#280 – Cristiano Amon: Qualcomm CEO

Cristiano Amon is the CEO of Qualcomm, world-leader in 5G wireless communication and computation systems inside premium Android phones and other robots. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors: – Scale: https://scale.com/lex – Truebill: https://truebill.com/lex – BiOptimizers: http://www.magbreakthrough.com/lex to get 10% off – Four Sigmatic: https://foursigmatic.com/lex and use code LexPod to get up to 60% off – Fundrise: https://fundrise.com/lex EPISODE LINKS: Cristiano’s Twitter: https://twitter.com/cristianoamon Qualcomm’s Website: https://qualcomm.com PODCAST INFO: Podcast website: https://lexfridman.com/podcast Apple Podcasts: https://apple.co/2lwqZIr Spotify: https://spoti.fi/2nEwCF8 RSS: https://lexfridman.com/feed/podcast/ YouTube Full Episodes: https://youtube.com/lexfridman YouTube Clips: https://youtube.com/lexclips SUPPORT & CONNECT: – Check out the sponsors above, it’s the best way to support this podcast – Support on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/lexfridman – Twitter: https://twitter.com/lexfridman – Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lexfridman – LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/lexfridman – Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lexfridman – Medium: https://medium.com/@lexfridman OUTLINE: Here’s the timestamps for the episode. On some podcast players you should be able to click the timestamp to jump to that time. (00:00) – Introduction (06:43) – Football/soccer (07:38) – Smartphones (10:09) – 5G (26:27) – Snapdragon (32:45) – Apple and Google (37:19) – Future of Qualcomm (48:20) – Autonomous vehicles (50:05) – Robots (52:31) – Chip shortage (56:40) – Lawsuits (1:00:07) – Leadership (1:04:26) – Advice for young people (1:08:17) – Meaning of life

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Lex Fridman?

  The following is a conversation with Cristiano Aman, the CEO of Qualcomm, the company that's one of the leaders in the world in the space of mobile communication and computation. That's 2G, 3G, 4G, and 5G that connects billions of phones and the Snapdragon processor and system on a chip that is the brain of most of the premium Android phones in the world. And now, a quick use second mention of each sponsor. Check them out in the description. It's the best way to support this podcast. We got Scale for machine learning, TrueBill for savings, BuyOptimizers for health, 4Sigmatic for coffee, and Fundrise for investing. Choose wisely, my friends. And now, onto the full ad reads.

• 0:45Lex Fridman?

  As always, no ads in the middle. I try to make this interesting, but if you skip them, please still check out our sponsors. I enjoy their stuff. Maybe you will too. This episode is brought to you by Scale, the machine learning assisted data labeling platform. Scale Rapid works with any use case or task, including image, video, text, annotation and classification, 3D data, and supports 20-plus languages. I've given a ton of lectures about this. I've said this over and over and over and over and over again. But to me, data, the selection of high-quality data is an art form, is a science, is an engineering craft,

• 1:29Lex Fridman?

  and is the thing that makes the difference between a machine learning system that works or doesn't. It is not the architecture. It is not the programming language you use. It is the data that you train the thing on. And iteratively speaking, it is the data that you keep feeding into the system to improve the weak points of the system. Anyway, go to scale.com/lex. Today, you can get your first batch of data labeled up to 50 bucks for free. Again, that's scale.com/lex.

• 2:09Lex Fridman?

  This show is brought to you by True Bill, a new app that helps you identify and stop paying for subscriptions you don't need, want, or simply forgot about. On average, people save up to 720 bucks a year with True Bill. It helps you find all the subscriptions you got, the ones that are a pain in the ass, if I'm being honest, to cancel, and it helps you find them and cancel them as easy as possible. It's, it's an absurd thing, honestly, to me, that subscriptions make it hard to cancel. I understand intuitively, you think, all right, well, I'm going to trap customers in by making signup easy and cancellation hard. But I think the counterintuitive and a

• 2:53Lex Fridman?

  very true notion is if the cancellation is hard, people are not going to trust your service. Anyway, True Bill is the thing that helps you do that. Start canceling subscriptions today at truebill.com/lex. You could save thousands a year at truebill.com/lex. The next sponsor is BiOptimizers that have a new magnesium supplement. When I fast, or I'm doing keto, or carnivore, sodium, potassium, magnesium are essential. But magnesium is tricky to get right. That's why I use magnesium breakthrough from BiOptimizers. Most supplements contain only one or two forms of magnesium, like glycinate or citrate,

• 3:34Lex Fridman?

  when in reality, there are at least seven that your body needs and benefits from. You should definitely listen to Andrew Huberman, who is big on magnesium, but he also knows a lot about it. And he explains to you which ones you should be using, when, and so on, and what's the benefits. I just trust him and trust the science. Boy, is that sentence politicized these days. Anyway, just get your magnesium. If you're doing keto, if you're fasting, but in general, it's just good to have in your body. Go to www.magbreakthrough.com/lex for a special discount. That's magbreakthrough.com/lex.

• 4:18Lex Fridman?

  This show is also brought to you by Four Sigmatic, the maker of delicious mushroom coffee and plant-based protein. It's the thing I start my day with. It's like I'm Pavlov's dog. I smell the coffee, the aroma. I feel the warmth when I put my hand on the mug in the morning. And that's when I know it's time to get some shit done. Uh, yeah, I don't know. I don't know what my life would be like without a morning coffee. In fact, introspecting on this now, sometimes when I travel, I don't get the morning coffee. And I honestly, not sure it's the caffeine. I think it's the ritual that really makes me feel like home,

• 5:02Lex Fridman?

  like the place where I feel happy and the place where I can be productive. Anyway, get up to 40% off and free shipping on mushroom coffee bundles. If you go to foursigmatic.com/lex. That's foursigmatic.com/lex. This episode is also brought to you by Fundrise, spelled F-U-N-D-R-I-S-E. Boy, is that font to say for two of the letters especially. It's a platform that allows you to invest in private real estate. If you're looking to diversify your investment portfolio, this is a good choice. We talk a lot about crypto. We talk a lot about the nature of money, about investment on this podcast. I don't know anything about investment,

• 5:47Lex Fridman?

  but I do believe that diversification is a good thing. First of all, with money, but also in life. Maybe there's certain small aspects of life you should give yourself over to completely. But I think investment wise, you should diversify. And this is a great way to diversify. Anyway, check out Fundrise at fundrise.com/lex. 150,000 investors use it. It takes just a few minutes to get started at fundrise.com/lex. That's F-U-N-D-R-I-S-E.com/lex. This is the Lex Fridman Podcast and here is my conversation with Cristiano Amon.

• 6:43Lex Fridman?

  You are originally from Brazil, so let me ask the most important question, the most profound question, the biggest question. Who's the greatest football soccer player of all time?

• 6:53Speaker 01

  Look, everybody's gonna say Pelé. And actually, I was born during the game of Brazil and Italy that Pelé gave Brazil the championship. Actually, my dad tells me that the doctor had a TV on at the delivery room. But so everybody will say Pelé, but I really like Ronaldo. The first, not Ronaldinho, the first Ronaldo. I really like him. That's my favorite player.

• 7:21Lex Fridman?

  By the way, not everybody would say Pelé. But we should leave that on the table and agree to disagree.

• 7:28Speaker 01

  Brazilians will say Pelé.

• 7:29Lex Fridman?

  Yes. There's other countries around that region that may disagree a little bit.

• 7:36Speaker 01

  Very aware.

• 7:38Lex Fridman?

  Qualcomm is largely responsible for 5G and some of the greatest processors in our smartphones ever built. So we got communication and computation tech that impacts probably billions of people. So if you zoom out, use a human, we look at humans on Earth in general.

• 8:00Lex Fridman?

  Does it blow your mind that we have these billions of smartphones communicating? And each of them have the computational power. You know, you're talking about 10 billion transistors. That's a million times more than 50 years ago in the best computers in the world. Like, if you just zoom out as a human, does that blow your mind?

• 8:23Speaker 01

  Absolutely. Look, one of the reasons I think I love this company is that we know that the technology we develop can change the world. And I'll tell one more thing. Beyond the amount of processing power that you have now in the palm of your hands and being every one of the word is connected with broadband technology, the smartphone is also mankind's largest development platform. There's nothing like it.

• 8:46Lex Fridman?

  So you respect both the hardware and the software?

• 8:49Speaker 01

  Both.

• 8:50Lex Fridman?

  Both. If aliens were observing Earth over the past 50 to 70 years, how do you think they would describe this particular turmoil, fun things going on on the surface of this particular little planet?

• 9:05Speaker 01

  We live in interesting times. At in one time, we see incredible development of technology for mankind just what happened in the last century. You know, the night from 1900 to the 2000, it was incredible development. Just look 2022 years ago, how far we're coming and where we're going with technology. It's incredible.

• 9:29Lex Fridman?

  What do you think they would notice? So there's road networks, there's all kinds of networks, there's, there's lights that keep popping up, cities bringing up like from an alien perspective, you're observing.

• 9:39Speaker 01

  Well, what I'm going to tell you is you have this contrast of incredible development of technology, but then you see some of the things that are happening right now, which is probably we don't expect them to happen on the 21st century, just what happened in in Ukraine. So I think that that will be a more puzzling question for the aliens, I would imagine.

• 9:58Lex Fridman?

  The new technology is kind of impressive. Actually, that might not be so puzzling because that's just human nature revealing itself as it has throughout human history.

• 10:07Speaker 01

  That's correct.

• 10:08Lex Fridman?

  Let's talk about wireless communication. So Qualcomm was instrumental in developing 5G. Now you were with Qualcomm since the early days, the good old 90s with the 2G. But what is 5G, including sub six gigahertz 5G and millimeter wave 5G? How does it work? And maybe the most important question is how will it change the world in the coming years?

• 10:33Speaker 01

  When we set ourselves to develop 5G and, you know, we look at this, every generation of technology had a problem to be solved, right? So you mentioned 2G, 2G challenge, the challenge of CDMA was can we give every person on earth a cellphone? That was can you get to a technology that you can basically allow everyone to have a mobile phone? 3G was about the ability to connect that to the internet. I think 4G was broadband and with 4G was about have the ability for you to have a computer in the palm of your hand. We just talk about that. 5G, the challenge was a little bit different. It's how do we build a technology for a society that is going to be 100% connected to the cloud?

• 11:15Speaker 01

  How do we provide a technology that is going to be the last mile connectivity for everything? So 5G is basically been designed eliminate all issues with data congestion. Whether you are in stadium, we talk about soccer, you were in a stadium and everyone should be ability to have access to broadband, so deal with congestion. Deal with the fact that not only people, but billions of things need to be connected. Create a technology that for the first time in wireless, you could deliver mission critical services. Wireless used to up to 4G is its best effort. In 5G, it can guarantee that you're connected with the cloud.

• 11:58Speaker 01

  And then the last point of that is provide this fabric that will allow us as a society to look at things that are not connected and say, that's the exception. That's why we made a comparison in the early days of 5G that that's going to be like electricity. Right now, you don't have a discussion about what are the use cases for electricity? You don't talk about that anymore. You just assume it's there. And that's how we think about everything connected to the cloud. That's what 5G is, and that's the role of 5G.

• 12:30Lex Fridman?

  So first of all, everything connected to the cloud is interesting because the space of everything is constantly increasing.

• 12:36Speaker 01

  That is correct.

• 12:37Lex Fridman?

  You know, I don't think the refrigerator over there, it looks kind of smart, but I don't think it's connected yet to the cloud. So this includes Internet of Things. What is the full space of everything?

• 12:48Speaker 01

  The full space of everything is it's maybe going back to where you start defining Qualcomm. Qualcomm is about communications and advanced computers for low-power devices. And can we make everything smart? You know, it can ranges from the robot you have right now on the floor. To your refrigerator, to, to a camera, to, uh, uh, you know, machines and manufacturing, to retail, et cetera. I, I can give you some examples. When, when we think of something as simple as going to, to the grocery shop, we see technology now with something, this,

• 13:31Speaker 01

  this stuff we've been working with companies like Walmart, electronic shelf labels, the ability for you to have smart cameras, they can look at shelves and can, the camera is smart enough to say some product needs to be replenished, ability to see what's there. So it's about really providing processor connectivity, artificial intelligence to everything. And I think that's one of the largest addressable markets we have for technology because you can't really define everything.

• 14:00Lex Fridman?

  Right, exactly. It's a nice market because it keeps growing potentially exponentially in speed. What about coverage? So how are we doing on the everything part? So, you know, there is, like I mentioned, sub six gigahertz 5G and there's millimeter wave 5G. So not all 5G is made the same. So there's a speed, there's a bandwidth thing, and then there's coverage. How many people get to enjoy today? And how does the progress in the next five, 10, 20, 30, 50 years you think looks like in terms of coverage?

• 14:33Speaker 01

  Great topic of conversation. So let's talk about this. When I meet with regulators across the globe, I, I tell them, uh, resistance is futile. Allocate every spectrum to wireless. Every spectrum needs to be allocated to wireless. The reality is when we start moving from CDMA to OFDMA, we knew that there's, this industry has done a lot to get more bits per hertz. But the reality is, uh, the massive amount of improvements that is required in capacity and in speed, uh, you need more spectrum. You know, there's, there's not

• 15:14Speaker 01

  so much we can rely on more bits per hertz. You just need more spectrum. And if you look... For example, what carriers, since the 2G era, they participate in different licenses and auctions and every spectrum they accumulated from 2G or 3G or 4G, all of that, you may be able to get one or two channels max of sub six, which is a channel is about 100 megahertz or 200 megahertz, and that's it. So we need more spectrum. So 5G has been designed to work across every spectrum from the low frequency bands, that's we call the sub six, but you needed more, you needed

• 15:55Speaker 01

  to go to the millimeter wave. So that's why 5G is a technology that you can deploy from 450 megahertz as an example, or 600 or 700, all the way to in the 42 gigahertz. And that's where millimeter wave comes into the picture. Now, let's now connect this to your question about coverage of 5G. The easiest thing to do is to deploy 5G in the new spectrum you can get, which is in the sub six, you see bands being auctioned across the globe in the 3.5 gigahertz. There's nothing special about the band, is it's the only one that was available because everything else been used for 4G. And you

• 16:40Speaker 01

  can deploy on that, go into existing cell towers and just put a new equipment without having to build new towers. But when we go to technologies such as millimeter wave, then you have to build more dense networks. You need to build more stations because the deployment in that case look like a wifi deployment. It's almost like wifi access points. When you need to build more stations, you need permits, you need to build fiber. So it takes more time to densify. So what you see happening is coverage has been built fast with sub six across the globe. Now, the United States also have the sub six. So that gets you the coverage very fast. But millimeter wave, it's moving. And if

• 17:24Speaker 01

  I will say, for example, Verizon, United States has had a leadership in building millimeter wave. It takes time. I'll say Cities like Chicago, Manhattan, starting to get coverage. It will be a process over a number of years as you build those different access point type networks, but it's inevitable. There's not enough spectrum. So every 5G operator is just a matter of time will have millimeter wave as well.

• 17:52Lex Fridman?

  Resistance is futile. Okay, so for millimeter wave, we need density of access points. And what's the biggest resistance for Qualcomm, for human civilization? Is it politicians, regulators, federal regulators? Is it individual humans? Is it not enough money from the consumer perspective? Like what? Who is the biggest pain in the butt?

• 18:20Speaker 01

  From a Qualcomm standpoint, but answering the question about what it takes to build all this technology. I think regulators across the board understood the importance of 5G. I have not met a regulator that said it's really important to be late on 5G. I don't think anybody wants to be late on 5G. And as a result, we've seen enormous amount of progress in getting spectrum allocated to 5G. I think the real issue is the time that it takes to build infrastructure. You know, investment in 5G infrastructure, especially millimeter wave, is like building roads and ports. It's critical infrastructure and those things take time. Like one of the number one obstacle you're going to hear from operators is site permit.

• 19:02Speaker 01

  You know, sometimes they have to negotiate municipality by municipality about permits to get new cell sites. But you know, the networks will be densified and you're going to need all of that capacity for the promise of the fully immersive augmented reality that will replace phones and everything being connected 100% of the time.

• 19:22Lex Fridman?

  This would not be a conversation with a CEO if I did not ask questions that make you nervous. Some people raise concerns about there not being enough studies about the effects of 5G on the human body. Is 5G safe?

• 19:38Speaker 01

  Look, I have a very simple answer to this question.

• 19:46Speaker 01

  As we build new capabilities such as 5G, power is going down, especially when you think about reducing the number of base stations, the network is becoming more dense. So as you do that, the the power becomes lower.

• 20:05Lex Fridman?

  Power radiated from.

• 20:06Speaker 01

  Power radiated from the phone and from the tower. As you get closer to the tower, you don't need that much power to reach the tower. So as as we move from 4G to 5G, I think we see a reduction in the amount of power is required to close the radio link. Now, also you have a number of organizations. The FCC, for example, has rigorous programs, which they do a lot of tests to validate, you know, the safety of so those devices. And I think we have has been a model for other countries to also to adopt the same things. Cellular has been around for a number of decades now. I think smartphone is our most beloved device today.

• 20:51Speaker 01

  And I I would argue how it's difficult to answer those questions because you. But I'll argue that the data to date have we seen in 3G and 4G, you know, has shown that a lot of the initial concerns were not valid. We look at 5G, even though it's new, it's just less power. So we look at from from a physics standpoint.

• 21:18Lex Fridman?

  So from a physics, from a biology perspective, there's a lot of evidence, there's studies that show that it's not dangerous, that it is in fact safe. However, the concern that people have is when you scale technology exponentially, how will that change human civilization? I mean, that's doesn't apply to 5G, that applies to every technology. How you said smartphone is the most beloved device, but love sometimes hurts. The impact on society, we don't know. And and there's a little bit of fear, there's both excitement and fear.

• 21:53Speaker 01

  It's a great topic of conversation, actually. So so let me give you my perspective on this. And you started to see some things actually happening right now. So let me step back. And let's talk about the fact that we are in a fully interconnected society. That when, when, uh, when you look of the situations today, we talk about smartphones, largest, uh, development platform, uh, so much now of our life, uh, we are connected to the smartphone. And as a result, and we are all connected and we're connected. And then we're building digital twins of everything, right? So, so when you look at that picture, when you look at a picture, this connected society,

• 22:38Speaker 01

  you started to have the following thoughts, which I think are very healthy, which means in the same way that in the physical world, you're entitled to some rights, you have obligations and there's a lot of, uh, things that protect your, your integrity. I think as a rule, we're going to see the society evolving. So those things extend to your digital being, uh, of people and things. And I think it's just natural, it's just natural, uh, it's just a natural path. And you started to see things like that. For example, the Europeans has done, uh, a lot in this area. I'll say the Europeans probably ahead in the United States, um, thinking about privacy laws,

• 23:22Speaker 01

  digital privacy law, most recent, the DMA, the Digital Markets Act, which I think is a great thing. I think we're, we, we believe there's incredible, uh, thought into enable, ability to regulate the digital market so that there's innovation and competition. So not, not a single company, uh, can control all the data and then decide, you know, how things can be work on the digital realm. And even if we think about the potential of things like the metaverses, we're connecting physical and digital spaces. So I think it's a natural evolution. Of course, regulate, regulation and laws always follow technology. But, but the fact that we're, uh, moving to our interconnected society, there's, there's no going back.

• 24:06Speaker 01

  We are a fully interconnected society, but there is opportunity, uh, to think about how the digital to win, uh, should people, people and governments should think about it so that we get the best of a technology without the any downside.

• 24:22Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, so when you say digital twin, that's one of the other things you're excited about, which is the metaverse are basically building worlds in the in the digital space. And you have to start to think about all the basic human rights that transfer from our physical meat vehicles out to the digital copies of ourselves, representations of ourselves. It's really important to think about. The thing you mentioned about regulators that has been, this is me speaking, frustrating is like you said, they follow technology. So sometimes they don't get the technology at all. So they're very clumsy in writing laws that censor that technology in interesting ways. They mean good, but they can do a lot

• 25:02Lex Fridman?

  of unintended damage. Now, both, it's a dance. It's a beautiful dance, but I just wish governments were better dance partners. I just see what they're kind of writing now about regulating social media and platforms like YouTube, and it's just really, really clumsy. They don't understand how machine learning works. I recommend their systems work. And I just wish they kind of caught up a little more because it's really important to be great at regulation. But also, it's important to let companies flourish and embrace this new wave of technology. That that weird dance, I am more and more learning, looking at public policy, how much positive government can do and how much clumsy negative it can

• 25:44Lex Fridman?

  do unintentionally, just out of sheer incompetence or lack of curiosity about tech. That's my rant about regulators.

• 25:53Speaker 01

  I think it's a valid point. As I said before, I think the Europeans probably have a very good framework. But you know, the way the way I'll think about it, we we depend on have the ability to innovate. We depend on the free markets. We depend on the ability to create, you know, technology that that will be disruptive. But at the same time, I think the tech companies probably should spend time helping governments understand, helping understand ahead of time so that they can be better prepared.

• 26:27Lex Fridman?

  Let's talk about one of my favorite topics Snapdragon. So Snapdragon is a system on a chip. This processor has probably powered billions of smartphones over its pretty long history now, a decade and a half, maybe. So it's constantly iterating, there's constantly just like a turmoil of beautiful innovations happening. So last year was Snapdragon eight eighty eight was the main one with the five nanometer. And this year it's Snapdragon eight gen one. It's a new naming scheme. Okay, what's the sexiest, most beautiful idea or concept to you about Snapdragon? Start there.

• 27:05Speaker 01

  The way I would describe it, and I think the reason we have been successful with it is to really understand how how to build a platform, a single chip, like a single chip that will have every single capability. If you want to make this smartphone in the palm of your hand, you know, something that has all of your computing needs. And it was the ability to get from an engineering standpoint, ability to get into a single chip of not only all possible connectivity technology from cell alert to wifi to Bluetooth to every single constellation of satellites for position location.

• 27:48Speaker 01

  But at the same time, you know, a very power efficient, you know, single threaded, multi-threaded CPU, a GPU for your all of your graphic demands, gaming, fastest growing segment for gaming is mobile gaming. An artificial intelligence processor, which we call the neural processor unit. And then a video engine, a multimedia engine for every single application, audio, everything. So it's a single chip that has every single computing technology you need in the phone. And what's exciting about it is what we already knew.

• 28:31Speaker 01

  For example, when you think about camera or computer vision. You see that advancements in the technology now happens in the smartphone first versus additional cameras. So the beauty about the Snapdragon is we always have this thing with within Qualcomm. The phone, it's it's small, you have to be able to hold it, you're gonna touch your face, so you cannot be hot. Uh, you have to manage thermals, you expect to have a full day of battery life. But then you wanted to not be sending data into uh ten or hundred megabits, you want gigabits.

• 29:12Speaker 01

  You wanted to be able to have eight core processors, you want to have a GPU with ray tracing. You want to have all of those things that you can only get into uh sometimes a desktop PC. And to do all of that in your phone and be able to be in the leadership position generation after generation is an incredible thing. And we're very proud of that at Qualcomm.

• 29:36Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, so you have to do the Wi-Fi, 5G, all the

• 29:39Speaker 01

  And you have to be good at everyone of those technologies.

• 29:42Lex Fridman?

  And pack it all in and and there's also pressure to make the thing faster and faster and faster. And then there's more and more applications that you're supposed to be effortlessly using. And then you you mentioned the NPU, GPU, CPU, they have to also dance together somehow. They have to communicate well, share memory or not, depending on what the application is.

• 30:01Speaker 01

  And your battery has to last all day.

• 30:05Speaker 01

  So so think about that from a company like Qualcomm, we have to be good in each and every one of those technologies. We can't just say, oh, we're a CPU company, or a GPU company, or we're AI company, we have to do everything.

• 30:16Lex Fridman?

  What does it take to design a great processor? So design this system on a chip that you mentioned, is there some insight you can provide in this chaos of engineers? Designers, leaders, uh, you know, the people that think about how much this is all gonna cost, all the whole mess of it.

• 30:36Speaker 01

  I'm of course very partial about it, I've been in this company for probably more than twenty six years. But um I'll I'll argue that there are a couple of things that are ingredients for the success. So we talk about the fact that they have all those different technologies, they evolve at their own pace and you have to be good in each one of them. And you needed them to make them working together, so. So you need to have an engineering organization that with incredible collaboration culture, because everybody has to be working, the train is going to leave the station, every cart needs to be there, right? When it leaves the station, it needs to leave on time, especially in the phone business. You can't change Christmas, you cannot change Black Friday, you cannot

• 31:21Speaker 01

  change all of the selling seasons. So the phones are going to launch on time and every technology needs to be there. The engineer needs to work as one. And we do have that at Qualcomm. The other thing, you have to have incredible discipline, because you know, those are very complex systems. So in one way, you have to design with quality. Because in many cases, we're going to be ramping production and even before we have the silicon back and you have to rely on our simulation models and you have to rely on, on the fact that you design for commercial applications. That takes, that takes a while to build and,

• 32:06Speaker 01

  and you know, it's probably been the history of a semiconductor business at Qualcomm.

• 32:11Lex Fridman?

  So you mean like the framework of how many people can use simulation software and all that kind of stuff to build the thing with a hard deadline that you might not even get back from like manufacture before, you're not allowed to have any mistakes.

• 32:25Speaker 01

  No wonder our name is Quality Communications.

• 32:28Lex Fridman?

  Oh, I never even thought about the qual part, quality. So quality and there's a bar that's high and you're not allowed to mess up. I mean, to me as an engineer, that's exciting. Hard deadlines, no room for mistakes. I love it. Super stressful, but I love it. So there's a couple of other small companies called Google and Apple. So Google is now using its own chip for the Pixel 6. Apple using its own. How does Qualcomm outcompete Google and Apple? How does it beat them?

• 33:03Speaker 01

  We don't have to outcompete Google. Actually, if you look at our mobile strategy today, and then one thing I was very clear when I became CEO, I think there's a lot of confusion in the market. Our mobile strategy is very clear. We are focused of making Snapdragon synonymous with premium Android experience. That's what Snapdragon is.

• 33:23Lex Fridman?

  Android, the phone of the people.

• 33:25Speaker 01

  Yes.

• 33:27Lex Fridman?

  I just have a love for Android. No, I'm constantly talking trash to iPhone people. Sorry, go ahead.

• 33:31Speaker 01

  Premium Android experiences. So we do, we do produce Snapdragon in multiple tier for every price point. But you know, every year, you mentioned the HN1 and every year we provide, you know, the flagship product. And then, and then the other series that is trying to get the best of every possible technology at that time. And it's really focused on enabling the Android ecosystem. So I'll give an example. So you asked me the question, how to compete with Google? It's not about competing with Google. We're the number one enabler of the Google Android ecosystem. And the largest, largest, the number one customer there is actually Samsung.

• 34:15Speaker 01

  And if you look what happened to Samsung, Samsung, I always had, since I began my, began my relationship with them, that because they always had their own chip. They always had their own chip. And, and if you'll just look at what happened right now with the Galaxy S22 that just launched. You know, they used to balance their, their business about 50% Qualcomm. They will get the most advanced markets like the United States and China and Japan and Korea. They will sign a Qualcomm. And then they have their own chip for the markets that they would, would be like more emerging markets, open markets, markets that they have a control on the channel because they sell a lot of appliances and other things.

• 34:56Speaker 01

  If you look what happened right now, GS22, 75% is Qualcomm. And, and then the next large OEMs and Android ecosystem are the Chinese ones. Companies like Xiaomi, one of the fastest growing. It was number one in Europe at some point last year, then followed by Oppo and OnePlus and Vivo. So those are some of the largest Qualcomm customers. And, and they actually drive the Android ecosystem. And that's our mobile strategy and fully aligned with Google and, and it's working. And I was, you know, I'm not to get into a lot of the.

• 35:39Speaker 01

  Investor conversation, but we're also happy we became in a beneficiary of the shifts that we saw in the marketplace as Huawei became a smaller OEM as a result of the sanctions. We saw the rise of a lot of the other OEMs from China, especially for China domestic market. Xiaomi, Oppo, Vivo, they moved to the premium category. They're all doing that with Qualcomm. So we're actually very fortunate and happy with the position we are in mobile business. We do have an Apple relationship. We provide modem technology to Apple. It's a multi-year relationship. Apple has been very public that they are

• 36:23Speaker 01

  investing to develop their own modem. But the Qualcomm strategy has has been clear. We're really focused on Snapdragon. You know, not our mobile strategy is not defined by providing a cellular modem to Apple. Our mobile strategy is this that we just talked about it. It's about the unique thing of Snapdragon that has every single technology integrated into a single SOC.

• 36:46Lex Fridman?

  And it provides a premium experience.

• 36:49Speaker 01

  And that's what we're doing and focusing on the Android ecosystem.

• 36:54Lex Fridman?

  I don't know if I can ask you this kind of question. It's like picking your

• 36:57Speaker 01

  Go ahead.

• 36:58Lex Fridman?

  Children or something like this, but what smartphone with a Snapdragon? You mentioned Samsung Galaxy S22, OnePlus. Those are phones I personally really enjoy. What phone do you currently use? Or do you have multiple phones?

• 37:12Speaker 01

  I do have multiple phones, but I do use Galaxy S22.

• 37:16Lex Fridman?

  That's your favorite one? All right. Well, you heard it here first, folks. Okay, so excellent. Can Qualcomm also, let's take a brief step away from mobile. Can it take on Intel and Apple and other such companies in the laptop and desktop space? So the nature of what a computer is seems to be changing. It's like smartphones like merging. It's all being a smartphone just with a bigger screen or something like this. So what does the future of that look like?

• 37:43Speaker 01

  Before I answer that question, let me just step back a little bit because and I'm sure we can we can talk more about those things. But the the reality is Qualcomm is changing a lot. And we use I know we spend a lot of time talking about 5G and smartphone, the Snapdragon. And I think that has been what had defined Qualcomm for many years. But the reality is even consistent with that 5G conversation, which is a technology to connect everything, Qualcomm is also changing. Our technology that was in many cases designed for phones, and we said at the beginning, connectivity and processing is going to

• 38:23Speaker 01

  virtually every industry. And as a result, Qualcomm is really changing with it and expanding to a number of different addressable markets. Some of those markets is is the PC, as you talk about it, the the conversions of mobile and PC. And the reason I'm excited about this because you see a lot of things happening that bring this right front and center when you think about the future technology. So what we learn with the pandemic is that the number one use case of personal computers is communications. It is interesting when you think about that. It's the number one use case on a PC today is communications.

• 39:07Speaker 01

  It's actually funny because in the cellular industry, actually, I'll say, let me step back. In the telecom industry, we've been chasing this killer application of video telephony for decades, right? I remember back then in the wireline, even before the Internet and IP, ISDN, you remember those AT&T desk phones with a little screen and they said, you can do video telephony. We don't watch that in Back to the Future 2. Then when we started developing 3G, said people said, what's the application for having data to a cell phone, all video telephony? Then we started doing 4G. And in the beginning, people said, well, why do you need all this broadband? Oh, video telephony.

• 39:52Speaker 01

  But it took a pandemic to make video telephony the killer application. And that's now the number one use case on a PC. So now think about that for a second. Personal computers now, their technologies that people, when they were going to buy a PC, they didn't care much about it. Now they do. Camera, camera, how good is the camera? The audio, is it connected? How good is the connectivity? Do you have the latest and greatest Wi-Fi and cellular? What's the battery life? Because you're going to be working from anywhere. Sometimes you know that, sometimes you're not. So all those things, what's the portability like? So those things started to change how we should think about the PC. But I won't stop there. Let me talk about another trend.

• 40:34Speaker 01

  So, and it all come as a result of what we saw the pandemic. Let's say that you are, you're an engineer, you're the computer aided design. You, you have an advanced desktop computer or workstation in your office. But you want to work from home some days. So you're not going to move that to your home. So what do you need to do? You're going to have to rely on that. You're going to run that on the cloud. And you're going to run it on the cloud. You need high bandwidth because you almost want the cloud to be the same as your computer for that use case. That's the 5G on-demand computing use case. They use 5G as almost a link between two computers. But then, you know, CIOs are saying, well, my workforce is going home for certain days.

• 41:19Speaker 01

  I want all the data to be in the cloud. You look at, for example, Microsoft OneDrive or the ability to collaborate. You need the bandwidth. So that, when you put all of those things together, you start thinking about what's the next generation PC? And that's the opportunity for Qualcomm. I'm just giving an example. Back in Mobile World Congress recently, Lenovo.

• 41:44Speaker 01

  They have a line of enterprise laptops called the ThinkPad. I'm sure you're familiar with it. So they announced the ThinkPad based on Snapdragon. With 5G on, 28 hours of battery life.

• 41:59Lex Fridman?

  Wow.

• 42:00Speaker 01

  So that's next generation.

• 42:02Lex Fridman?

  So just a nice screen with extremely high, nice screen and keyboard, and extremely high connectivity to maybe an even more, like a more powerful machine in the cloud. Something more of the data, connecting to the data, connecting to compute, all that kind of stuff.

• 42:16Speaker 01

  You have the camera capabilities. And let me go one step more. Microsoft talking about some of the features they're doing now using on Windows 11, using Snapdragon. Remember, we talked about it. Snapdragon has an AI processor inside there. So one of the cool features Microsoft's talking about it is you can be on a Teams call and you can make sure your eyes are looking at the camera 100% of the time.

• 42:42Lex Fridman?

  Well, that's an interesting thing. So they can be talking about that.

• 42:45Speaker 01

  And you do that with AI.

• 42:46Lex Fridman?

  Yes, that's really tricky to pull off. For example, the reason I'm a huge stickler for doing these in person, these conversations in person, it's really tough to get right, but it's a worthy challenge. So that's where the metaverse hopes to. So like I just, because you said the importance of this telephony, of humans connecting, teleporting themselves, getting that right is really difficult. There's a lot of people hate Zoom meetings, but that doesn't mean you can't improve that experience and get rid of the hate. A lot of people hate talking to their car too, because the voice, the natural language processing is terrible. But when it's not, it's a beautiful thing. So getting that right is.

• 43:23Speaker 01

  This is an opportunity. This is an opportunity. Think about it. It starts with the PC, making the PC giving you a better experience for Teams. But then it goes right back into. This trend of connecting physical and digital spaces and all the work we're doing with the metaverse and virtual reality, metahuman reality in the future is why not call somebody or connect with somebody with a hologram is possible.

• 43:47Lex Fridman?

  And also to mention some increasing amount of intelligence in our cars. So semi-autonomous autonomous cars and the interactivity between human and and car, which are for me, things are really exciting. Let me ask you a big question. So when when aliens again now on the other side, right? And humans destroy themselves through nuclear war centuries from now.

• 44:09Speaker 01

  Let's hope not.

• 44:10Lex Fridman?

  Let's hope not. But in case, you know, let's just hypothetical thought experiment. And they write a history of humanity in the 21st century. What would they remember Qualcomm in the 21st century as a company? Would be a car company? Would it like, think of all the crazy pivots that might happen the next like 50 years? Because because you're thinking you said Qualcomm enables all of these things with 5G and there'll be probably other Gs. It keeps increasing. So basically connectivity and computation and everything becomes connected and everything is capable of computation. Might you be become a robotics and car company?

• 44:49Speaker 01

  I will argue we already an automotive company today and but let me tell what I what I would like Qualcomm to be remember and recognize for. I think everyone that knows Qualcomm immediately, you know, connect us, pun intended, to connectivity and wireless. But the reality is we're being actually the company providing intelligence and and processing to everything on the edge, everything outside the data center that we're doing. Those billions of devices that are going to be connected. And and that's kind of explained when we talk about the connected intelligent edge, the beyond phones, cars, PCs and all of those.

• 45:31Speaker 01

  And the broader IoT, as we talk about everything will be connected and intelligent. And that's what we want Qualcomm to be recognized for.

• 45:38Lex Fridman?

  So by the way, for people who are not familiar, there's some technical jargon. But people use the word edge like. Edge computing, it's, by the way, that's probably changing what that even means. But it's basically everything that's not a giant thing that's make a lot of noise in a building somewhere. So it's mobile devices and the mobile devices of all kinds of, well, a refrigerator is not mobile, but it would be edge. So it's like, what's a sandwich, that kind of discussion.

• 46:05Lex Fridman?

  But basically, edge computing is, is the edge of that expanding space that you mentioned that Qualcomm is trying to connect and enable with computation.

• 46:17Speaker 01

  Here's a simple way to describe what the edge is and edge computing is. I think as we think about the evolution of the data center, you need to bring the computational closer to the devices. Also, when you put the computation together with the connectivity at the same time, you're going to see a lot of advancement of artificial intelligence happening closer or at the device. Look, it's a very, I have a simple way to describe it. Remember, in the beginning of this conversation, we talked about in the 4G era, broadband and mobile computing evolved side by side. If you're going to have broadband, you might as well have a computer in the palm of your hand. So we needed to invest in those two technologies.

• 47:02Speaker 01

  In 5G, AI develops side by side. You're connected to the cloud 100% of the time. You have a high bandwidth and you have now a smart and intelligent thing that can make decision in real time, provide context information to the cloud to make the models more accurate and as well compare and contrast with the cloud. So there's going to be an exponential development AI happening with all the edge devices. The devices that are outside the data center and computation is going to go alongside that. And a great example, that's the car. The car, you know, we haven't talked much about the car, but you know, Qualcomm is now,

• 47:42Speaker 01

  you could argue was as much as an automotive company as wireless company, working 26 global brands. And it's easy to see. If you look at our mobile heritage and we talk about form factors, thermal, battery life, you're not going to put a server in the trunk of a car, but you need as much computational capabilities. And as we see Qualcomm providing, you know, as the car become a connected computer on wheels, we provide the computational and all the sensors for you to do assisted driving for the new digital cockpit experience, connecting the car to the cloud. And it's all of that's happening at the end.

• 48:21Lex Fridman?

  Does Qualcomm want to be the brain of a lot of autonomous vehicles in the future of different, you said brands like Mercedes, I don't know, whatever, just whatever car, you know, cars have the sexy thing they do and then it defines their brand and so on. And then there's the brain that doesn't need to have branding supposedly, you know. So does Qualcomm see that? Or will I be able to buy a Qualcomm car? Like literally?

• 48:44Speaker 01

  No, you're not going to be able to buy a Qualcomm car, but we are ready, we're ready on our way to become, you know, the brains of the car. The way you should think about Qualcomm automotive strategy is the car companies realize they need to become technology companies. You just look, for example, of the market cap of some of the new electrical commerce and compare them with, with the legacy car companies.

• 49:12Lex Fridman?

  Which one is that? I heard of...

• 49:15Speaker 01

  Well, let's just use an example.

• 49:16Lex Fridman?

  One of them lives in Austin.

• 49:17Speaker 01

  Let's say Rivian, right? Rivian.

• 49:19Lex Fridman?

  Oh, that one too, yes.

• 49:21Speaker 01

  You know, the car companies are not going away. It's actually a mistake not to bet in the car companies. The car companies need a technology partner that will provide the digital chassis for them. And that's what we're doing. So if you look at Qualcomm, we talk about a Snapdragon digital chassis. So we want to be the preferred technology partner of the car companies. And I think it's working. Strategy is working right now.

• 49:49Lex Fridman?

  So basically helping companies, the car companies accelerate into this, into becoming technology companies?

• 49:54Speaker 01

  Connecting the car to the cloud, redesign the interior of the digital cockpit experience and provide the computation and sensor capabilities for autonomy and assisted driving.

• 50:05Lex Fridman?

  On the topic of robots, when millions or billions of robots roam the earth in the future among us humans, and I am, for one, concerned in a small percentage, but largely am excited about that future, will Qualcomm...

• 50:21Lex Fridman?

  Be the thing that powers their brain.

• 50:25Speaker 01

  We have an in our IOT business, which has been one of the fastest growing business for us.

• 50:32Speaker 01

  A number of robotics engagement. So I'll give you some example. And if you look of the Amazon Astro, you're familiar with that. There's two. There's two Snapdragon in there.

• 50:45Lex Fridman?

  There is. This is really exciting. They're supposed to ship it to me. Where is it? Okay. But anyway, that's really cool. I didn't know it was Snapdragon.

• 50:52Speaker 01

  Yeah, we we're working with robotics in industrial. Of course, drones, you know, we're getting more and more traction for robotics.

• 51:02Lex Fridman?

  Sorry to interrupt. Industrial robotics too.

• 51:04Speaker 01

  Industrial, especially when you think about.

• 51:09Speaker 01

  What's going to happen with the factory of the future, the industrial side of the future, the warehouse of the future? When you bring five G, for example, to it, and you have a number of different use cases and. And and and then you see a lot of robotics application. And and of course drones. And the most famous, I will consider that a robot. The most famous robot in the world right now is powered by Snapdragon, which is the Mars Ingenuity helicopter. The whole helicopter, the cameras and everything is powered by Snapdragon. And talking about exciting thing for an engineer.

• 51:49Speaker 01

  The same Snapdragon that goes to a phone and it can go to a Galaxy phone, for example, Samsung, the same, not a special one. Went all the way to Mars.

• 51:59Lex Fridman?

  Is exploring other planets, looking for alien life and maybe gets to meet them. Wouldn't that be interesting if a Snapdragon is the thing that first sees an alien? It's like, what the hell? We did not program this in the computer vision.

• 52:09Speaker 01

  I want to use the example to go back to the conversation we had about quality. As an engineer, you need to make sure it works. Can you imagine if it gets over there in Mars and it doesn't work?

• 52:19Lex Fridman?

  Listen, this is very stressful. What what NASA, what SpaceX, what all those companies are doing is extremely stressful. The room for mistakes is is tiny, but that's super exciting for an engineer once again.

• 52:32Lex Fridman?

  There's been a global semiconductor chip shortage. So from your perspective, just it'd be interesting to get your expert analysis of the situation. What do you think are the main reasons and how is Qualcomm been affected and how can it help? In this, in the future, things like it.

• 52:48Speaker 01

  Okay, that's a, that's a a big topic of conversation.

• 52:53Lex Fridman?

  And we only have five minutes.

• 52:55Speaker 01

  So I'll try, I'll try to be as objective as I can. So first, let's talk about what caused it. And, and I, you know, you hear a lot of different things. I will try to put it within the right context. The first thing that caused it, really, is the acceleration of digital transformation of pretty much everything in every industry. Every industry has been digitally transformed. And as such, the amount of semiconductors that are required is much larger. Just to give you a practical example, if you think about the automotive as an example, the cars that are, you, there are cars that are launch, a new model launching today. The new model launching today most likely has 10x the amount of chips of the prior model.

• 53:41Speaker 01

  And the model that's people working on this coming in next, probably 10x that one. So you see the amount of silicon and then billions of things become smart. More and more data goes to the cloud, the data center grows. So the floor for semiconductor consumptions went up by a lot. Then you have things that aggravated this. The pandemic aggravated this. There is a couple of trends from the pandemic. The enterprise transformation of the home, the home became an enterprise, massive amounts of upgrades on broadband and IoT. The office has changed to the way we work now, including the ability to support collaboration tools and video.

• 54:24Speaker 01

  Then you have the higher demand for, for products during the pandemic because people wanted to be connected, people bought new phones and new tablets and new computers, new gaming. So all of those things came on top of that as the aggravated issue. But they're not the main issue. The main issue is it's actually a, a long-term growth of digital.

• 54:52Lex Fridman?

  So what I'm hearing you say is the pandemic was not the cause, it was an aggravation.

• 54:57Speaker 01

  It was an aggravation.

• 54:58Lex Fridman?

  So is there a way?

• 55:02Lex Fridman?

  We can support as a human civilization in terms of manufacture, in terms of supply, the kind of growth that you're talking about in devices and so on. Is there high level ideas you can say of what that's required there?

• 55:17Speaker 01

  Yes, and I think that's the second part of the answer. So what's happening now? How are we going to get out of this? So we see a lot of capacity investments put into place by the industry. You know, we had invested a lot with our suppliers. A lot of the suppliers had made plans about, you know, increasing the capacity. The industry is planning to double its total semiconductor manufacturing capacity within the next five years, an example. So that's already happening. And then you see things which are actually good. They're good. The initiative such as the United States Chips Act and now the European Chips Act. The United States Chips Act is about $52 billion.

• 56:00Speaker 01

  The Europeans about 43. Their goal combined is to get at least 50% of the consumption with manufacturing installed within the US and European geographies. And that's also very good. That's yet another incentive for more manufacturing capacity to be built and to be built with a geographic distributed way, which that's how you play in supply chain. So those, those I think are good things. So if anything we learn through the crisis is that semiconductor, it's important. Semiconductor companies are important and we need to invest in semiconductors.

• 56:40Lex Fridman?

  Returning to the grilling of the CEO with the hard questions. This is almost from my own education of the space. You mentioned regulators. Qualcomm paid out and received payment of billions of dollars in settlement and fines.

• 56:55Lex Fridman?

  There seems to be a lot of huge lawsuits in the space. How do you explain that? Does this get in the way of innovation or does it promote it?

• 57:04Speaker 01

  I will rephrase it by saying there used to be a lot of lawsuits in this space.

• 57:10Speaker 01

  In addition of what we do in semiconductors, you know, our processors and our modems, the Snapdragon platform.

• 57:20Speaker 01

  We also have a licensing business, which has been a part of the company since the beginning. As the largest inventors of the essential technology in 2G, CDMA, 3G, 4G and 5G. You know, and Qualcomm contribute that to the standards. So we always had this model that rather than invent the technology and be the only one producing the products, we license so everyone can produce it. And as such, we receive intellectual property for these standard essential patents.

• 57:57Speaker 01

  As part of our past dispute with Apple that's behind us now.

• 58:03Lex Fridman?

  You're friends now.

• 58:04Speaker 01

  They're my customers. And as part of that, I think the licensing model got tested in, I think, in every geography. And we succeeded in every single geography to validate the pro competitiveness of this model. I think the fair, reasonable, non discriminatory aspect of this model. And I would argue that besides being the most successful licensing business to date in the industry, probably the one that's been battle tested and is most stable because there's not a single jurisdiction that we have not headed to validate that model.

• 58:46Speaker 01

  So it's part of our past and what it creates is probably create a lot of stability in our licensing business. But having said that, the growth of the company is in the semiconductor space.

• 58:57Lex Fridman?

  And the semiconductor, so licensing is you come up with a pretty good idea. You have a bunch of smart people coming up with cool ideas. And then, once you come up with that idea, you sell that idea to others that get to use it. That's essentially what a license.

• 59:11Speaker 01

  The licensed revenue we have is for the, what we call the SCP, standard essential patents.

• 59:19Speaker 01

  That are part of the 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G standards. So if you want to build anything with 5G, you needed to get a license from Qualcomm because users Qualcomm essential technologies part of the standard.

• 59:35Lex Fridman?

  And a slightly different model or a lot different model, the semiconductor is you design, you inject a bunch of fascinating ideas how to build the Snapdragon. And then there's, because it's a fabulous company, you have somebody build the chip and then goes into a phone with the branding and all that kind of stuff. And that has less kind of players involved. It's not a license.

• 59:58Speaker 01

  We sell the product in the semiconductor. We don't license semiconductor technology. We build products and we sell products.

• 1:00:06Lex Fridman?

  This is your first year as a CEO.

• 1:00:08Speaker 01

  Not one year yet.

• 1:00:10Lex Fridman?

  Not one year yet.

• 1:00:13Lex Fridman?

  Let's hope it'll be in June, it'll be one year. Okay. This is a company that's involved with a lot of fascinating technologies and it's touching the lives of billions of people. A lot of complicated stuff. Like you said, licensing technologies. You have to collaborate with manufacturers. You have to then work with however many you said, car companies and all these clients and so on. And you have to, you know, with tech companies, Apple and so on. What's that like? What lessons have you learned about leadership? And maybe about yourself as a human being from this first, almost a year, soon to be a year

• 1:00:56Lex Fridman?

  as a CEO of this incredible, this complex, this large company?

• 1:01:00Speaker 01

  That's a loaded question. Let me, let me answer in reverse order. First thing that I learned, and I think it's probably common. Across CEOs, especially in our industry, yes, it will be great if I had more time. I think there's, especially because we're growing so many areas and there's so many things to learn, so many relationships to build, time to spend with a number of different technologies. And, but it kind of reflects really the size of the opportunity that exists for Qualcomm. Qualcomm, it is really growing in a number of different directions all at the same time. And so it did got busier.

• 1:01:43Speaker 01

  And part of this is because I'm spending a lot of time understanding the new industries we're going in and building relationships. Second thing, which is a lot to do with how I think about things and a little bit of my personality. At the end of the day, business partnerships really done by people. And I think the importance of having trusted relationships for the long term is extremely important. And I've been dedicated to do that as CEO. We're not a company that plays for the short term. We don't. And when we build new partnerships, we expect that to be for decades. And so I spend time doing that and think that's important for Qualcomm.

• 1:02:28Speaker 01

  The other part of your question is, we do have a lot of opportunities in all different areas. What we like, and I've been fortunate enough to become CEO at a time, that a lot of the trends are pointing to our technology. We talk about some of them. We talk about merger of physical and digital spaces. We talk about the transformation of the automobile. We talk about the merge of computing and mobile, the enterprise transformation of the home. There are many of those trends. And those trends create opportunities for Qualcomm to be providing technology first. And as such, we're in a hurry.

• 1:03:10Speaker 01

  So I'm in a little bit of a hurry because I think the opportunity is incredible for technology. But, but having fun and enjoying the job.

• 1:03:19Lex Fridman?

  Is there a burden because of so much what you said is partnerships and? You know, almost like friendships, connections with other human beings. Me as an introvert that has a lot of social anxiety, that seems extremely stressful. So is there that burden on your shoulders? You have to wake up every day and talk to friends you've had for many years. It can be, you know, and then convince them and make partnerships with them. Talk with them, describe to them the future, sell them on the idea and then yourself grow. Because you don't know what the heck the future is going to be like. And you have to project both confidence and humility, all those kinds of things. Is that exhausting?

• 1:04:02Speaker 01

  It is exhausting, but it's something I do like to do. And it's not only with partners, really, it's also internally to your employees. So I think to get alignment on the vision and faith in the vision and execute. And at the end of the day, we're very fortunate. We have a lot of smart people, so people, if they're aligned with the vision, they know what to do. And then, of course, as CEO, you have to convince your investors that that's the right idea as well.

• 1:04:27Lex Fridman?

  If you can put on your wise sage hat, do you have advice for young people in high school and college? You yourself started from the humble beginnings in Brazil. Maybe a bit of a wild, risky decision to go to Japan. And now are the head of one of the biggest, most successful, most impactful companies in the world. Given that story, can you give advice to young people today? That, you know, how they can have a career or just the life they can be proud of?

• 1:05:01Speaker 01

  I think the first thing, and of course, all of those answers are going to relate to my own experience, right? The first thing is it always worked for me to have.

• 1:05:15Speaker 01

  To have a plan, even if the plan is just what I'm gonna do in the next two years, but what do I want to do? Where do I want to go? And, uh, and I think it's important for people, especially young people, is, is to really, you know, have a dream and go pursue it. I mean, have dreams, not go back to bed to sleep. It's really what, what do you want to accomplish? And then what is going to take to do that? And, uh, and then believe in yourself, um, you know, I, I like I said, I joined Vulcan as an engineer. And, uh, I didn't have any plans when I joined, uh, to be CEO, but I do want as an engineer, what I wanted to do, what I, where, when, what we're on a contribute, what I wanted to work on and then, and then keep evolving from that point in time.

• 1:06:00Speaker 01

  The other thing is, this is an advice, it's more of like career advice that I got, I got early in my career was extremely helpful for me. And I will give that advice to everyone that is interested.

• 1:06:15Speaker 01

  Spend time understanding what are, what are the things you're good at? And what are things you're not like? What is that real border between your area of competence and your area of incompetence? And once you see that, once you see that, you know, exactly what you have to work on. And you can say, I can, if I, that's what I want to go next. This is the gap I need to do it. And it's, it's, it's faster when you can identify yourself before other people can tell you. Then it leads to automatically the next step. Surround yourself, the people that are very good at the things that you're not.

• 1:06:54Lex Fridman?

  So you have to be radically honest about the things that you're not good at. But given what you're passionate about, you need to get good at, or you would like to get good at, and surround yourself by those people. How often did the plans you make actually work out? You said it's important to make plans. You didn't say anything about, uh, it's important to execute on those plans.

• 1:07:13Speaker 01

  More than 50%.

• 1:07:15Lex Fridman?

  Try to keep it above 50.

• 1:07:19Lex Fridman?

  What was the whole, why did you end up in Japan?

• 1:07:22Speaker 01

  You know, I've been fortunate enough to work in cellular and wireless my entire career. So I, I, I always liked communications. When I entered engineering school, uh, my dad was electrical engineer, but he worked with the utility company. He wanted to me to graduate in traditional electrical engineer, like in energy generation, distribution.

• 1:07:44Speaker 01

  And but I like electronics communication, so I end up doing both. And and I always like communication was fascinated by wireless communication. So my first job out of college, I start working for a Japanese company down in Brazil. It was NEC and within about a year in, they transfer me to Tokyo, asked me to go to the headquarters. And it was the first time I left Brazil.

• 1:08:08Lex Fridman?

  A little bit different from Brazil culturally.

• 1:08:11Speaker 01

  Different is in the other side of the planet. And and that's how it started.

• 1:08:17Lex Fridman?

  You said your father's an electrical engineer. Do you think what you're doing now makes your father proud?

• 1:08:24Speaker 01

  I think he's very proud. I think especially, you know, he tells me that, you know, I'm still the same person that never changed. And

• 1:08:34Lex Fridman?

  Does he still, does he give you advice? Does he criticize what you're doing? Tell you how to improve?

• 1:08:39Speaker 01

  My, my mom and dad still give me advice today. I'm very fortunate for that. But, but he's, he's proud, also proud because there are very few Brazilians. They have, you know, achieved a position as CEO of, of a company the size of Qualcomm. And I, and I do know that, that also I carry a burden. I, you know, I, especially for the Latino community, to be an inspiration for them and make sure I set a good example.

• 1:09:09Lex Fridman?

  So not just your, your mom and dad, but the culture, the people that were originally in your home. Do you, you know, life is finite. Do you think about your own mortality?

• 1:09:25Speaker 01

  Look, I'm a, I'm a devout Christian and so I'm a big believer that there's, this is just a transition. And but don't spend a lot of time thinking about that. I'm, I am somebody good, better and different that try as much as possible to leave the present. And that's what I do.

• 1:09:48Lex Fridman?

  And try to make the present better on this, on this place here on earth.

• 1:09:52Speaker 01

  Absolutely.

• 1:09:53Lex Fridman?

  And that some of these technologies, some of these ideas are kind of a different kind of immortality as well. Cause they, they propagate through time and have impact on people in the best possible way. So technology can be scary, can, technology can be destructive, but it seems like in the end, it can be, it can do a lot of good.

• 1:10:13Speaker 01

  More good, there's more good than bad.

• 1:10:16Lex Fridman?

  What do you think is the meaning of this whole thing? I asked you about aliens observing us. What, what's the meaning of life? Cristiano, what's the meaning of life? Easy questions.

• 1:10:28Speaker 01

  That's not an easy question at all. I think that's a, that's a question, at least for me, you have to answer individually. But I do believe we're all here for purpose. You know, I, I, you know, in my prayers, I always ask that, you know, I, I stay on track to whatever my purpose is. But I do believe we're here for a purpose and we need to do the best we can during the time we have on this earth.

• 1:10:54Lex Fridman?

  So that means create beautiful things for you as an engineer?

• 1:10:59Speaker 01

  Yes, and, and create beautiful things, yes.

• 1:11:01Lex Fridman?

  What about love? What's the role of love in the human condition?

• 1:11:07Speaker 01

  Love's very important and it's an essential part of being human. It comes in the package. And I think if you look at the situation, what's happening right now, I think you look at the situation with some of the underprivileged communities, you look at the homeless situation, I think we all need more love.

• 1:11:27Lex Fridman?

  Yeah, and I think people that build incredible technology sometimes forget the love part, like those are all, it's all integrated. There's no, thinking about humanity is really important when you build tools that empower that humanity. Cause there's, I think, I, at least I personally believe we're all capable of both evil and good. And we have to build technology, build societies, build governments, build communities that inspires to.

• 1:11:55Lex Fridman?

  To connect with the good part within all of us.

• 1:11:58Speaker 01

  I'm a big believer that technology is at the end the force for good. And if just look, if you just look, you know, not trying to move away from a deep discussion to a more specific technical one. But if we started a conversation talking about smartphones and smartphones, really the first time that you could say that everybody in the world was able to connect to the internet and connect to each other. And I think what that empowerment that that provided, it's an incredible force for good.

• 1:12:31Lex Fridman?

  Well, the company you lead, the, the technology you've created, one of them that I'm especially excited about, which is Snapdragon, the whole line of processors there. Currently, I would say at about 10 billion transistors. If you think about the human brain, it's about 100 billion neurons. So I think 11 Samsung Galaxy 22s, S22s are already smarter than me. And that's being nice to me. I'm really honored that you spent your extremely valuable time with me, even though you said Pele is the favorite player. Beyond all of that, I think you're an incredible person, incredible leader, and you lead an incredible engineering company. So thank you for doing that.

• 1:13:13Speaker 01

  Oh, thank you so much. Thank you for the kind words. Really a pleasure having this conversation. I really had a lot of fun doing it and thank you for having me in the podcast.

• 1:13:22Lex Fridman?

  Thanks for listening to this conversation with Cristiano Aman. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now let me leave you with some words from Stephen Hawking. For millions of years, mankind lived just like the animals. Then something happened, which unleashed the power of our imagination. We learned to talk and we learned to listen. Speech has allowed the communication of ideas, enabling human beings to work together to build the impossible. Mankind's greatest achievements have come about by talking and its greatest failures by not talking. It doesn't have to be like this. Our greatest hopes could become reality in the future.

• 1:14:06Lex Fridman?

  With the technology at our disposal, the possibilities are unbounded. All we need to do is make sure we keep talking. Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.