjamin Spencer. Our associate producer is Alison Weiss, our executive producer is Catherine Dillon, Mia Silverio is our research lead, and Drew Burrows is our technical director. Thank you for listening to Prof G Markets from the Vox Media Podcast Network. If you liked what you heard, give us a follow and join us on Thursday for our conversation with Ramit Sethi, only on Prof G Markets.

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