Treasures from Anglo-Saxon Graves

What can grave goods tell us about the lives of people 1,500 years ago? Matt Lewis delves into the early medieval world through the lens of burials with Professor Jo Buckberry, discussing how the treasures found in Anglo-Saxon graves changed over the years and provide insights into the cultural, political, and familial dynamics of a fascinating period. Matt is also joined by Professor Duncan Sayer, lead archeologist at a secret-location dig has revealed an Anglo-Saxon cemetery full of stunning weapons, jewellery and medieval DNA. Photos of the newly discovered grave goods: https://www.uclan.ac.uk/news/kent-sword-excavation Gone Medieval is presented by Matt Lewis. It was edited and researched by Amy Haddow. The senior producer is Anne-Marie Luff. All music used is courtesy of Epidemic Sounds. Gone Medieval is a History Hit podcast. Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. You can take part in our listener survey here: https://uk.surveymonkey.com/r/6FFT7MK Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Matt Lewis?

  From long-lost Viking ships and kings buried in unexpected places, to tales of murder, power, faith, and the lives of ordinary people across medieval Europe and beyond. Join me, Matt Lewis, Dr. Eleanor Yarnagger, and some of the world's leading historians as we bring history's most fascinating stories to life, only on History Hit. With your subscription, you'll unlock hundreds of hours of exclusive documentaries with a brand-new release every week, exploring everything from the ancient world to World War II. Just visit historyhit.com/subscribe.

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• 2:26Matt Lewis?

  Hello, I'm Matt Lewis. Welcome to Gone Medieval from History Hit, the podcast that delves into the greatest millennium in human history. We've got the most intriguing mysteries, the gobsmacking details and latest groundbreaking research, from the Vikings to the printing press, from kings to popes to the crusades. We cross centuries and continents to delve into rebellions, plots and murders to find the stories, big and small, that tell us how we got here. Find out who we really were with Gone Medieval.

• 3:03Matt Lewis?

  Welcome to this episode of Gone Medieval. I'm Matt Lewis. We've got two guests for you today to help us dig deep into the stories offered by early medieval grave goods. We've got news of an exciting new discovery for you in this episode. Amongst the goods found in an early medieval graveyard at a secret location in England is a stunning sword. We'll be chatting to one of the archaeologists working on the project later on about this incredible find and about what else is being unearthed at the same site. Before that, I thought it might be interesting to find out about grave goods more widely. It's a term you might hear used frequently, but what does it really mean? And how can exploring

• 3:45Matt Lewis?

  grave goods help us get closer to the real people they were buried with? Well, looking for answers to those questions seemed like the perfect excuse to get Professor Jo Buckbury, who is Head of the Biological Anthropology Research Centre at the University of Bradford, back on the podcast to explain it all to us.

• 4:10Matt Lewis?

  Jo, thanks for coming back to join us.

• 4:12Speaker 04

  It's a really good theme, Matt.

• 4:14Matt Lewis?

  It's always a pleasure to have you back on Gone Medieval. And we're going to talk a little bit about grave goods because we've got an exciting find coming later, but I wanted to try and get a bit of context and a bit of detail about what we're going to talk about afterwards. So in a broad span, when we talk about grave goods, what do we mean? What does that term point to?

• 4:34Speaker 04

  So within the frame of medieval, because of course grave goods are something that are more universal than just medieval, we're normally talking about the sort of fifth to seventh centuries AD. So what's known as the migration period across most of continental Europe because of lots of movement of people and people may have heard it as early Anglo-Saxon as well, although that particular phrase has some loaded connotations which get quite complicated, which I'm not going to go into. So early medieval, fifth to seventh centuries are the broad basis for Britain, although if you do occur later than that in specific circumstances.

• 5:10Matt Lewis?

  And is there a geographical difference in practices throughout the period or is it fairly uniform?

• 5:18Speaker 04

  And there are different patterns. So when we're looking at the fifth to sixth centuries and we're looking at that migration period, most of what we're seeing in terms of grave goods is in the south and east of England and it kind of spreads northwards and westwards, but it isn't a practice that we see as much elsewhere in the United Kingdom. And where we do have grave goods elsewhere, they're of a different style, a different form, suggesting some kind of different material, culture or fashion for those people.

• 5:45Matt Lewis?

  And do we have a sense of when we get to the end of this period in which you'd be hoping to find grave goods, why do they begin to disappear? Why do we stop seeing grave goods?

• 5:55Speaker 04

  And that's a really interesting one because there are some conflicting opinions about this.

• 6:00Matt Lewis?

  We love a good conflicting opinion. That's great.

• 6:02Speaker 04

  We don't, I know, it's always fun, always fun. And so perhaps a more traditional approach, and there is probably some merit to this, is the fact that the decline in grave goods is really happening around the seventh century, which coincides with the conversion to Christianity. So the idea is that because people are becoming more Christian, converting to the religion, they are changing their burial practice, they are electing to be buried, lying on their back in a grave with their heads to the west, their feet to the east and without any grave goods. And this is what became normal Christian burial throughout the medieval period and through to today. But what's interesting about that is there's actually no documentary evidence anywhere suggesting that the church said thou shalt not use grave goods. It's always been much more of a...

• 6:48Speaker 04

  Don't try and push too many changes on the local population, kind of adopt local practices as well. So it's unlikely the church was the only thing, or religion was the only thing fostering this change. What's also happening is connections across Europe, right the way through to Byzantium. So changes in the style of grave goods could be linked to wanting to be part of that broader European community, and also just a change in fashion. And so what we seem to go through is a period where people are buried with extra stuff in the grave, so true grave goods. And then we have a period where you may get occasional personal items, but they're normally something that's worn as part of your everyday dress. So it's not that these objects are not in the grave,

• 7:30Speaker 04

  but they're not extra things being put in. So that kind of suggests we've got people buried in clothes. And then as we move later, there's assumption that we're moving into people wearing shrouds, or being buried in shrouds, so they're not wearing their clothes. And therefore, we might find a shroud pin or something like that, rather than a belt buckle, which we may see between those two periods.

• 7:51Matt Lewis?

  It's so interesting when you get those conflicting opinions, because what you need is someone to have sat down in the seventh century and written a little page saying, and now we're no longer going to bury goods with people because.

• 8:01Speaker 04

  Yeah, and the fact they didn't suggests that the reason was not politically motivated and really important in that sense, that it's more of an organic change that's happening with that community. And so I think when you're looking at that documentary evidence, you're thinking, what are they not writing down? And why is it not important to write down? And I think that's quite an important thing to think about.

• 8:22Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. And so in very broad terms, because we'll try and narrow it down in a moment, but when we talk about grave goods, what kind of material things are we talking about? What's the kind of thing that people were putting in the graves during this period?

• 8:35Speaker 04

  So it's kind of three main categories of grave goods. There's the kind of everyday stuff. So this is things like buckles, small knives, occasionally you might find little lace tags, which are kind of bits of metal that go on the end of a lace, a bit like the end of your shoelaces have plastic on today. So normal everyday items that people are wearing. We then move into the sort of so-called weapon burials. So these are likely to contain large knives, spearheads, sometimes the frill, which is the other end of a spear, shield bosses, which is the central metal part of a bigger shield, suggesting the whole shield was buried, and or rarely you may see arrowheads, axeheads

• 9:18Speaker 04

  and swords, which are particularly beautiful for this period with pattern welding, which is an amazingly fantastic technique where you meld two kinds of metal together and create a beautiful pattern, in the kind of thing you might find in a Japanese kitchen knife today. So the third one is the so-called jewellery burials. So this is where we find lots of brooches, quite often in pairs on the chest, lots of beads, often in strings between those two brooches. You may find pendants that are obviously on the same beaded necklace. Rarely you may find bracelets, and in certain areas, particularly along sort of like the east coast, we see wrist clasps, which are almost like a large hook and eye that are found at the wrist, and it's thought to be some kind of a mechanical closure for large

• 10:03Speaker 04

  sleeves, and they're really quite beautiful as well.

• 10:06Matt Lewis?

  Fascinating. So is it fair to say we can divide the three categories almost into two? There's the kind of the everyday things that perhaps represent the normal day-to-day life of the individual, and there's more symbolic things that might speak to their their status or or statement that they or the people that are burying them want to make about them?

• 10:24Speaker 04

  I think that's fair enough. I mean, not all people have grave goods. There are a fair number of individuals not buried with anything, or at least not buried with anything that survived the archaeological record, because you don't know what organics are in the grave, which is that unknown area of curiosity. And those everyday items can be found, a person buried with just those everyday items, or in combination with weapons, or in combination with jewellery. And so a lot of focus in the research is looking at what is the symbolic meaning of those more richly furnished graves with more stuff in them.

• 10:58Matt Lewis?

  And do we see a big difference in terms of male and female burials? Can you tell the the sex of a skeleton perhaps partly by the grave goods that are buried with it?

• 11:08Speaker 04

  So that's a really interesting one. So for many, many years, people assumed this was a direct male female separation. And there are archaeologists who didn't bother sex in skeletons because we know it from the grave goods, or where the skeleton gives a different answer, they've overruled it with the grave good evidence. And then as you kind of move through sort of like the history of archaeological thought, people have gone, this seems a little bit weird. We've got separate scientific evidence. So people are looking at the relationship between the sex of the skeleton and the grave goods. And by and large, the majority of people with jewellery are either female, or we've not got a sex assessment for them. And by and large, the majority of people

• 11:50Speaker 04

  with weapons are male, or we don't have a sex for them. But there are people who are the opposite way around. So female individuals, skeletonly, buried with weapons, and skeletonly male individuals buried with jewellery, which is really interesting.

• 12:05Matt Lewis?

  Just to muddy the waters so you can't actually work out what's going on.

• 12:09Speaker 04

  Yeah, so it's likely that those grave goods are reflecting something that isn't just a direct representation of sort of biological sex. You've got to add into the mix that there is a level of confidence around the methods that we use. So if we have a perfectly intact skeleton, we're maybe looking at 95% of the time, we are absolutely perfectly right with our sex. So there's always a little bit of uncertainty in that, just because of the diverse nature of human bodies. But also, the less complete that skeleton gets, the less reliable that estimate is going to be. And some of the most sexually dimorphic parts, or sexually different parts of the human skeleton, are also those that are most fragile. So I really like the pubic bone,

• 12:50Speaker 04

  which is in the pelvis at the front, but it doesn't survive particularly well. So if your skeletons are less well preserved, you have more uncertainty. And those are the cases where we may not get the sex correct, and the skeleton. And the way to test that would be to be looking at DNA versus what we've observed. And we do sometimes find a mismatch there as well.

• 13:09Matt Lewis?

  And as well as sex, you sort of mentioned a little bit earlier that there's perhaps a divide between elite and Ordinary people too. Do we never find grave goods with ordinary people? Or do we find different grave goods? Or is it not as clear cut in that sometimes you will and sometimes you won't for both elite and lower status burials?

• 13:25Speaker 04

  I think the difficulty there is knowing how to identify your ordinary people. So the assumption is that people with lots of stuff must be the rich people and therefore grave goods denote status. But actually, they may not directly represent that person as an individual, but rather relate to how they are perceived in their society. So somebody who's not financially high status may have really important social status of another means, perhaps because they're very wise and very knowledgeable, for example. And we can't assume that people without grave goods are the most ordinary people. They could be the really, really important people, they're just buried in a different way. So we kind of make an assumption that lots of grave goods equals higher status,

• 14:10Speaker 04

  but there isn't a way of independently testing that particular pattern. Which makes it quite interesting in that sense, trying to kind of tease out what's going on. But it's likely that those grave goods have some kind of symbolic meaning about the roles those people had in society. So people have suggested things like heads of households, be they male or female heads of households, showing allegiance to particular groups. So perhaps adopting a form of burial practice to show your allegiance to a tribe or a kingdom. But also in terms of weapons, are we talking about a warrior status? And is that warrior status a figurative theoretical status?

• 14:53Speaker 04

  Or is it a literal thing where those are the people who went out into battle? And what's really curious there is that when you start mapping out which individuals are buried with the weapons and which individuals had injuries from fighting with those weapons, they don't correlate directly. So we have plenty of people who are buried with weapons who have no injuries. That might mean they've never been in a battle or they could have been in the battle and been very successful and escaped without any skeletal trauma. But we also have individuals who were buried with evidence of skeletal trauma from things like weapons, you know, swords in particular. But they're not actually buried with weapons.

• 15:37Speaker 04

  So clearly, the "I fought in a battle and I've survived it or not" is not something that grants you the right to be buried with those weapons.

• 15:45Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, which I guess is more suggestive of a status thing rather than a particular proficiency as a warrior, except that it almost sounds like, you know, you get buried with a sword if you don't die by the sword. If you're good with one, you might get buried with one. But I'm sure it's much more complicated than that. But it sounds like they're more of a status thing than denoting someone who fought for a living. You can fight but not deserve to be buried with a sword kind of thing. Or you can not do too much fighting, but your status will mean you're going to get buried with a sword as a symbol of that status.

• 16:16Speaker 04

  That's certainly a possibility. But the other thing you need to think about is why do people suddenly start burying swords? Because they're actually quite expensive items. They take a lot of effort to make. And we have quite a lot of evidence of reuse of swords or sword parts. And it's quite likely that swords were inherited and passed down families or to other important people in your community. So you're then wondering, well, why did they stop passing this sword on? And so it could be that you have a really, really important warrior who has earned the right to bear a sword, but they're not buried with it because they've passed it on to somebody else at some point in their life or on their death. So it becomes quite complicated in that interpretation.

• 16:56Matt Lewis?

  Is it possible there then that we're seeing kind of a cultural shift away from the sword being the important thing and the sword being the symbol of status to the people wanting it to be more about them? Or perhaps that they're beginning to wear a crown that means what a sword used to mean, so that there isn't the need to pass the sword through the generations that they used to be?

• 17:15Speaker 04

  Certainly a possibility that that's part of it. I'm not sure that's going to be the case for all of those individuals. And you've also got to bear in mind that in some cases, grave goods may well have been gifts by other people showing their allegiance. So they may not have been the object owned by that person. And how people perceive you is another factor that's coming into the big story. So it can be quite difficult to understand exactly what's going on, you know, directly from those grave goods.

• 17:42Matt Lewis?

  Because I guess part of the problem is that these people haven't ever buried themselves. So they may have let it be known what they wanted in the grave with them, but they have ultimately had no say over that. They've been buried by the living who have put those things in, either because they know the person wanted them there, they thought the person wanted them there, or the living wanted that thing to be in the grave. With the person that's passed away, so there's a whole lot of stuff going on that must be really difficult to pick apart.

• 18:11Speaker 04

  Absolutely, and what does seem to be evident is that a lot of these larger grave goods are placed in the grave with very deliberate positioning and that perhaps this is something that can be read, a little bit like you'd read a road sign, you know, you you're driving down the car and you see a men at work road sign, you know instantly that means there's roadworks ahead, but there's nothing on it that says roadworks, it's a symbol we understand. And it's likely that the positioning of objects in the grave and the combination of those objects had similar meanings to the people who are at the the graveside and they could look in and read that picture and understand what's going to be communicated about that person. But yeah, as you say, those decisions are made very much by the mourners rather than the person in the grave.

• 18:53Matt Lewis?

  And I guess at this distance, because it wasn't particularly well recorded what all of those things meant, we just don't know how to read what they would have quite easily understood.

• 19:03Speaker 04

  Absolutely.

• 19:04Matt Lewis?

  They they wouldn't, an early Anglo-Saxon person wouldn't understand a men at work sign.

• 19:07Speaker 04

  Yes.

• 19:08Matt Lewis?

  But we do. They would have understood what the arrangement of grave goods means, but that's lost to us.

• 19:13Speaker 04

  Yeah, absolutely. And it's it's one of those interesting things about archaeology that we can start thinking about what these might be, but, you know, short of finding a time machine and going back and talking to someone, we're never actually going to know. And there is this idea that, you know, there may be things that are spoken or acted that add to that meaning. And of course, they're lost forever, they're very intangible, they're not something we can hold on to and look at. So, you know, we have a partial picture and we're trying to figure out what's going on. But that overall pattern has got more meanings than we can really comprehend because our mindset is totally different, the way we think about these things is totally different. And therefore, the interpretations we make of those grave goods are going to be, to a certain extent, influenced by our own perceptions

• 19:57Speaker 04

  of how people express their identity. And that's one of the things we try to pick apart is trying to avoid that bias that we have towards what's the norm in the 21st century versus what was the norm in the 6th century, which is probably quite different.

• 20:10Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. When you get that time machine, you'll have to come back and talk to us, Joe, because I reckon you make a fortune from a gone medieval audience who would love to be able to go back and see various things.

• 20:18Speaker 04

  I'm pretty certain I could, I could hire that out at great amounts of money. It would be fantastic.

• 20:22Matt Lewis?

  Definitely. And before we move away from the kind of the different types of burials and what they might be able to tell us, do we ever find grave goods that are associated with the burial of children? Is there anything specific about what goes into child graves?

• 20:38Speaker 04

  So children are quite interesting. So the first thing is that we don't tend to find a huge number of children in early medieval inhumation cemeteries, and they are known to be underrepresented. And there's a couple of things that could be in there. And there were three things that I think all interlink and build this picture. The first one is that if you have very bad soil conditions, smaller bones don't survive well. So you're more likely to lose the body of a small child over an adult. So that's going to introduce a bias at certain sites. You may have a choice where children are buried in a different place, a different location, and therefore we're not finding them.

• 21:19Speaker 04

  So for example, children's skeletons and particularly baby skeletons have been found within the walls of houses on some early medieval settlements. And then the third one is that we're talking about a period where cremation is also used alongside inhumation. And one of my doctoral students actually found that proportionally, we have far more infants in cremations as opposed to inhumations in Norfolk and East Anglia. So that's a really interesting pattern. Is it more appropriate to cremate a baby over inhum a baby within that particular community? And that's something that'd be really fascinating to try and expand on.

• 21:57Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I guess an interesting cultural approach to the passing of adults and the passing of children and how you can deal with those differently and what it might mean to cremate rather than inhum. Yeah, there's something cultural going on there, isn't there?

• 22:11Speaker 04

  There's definitely something, but going back to those actual baby informations and child informations that we can see, there's a real age-related patterning in the types of grave goods that we find. So the very, very young rarely have anything in their grave. As they get older, you're more likely to see more objects. But those more gendered grave goods, the jewellery and the weapons, don't seem to be used particularly often before a child reaches 10 or 12 years old. And that's really interesting because when we start looking at the documentary evidence for the later Anglo-Saxon period, what we're finding is that that coincides quite nicely with the age of majority. So it could be that you have to hit puberty, which is a biological milestone, or a certain age is a social milestone

• 22:54Speaker 04

  before you're entitled to that type of grave good. But the younger children are often buried with small parts, maybe buckle or a small knife rarely. And the size of the knife seems to relate to the age of the individual. So younger children, small knives, adults, larger knives, and men larger knives than women, which is a fascinating study in its own right. But they may occasionally be buried with amulets and things that may perhaps have offered protection to those children. And they are, in some cases, buried with an adult, presumably somebody who died around the same time, rather than necessarily a family member. Again, you'd need to use DNA to try and test that, to see those relationships.

• 23:35Speaker 04

  But there seems to be a level of offering protection to those children in the grave, which is really nice.

• 23:41Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah, sounds lovely. And the knife thing sounds interesting as well, because this is a time when everybody would have carried a knife, they would have had their own knife on them at all times. And I guess that knife grows with you and with your needs for that knife. So it's an interesting marker that perhaps children are buried with a knife that indicates their age at the time, sort of by the size of the knife that they're currently using day to day.

• 24:05Speaker 04

  Yeah, I mean, you know, you think about children's cutlery today, it's smaller than adults' cutlery. And I think this is probably the same thing. It's a functional thing. It's proportional to the size of the individual to a certain extent, or the age of the individual. There's lots of variation around that. It's not that, you know, by age five, your knife is going to be bigger than it was when you were four or something. But that pattern of difference between children and adults is reasonably strong, some overlap. But yeah, I think it's very much that functional use what's appropriate for somebody of your age or indeed gender when we're looking at the adults.

• 24:38Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, and it almost points to that knife being a really, really personal item. It's the thing that is quite often buried with someone as, you say, a day-to-day functional item, but something very personal that no one else is going to use now because it was theirs.

• 24:53Speaker 04

  Yeah, I mean, again, not everybody has one, and it could be that, you know, in many cases, the iron may have been reused or passed on to another individual. But they do seem to be a personal item that belongs to that individual rather than something that's chosen as a, here is a grave good to mark something deeply symbolic. It's rather this type of their normal clothing, and this is how we're burying this person.

• 25:16Matt Lewis?

  One of the other types of burial that I've come across is what are often termed as deviant burials or execution burials. So where a head is perhaps separated from a body, or they're buried in a way that suggests that they may well have been social outcasts or criminals of some description. And obviously, they're all vampires as well. When we talk about deviant burials, they're all vampires, aren't they? Yeah, we know that for sure.

• 25:36Speaker 04

  Possibly not so much in Britain, but yes, it's certainly been harped for some areas as well.

• 25:41Matt Lewis?

  But do we ever find grave goods in those kinds? Because this is suggestive of people who are outside of the community. Do we ever see grave goods buried with those people? Or does the lack of grave goods point to their exclusion from general society?

• 25:54Speaker 04

  This is something, again, that's quite interesting in that the separate cemeteries for deviant burials is very much a 7th century and later phenomenon. It's not something we see in this really early. Grave good intense period. Rather, what we seem to see there is individuals buried in the communal cemetery, but in a slightly different way. And some of those do have grave goods, some of them don't.

• 26:17Matt Lewis?

  It's just interesting. I think it's the different types of burial that people will have come across and whether there's grave goods there.

• 26:24Speaker 04

  Yeah. I mean, if you think of somewhere like Sutton Hoo, for example, so we're straying into the seventh century. So a little bit later here, seventh and eighth centuries, we have the mound burials with rich grave goods, but there are also flat cemeteries. And some of those are believed to be deviant burials because the individuals are positioned in very peculiar positions. A little bit hard to be certain exactly what's going on because there's very little bone survival. So the evidence of the bodies is just caused by a staining in the soil. Really difficult to see amazingly technical to excavate, you know, brilliant expertise at excavating those. And they generally don't have anything with them.

• 27:00Matt Lewis?

  Yeah. And where we do find a decent amount of grave goods with individuals, can they tell us much about the connectivity of the early medieval world? Can we tell how far away some of those grave goods have come from? Do they tend to be local things or have they travelled?

• 27:18Speaker 04

  So some things have travelled. Most things appear to be more local. Quite a lot of objects seem to hark towards what become the Anglo Saxon Kingdom. So you kind of have Anglian style grave goods and Jutish style grave goods, which seem to coalesce in the regions. But they may well relate to more state formation later on, rather than anything in terms of original migration. But we get items that have connections with Brankia, for example. As we're moving on, we see items with connections to Byzantium and certain brooch types have connections with sort of Germany, the German lowlands, thinking into Jutland. And so you have these patterns of grave goods that have relationships, but

• 28:00Speaker 04

  they're not always something that's migrated. It's a similarity in style, rather than a definite movement of that object. Some, some objects have moved. But what's also interesting is the relationship between those grave goods and the individuals that they're buried from. So with the advances in ancient DNA, we're able to start looking at the genetic makeup of individuals in the early medieval period. And whereas we do have quite good correlations between An influx of individuals from Northern Europe during the migration period, which is kind of what the hypothesis has been. And there's been lots of debate as to how many people did migrate. It's beginning to look like a reasonable number.

• 28:43Speaker 04

  But there are individuals who have virtually no evidence of that sort of Northern European, continental European DNA, but still have those typically Anglo-Saxon style grave goods, suggesting that actually where you as an individual migrated from or your ancestors migrated from is not the only reason for depositing those grave goods. And again, you start thinking about symbolic use, role within society, allegiance to a community and sort of following the local trends as opposed to this is a direct genetic reflection of who you and your family are, which I think is really fascinating. It's really exciting to see that DNA work starting to be done in more detail now the

• 29:27Speaker 04

  techniques have got to the point where we can get that level of detail.

• 29:42Matt Lewis?

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• 31:16Speaker 03

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• 32:47Speaker 06

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• 33:29Speaker 06

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• 33:47Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, it sounds like it would be a really interesting window into movement of people, but also settlement and integration of people and how quickly they felt like they were from where they've settled and almost disconnected from where their family may have originally come from.

• 34:02Speaker 04

  Absolutely. And I think also the connections between the individuals in the cemetery and finding those family groups. One of the really interesting advances with ancient DNA is the fact that we can actually start to map our family groups and start to understand, are they buried in the same cemetery? Are they close to each other? Where we have a double grave? Are they related to each other or not? So the potential with DNA, as those techniques are being refined and we're getting more detail, is just incredible.

• 34:29Matt Lewis?

  And amongst the grave goods that you find most often, are there things that we think are everyday goods? Or are there things that are specifically burial goods? You know, is there a set of items that a person might expect to take to the grave? Or does it reflect an individual more than that?

• 34:46Speaker 04

  So I think broadly speaking, the types of grave goods we get are things that may be deliberately chosen for the grave. And it may be they are everyday items, but they may not have been everyday items in that particular setup of the grave. So for example, there are some rather fabulous brooches where the corrosion of the metal has preserved evidence of the textiles they were pinned to. And in some of these cases, we can see quite substantial, heavy brooches being attached onto fabric that just wouldn't have the strength to hold the weight of that item up if the person was walking around. So we know that in that particular sort of burial itself, that that brooch and that garment did not go together in normal life.

• 35:31Speaker 04

  And that was a deliberate choice for the grave. So that then implies that perhaps other things were chosen more for the appropriate symbolism for the grave, rather than necessarily something that people would wear every day.

• 35:43Matt Lewis?

  So this wasn't necessarily recreating how grandma or grandpa looked when they were walking around to, to place them in the ground. You know, today we might put someone in their best suit or something like that. This is much more symbolic than that.

• 35:56Speaker 04

  I think it is. It's matching the different parts together that fit the story you're trying to tell about that person, rather than a static point in that person's life and how they would have dressed for a certain occasion.

• 36:08Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, fascinating. Just to end on, in 500 years' time, if someone were to uncover your mortal remains, is there anything that you would like to have in the grave with you? Is there something that you can think of that you might want there to, to symbolise Joe Buckbury?

• 36:26Speaker 04

  Okay, so this one's really quite embarrassing, but I'm going to be honest about it. So quite a few years ago, I was watching something on TV that was talking about antiques and teddy bears. And I just had this dawning realisation that my teddy bears that I've had since I was a toddler are very personal to me and they've got nowhere to go. And I realised that the thought of them going to landfill actually really upset me quite profoundly. And, and at that point, I went, do you know what? I am going to be buried with my two teddy bears that I've had since forever, because they are absolutely no use to anybody else, but they are hugely sentimental to me. Now, if that was dug up in five years' time. For one of them, they would just find a pair of buttons for the eyes because it's a more homemade teddy

• 37:09Speaker 04

  and the other one will find the particular fittings and fixtures of the eyes and nose. And I dread to think how that would be interpreted because it is such a personal thought as the how, how I would do that. But I've never particularly felt the need for anything else, apart from the fact no cremation because I just don't like the thought of it.

• 37:27Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, that's, that's really interesting. I've actually got two teddy bears of my grandmother's that she was given as a very, very small child and she always had them on a, they had their own chair in the corner of her bedroom. And she didn't know.

• 37:41Speaker 04

  Which, which are where mine are sat, you know, in almost the same position in my bedroom. Yeah.

• 37:44Matt Lewis?

  And I always remember her, you know, saying, I don't know what will happen to those when I've gone, well, I've got them now and they sit on a chair in, in our house, you know, because they are, they are very, very personal, those things, aren't they? And it's hard. It will be hard in centuries' time for people to recreate that connection, which is obviously what you're trying to do for people almost 1500 years ago. You're trying to recreate those connections that they may or may not have had to day-to-day items. And I guess that, you know, what you've just described there highlights just how difficult that is to do, but how interesting, how human and what a connection we could make if we could get there.

• 38:20Speaker 04

  Absolutely. And it's that very personal choice that permeates everything that people do now and everything that people do in the past that makes archaeology so fascinating. Because there's always going to be something that we can't quite understand. And I always wonder, i- is this just where somebody's done something that isn't the norm, that it meant something to them, but not necessarily other people. And I, I find that particular area absolutely fascinating. Of course, we can't identify when those things happen. But that knowledge that, you know, human nature is human nature and people do things for sentimental reasons or personal reasons. I doubt that has changed. And it's a really humanising aspect of that funerary rituals that we will never get back.

• 39:04Speaker 04

  But do we need to? Do we need to have those really tight-knit stories that explains absolutely everything? Was the air of mystery actually part of the fascination? Certainly is for me.

• 39:14Matt Lewis?

  Well, I mean, that sounds like a perfect way to end. I can't think of anything I could possibly add to that. So thank you so much for joining us, Jo. It's been fascinating to, to try and get our heads around what you might find amidst grave goods and what they may or may not mean and how much we know and how much we don't know. Absolutely fascinating. Thank you very much.

• 39:31Speaker 04

  Thank you very much for inviting me.

• 39:36Matt Lewis?

  Thank you, Joe, for helping us to get a better understanding of what grave goods can mean and some of the problems of trying to interpret them. Hopefully, you're feeling equipped now to investigate a sword that recently made the news. It's a beautiful example from an early date, making it hugely significant to the study of the migration period. I'm going to turn now to Professor Duncan Sayer of the University of Central Lancashire. Duncan has been working with the finds from a location that's being used as a study site for his students and which has thrown up astonishing early Anglo-Saxon finds alongside the sword. So, welcome to Gone Medieval Duncan. It's fantastic to have you with us to find out more about this.

• 40:19Speaker 07

  Thank you very much, Matt, for the invitation. It's a lovely opportunity to talk about something that I absolutely love.

• 40:24Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, well, I think our audience are going to absolutely love this too, because I find it absolutely fascinating. So, let's get into it. You've been working on finds from an archaeological dig for a little while now. What has been uncovered there? What have you been able to discover about the cemetery, its dates, its context, and what kind of things might have been coming out of the ground there?

• 40:47Speaker 07

  Lovely. So, what we've got is an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery, or early medieval cemetery in Kent, south of Canterbury. It hasn't been touched, which is beautiful in terms of agriculture. So, the field hasn't been ploughed in any way. It's been left as pasture. So, preservation is absolutely beautiful. And over the last two years, Andrew Richardson and I have opened up another of trenches in the field to try and identify the nature of the site, its preservation, and its extent. And so far, we've got 12 really nicely preserved burials with just loads and loads of grave goods. And the dates for those at the moment, we're looking at 5th to probably early 7th century.

• 41:29Matt Lewis?

  Right. So, we're talking really early in the arrival of the Angles, the Saxons, the Dutes, in the aftermath of Rome evacuating Britain. We're still fairly early in that period?

• 41:40Speaker 07

  It's very much so. And that's one of the things I think that's really important about the site, is that... Quite a lot of Kentish sites tend to be slightly later in the early medieval period, so sixth and seventh century, whereas this one, we've got evidence of really early burial. So we've got fifth century burials. And that really does speak to that conversation you said about migration after the end of Roman administration. Whether I would use the terms Anglo-Saxons and Dukes to describe those people is a conversation to have, really, because those are terms that are attributed by Bede, really. And I'm not sure that the people who were burying their dead in that space and living in that landscape were actually

• 42:21Speaker 07

  calling themselves those things. I think also what we're looking at, what we can see from the artefacts that we've found, is a broad connection with continental northern Europe. And that, it does look like it follows the sort of narrative you're describing in that we've got artefacts that are from northern Europe, and then we've got artefacts that are from sort of Merovingine in France. There is a transformation, a sort of Scandinavian influence and a Frankish influence on the cemetery. And that's part of this story, isn't it? Is that changing political narrative in the Kentish landscape, where that focus,

• 43:00Speaker 07

  that connection to post-Roman Europe sort of changes over time. How dramatic it is, is part of what we want to reveal in the excavation of this site. And that's really part of the story that these artefacts, and hopefully DNA studies can reveal. We've got lots of genetics on other sites that are contemporary and not far away from the cemetery that can help to reveal that sort of narrative.

• 43:23Matt Lewis?

  It's striking how often these sites reveal such a strong connection to continental Europe, when we tend to think of England and the British Isles being completely separate, particularly after Rome has gone, and it almost is isolated. But it never, ever is, is it? There was always this evidence of a strong connection to all sorts of parts of Europe with people coming there, but also trade links that spread much, much further than just northern Europe.

• 43:50Speaker 07

  Oh, absolutely. And if you think, I mean, so you're talking about Kent, you've got all those Roman road network that still exists across the landscape. You've got a sort of prehistoric trackway system that the early Anglo-Saxons, the early medieval people revisit largely, and a lot of settlements are built on the back of prehistoric trackways rather than Roman roads, which is really interesting, sort of changing part of that narrative. But really, especially when you're looking at the East Coast, it's easier to get to France and potentially easier to get to Norway and Jutland and Denmark and all those places than it is to get to East Yorkshire or Cambridgeshire or Dorset. Because those are over land routes, whereas the boat is quicker, easier if you've got them.

• 44:35Speaker 07

  So those international connections that we would call them international now are absolutely key to these narratives. And you can see that across the whole period, really. You think about all of the international objects in places like Sudden Who, where you've got connections all across, right the way across to the Black Sea and North Africa and that sort of stuff. You know, and what's interesting, one of the reasons why I wanted to do an excavation in Kent is because as part of this genetic study that we've done, I sampled three sites in Kent and one of those, as part of a sort of elite landscape, really, up down, identified a 12-year-old girl who has 33% of her genetics, so a great granddad, and it's that Y chromosome

• 45:20Speaker 07

  genetics, or the sort of male ancestry rather than Y chromosome in her case. She comes from West Africa. And that's astonishing because in this instance, she's probably middle 7th century. So there's no way that that great-grandparent could be from the end of the Roman administration. That's a completely independent connection. And it's a new connection that's developed probably as a result of what's going on in the continent. So this sort of reconquest of North Africa by Byzantium, opening up the trade routes across the Sahara into into West Africa. And what's lovely about that is finding evidence of that in Eastern England in the 7th century. It really shows, I think, how far the influence

• 46:04Speaker 07

  extends across the whole of the world, really, as it existed at the time. And we see some of that sort of stuff in this cemetery. We haven't got connections that go quite as far as that in terms of artefacts, but we've got material culture that connects us really beautifully with the continent. So we've got this lovely 5th century grave that we excavated last year. A woman buried very deep in what's a massive, for her, because she's quite short. In a huge chamber, I think, really, rather than the grave, it's sort of squared off. Loads of room around the body. And in that grave, we've got wrist clasps. For example, these are lovely things. Two little round circles on each pair,

• 46:45Speaker 07

  which have got gilt around on them. And they they sort of clip together. And they're supposed to be to to hold off, to hold your sleeves together. Probably when working on an upright loom or something like that. These ones are very decorative, so perhaps they're not quite as practical. They're what we call a type A. And we don't have very many examples of those in the UK at all. In this particular example, there are no parallels in Britain.

• 47:14Matt Lewis?

  Wow. What do we mean by type A? Sorry. Why are we describing it as type A? What's that mean?

• 47:18Speaker 07

  So type A is generally quite early and they're very continental in their styles. The Bs, which are the most common, are basically flat sheets which have a hook and a hole and connect through. Quite a lot of those types are insular, so they're only made in the UK. They are of a style, wrist clasps as an idea, come from Scandinavia. And they're sort of reinvented as insular objects in the early medieval period. And the vast majority of the ones that you find are in sort of Norfolk and in Lincolnshire and in East Yorkshire. Whereas the Kentish ones, or in this case, the Scandinavian influence on these ones, tend to be quite early and quite decorative. So these ones, they're type As, which suggests they're continental rather than British.

• 48:03Speaker 07

  But actually, these are completely unique objects. There are no parallels in the UK. There are probably parallels in Scandinavia, perhaps Norway, somewhere like that. And that's lovely. That's really nice because of the date of this burial, because those objects helped to identify that date. She's also got this really lovely blue bead, which is sort of Milsfroy, so it's dark blue. And it's got this sort of yellow circular pattern that runs all the way through it as a result of this manufacture. There are no parallels for that in the UK either. So it looks like, at least the artefacts, are coming from northern Scandinavia.

• 48:39Speaker 07

  Also in her grave, we've got a bucket. So it's a wooden bucket. We've got the wood is there, made of little wooden staffs. So actually you can hold it in your hand. It's very small. And then it's bound in copper alloy, bronze. It's quite plain this one. Sometimes they're quite decorative, but this is small and quite plain. Nonetheless, it's just, it's absolutely beautiful. But that suggests really a sort of local manufacturing. You find a few of those sorts of things in Kent, a handful in Merovingian, France, and furnished graves from the same sort of period. But it's very much speaking of a local manufacturer. So we've got things that are local and things that are coming from far away. And until we do genetics or isotope analysis,

• 49:24Speaker 07

  we can never be certain if she's coming from far away or not. But the story in that grave is wonderful. And it's got these tiny little cruciform brooches up on her sort of shoulders, chest and shoulder area. Which also speak of a very early date. And it also speak of a sort of a connection to the continent as well. And that is also, it's just, it's just a lovely part of the story, really. Alongside that, we've got burials from the sort of sixth century that have buckles that you might describe more Frankish in their style. So they tend to have a more decorative shape to them. One of them in particular is an iron belt buckle, which has got loads and loads of little strips in it to create this sort

• 50:06Speaker 07

  of pattern in the back plate. And that's beautiful. And it's something you see in France quite a lot, in northern France. So there is evidence of migration and there is evidence of migration continuing from the fifth, sixth, seventh into the eighth century, if not beyond. And that's the sort of thing that I'm hoping we can do with this new excavation. Is start to put together stories that are much more complicated than here's a burial, here's a bunch of artefacts. Are the artefacts beautiful? Which is really what a lot of antiquarian type of research was doing, very much focused on artefacts, illustration of artefacts, where they're coming from. We've got really, really complicated narrative taking place here. So we've got this sort of Scandinavian earlier.

• 50:50Speaker 07

  Artifacts and we've got these artefacts that are connecting to France, to to Mervyn Dufrance.

• 50:56Matt Lewis?

  That's really exciting though. And as you say, if we can get closer to those human stories behind those goods, they can potentially tell us a great deal about a period of history that we know so little about.

• 51:07Speaker 07

  What we're doing really is starting to tell local stories in a level of detail that we've never been able to do before and linking those up to, you know, national political transformations. And the artefacts here are really, really critical to that. So one of the ones that we've been working on is the sword. Swords themselves are more common in Kent and in northern France than they are in the rest of the UK, but they are found across the UK. They tend to point towards elite individuals, elite male individuals. And the burial that was excavated that the sword came from is a male burial.

• 51:41Matt Lewis?

  And so this sword has got a little bit of news coverage recently. People may have seen it online perhaps, but for those who haven't had a chance to see a picture of this sword object, can you just describe to us exactly what it was that was found? What size is it? What condition is it in?

• 51:57Speaker 07

  So the sword is this wonderful object. I guess modern swords are about 80 centimetres or so. It's around that sort of size, maybe a bit smaller. It's got an iron blade. And what's lovely about early Anglo-Saxon swords is that they are pattern welded. So they have this pattern. I guess we call it Damascus steel these days. We should probably refer to it as pattern weld. But you get this sort of lovely patination, a mixture of steel and iron throughout the blade. When it's polished up, will just look amazing. So it's got the chevron pattern all the way down it.

• 52:30Matt Lewis?

  Yeah. Makes a really, really nice pattern on the surface, doesn't it? So I watched Forged in Fire a fair bit on TV. So I know all about Damascus steel. So yeah.

• 52:37Speaker 07

  Wonderful. The blade is housed within. A scabbard. And they have various fittings, have a mouth and they have a foot. Scabbard is often made of wood. This one, we've got the wood preserved, which is, which is wonderful. And then the wood has within it a sort of leather and fur. And that's pretty much consistent with, with this type. You know, you're not taking this sword out fast. It's not a Japanese sword where you have to pull it very fast. It's something you wear as a display item. It's also helping to keep it polished. I mean, these things are going to rot pretty quickly if they look after them. The scabbard is sort of helping to maintain it. It's also helping to display it. Okay. Which is really fun. And then you have a guard. This, this is any small guard and it's usually made of organic materials like wood or bone.

• 53:22Speaker 07

  In this case, it's probably wood because we haven't got much there. And that's not really there. Again, in modern terms, you'd use it to parry. So you'd have a big guard that protects your hand. This is just a small thing, really there to stop you from pushing your hand over the blade and hurting yourself rather than to actually parry with it. You've got a shield to do that job. It's a small, it's decorative, but it serves a practical purpose. And then you have a little handle, which is in this case is about the size of my hand. So it's one-handed weapon. You couldn't use it for much more than that. And then you've got the pommel end. And really that's the bit you can see on a sword. So that's the bit that's at the top. If you're wearing it on your waist, that's the bit where your hand sits on.

• 54:02Speaker 07

  And we've got these lovely examples of swords where you can see how that's worn as people were handling it, you know, as it's worn rather than holding it. They're often decorative and what's fun particularly about this one is that it's made of precious metals. So we've got silver and gilt. And we've got this sort of pan all the way across it that is unique. They're always unique to those, to those weapons. So you could spot it a mile off. You could say, yeah, the other side of a room, you could spot it and go, I know that sword. I know the history of that sword because it's, it stands out from all of the others in that room or in the wider sort of community.

• 54:50Speaker 03

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• 55:24Speaker 02

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• 56:12Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, and I guess so that's the bit that people can see that's on display. So you have something that's identifiable. So as you say, people from across the room could go, I know who that guy is and I know what he represents. I know his level of power and authority in this room based on the bit of his sword that I can see.

• 56:27Speaker 07

  I know the history of the sword and how he got his power because that sword is the one that's showing that. Absolutely. Yeah, and of course, this one has a ring on it as well. So it's a ring sword. And on just one side of the pommel, there's a little loop made of copper alloy. And there's a big ring that's mobile. It moves around that. And that, again, is decorative. Swords are interesting. And this one, actually, looking at where it probably is in within the grave, it's sort of within the line of the body. And there's this myth, isn't there, that swords are at hips? It actually creeps into the literature in various different ways. The vast majority of early Anglo-Saxon swords are actually placed with the pommel at the shoulder or head and either just outside the body or just in it, sometimes even with the individual hugging it.

• 57:08Speaker 07

  So this sword is sort of displayed at the same point as the person's identity, their face and their shoulders. You know, how you identify a person is what they look like, isn't it? The sword is there next to them. So it's it's sort of taking as much of a role within the visual representation of the grave as the person is, which is really fun. So it looks like this this individual is also probably hugging, or at least very closely associated with the sword, which is lovely.

• 57:37Matt Lewis?

  And speaks to the importance, I guess, of the sword politically in its life when it was alive, when it was above ground.

• 57:43Speaker 07

  Yeah. Why do you put artefacts in graves? Because you're showing off, because you're displaying them. And this is very much about that. It's very much about that visual display. The importance of the person is really is critical here, but it's actually also the importance of the people who are showing off this stuff. They're the ones who are inviting everybody to come. And they're the ones showing, look how important we are because we're associated with this guy. He is also found with one of these gold brachites. And that's really interesting because they're usually discovered in female graves. So whether this brachite is his or whether it's a gift to him placed in the grave by a woman, or as a way to make that connection to a significant woman is part of that narrative. How do these things

• 58:25Speaker 07

  get into those graves? What the sword is telling us, it's an absolutely fantastic object because it's beautifully preserved. I've never seen a really well-preserved sword like this. And, you know, to the point where we've got the wood and the leather of the scabbards preserved onto the blade. And so we've got Dana Gubram Brown, who's the conservator, has been able to to look at it under a microscope and identify that there's beaver fur inside the scabbard. Scabbards are often fur lined in this way. Beaver fur is only associated with the most elite swords that have been identified. So going back to Sutton Hoot again, that's a great example where there's this beaver fur lining to the weapon.

• 59:09Speaker 07

  So that's pointing to an elite object in its own right. But also, the pommel of the sword is silver and gilt. So we've got precious metals. It's extremely decorative with a sort of chip carved pattern. So it's making that direct connection to elite, even royal landscape, which fits into the location of the cemetery. It fits into this sort of broader pattern of activity that's taking place there. So we're pretty convinced that we're within, we're probably part of a series of cemeteries that have this sort of royal association, certainly significant overlordship in Kent, in this sort of sixth century, critical time, the sixth century. So that's really lovely. The sword isn't, I mean, it's a wonderful object. It's absolutely beautiful.

• 59:51Speaker 07

  But it tells a story that goes way beyond just the artefact in the ground. It tells us about politics. It tells us about that person. And could you just tell us a little bit, what is a Bractite for anybody who doesn't know, including me? So a Bractite is usually a precious metal, gold often, pendant. In this case, it's a little round pendant, probably, to use old terms, inch and a half, two inches in diameter. They have a little loop and way in to hang it on, the top end. And then they have a sort of decorative stamp on it. And those things are either animal style decoration. In this case, it's either a dragon or probably really a serpent going around in a little sort of animal pattern with a face on it, eating a tail, I guess, is something you

• 1:00:36Speaker 07

  see in a lot of early medieval art. Or sometimes they have sort of faces on them facing in different directions. Gold Bractites are associated with lordship in very real terms. We see them in Kent. We see them a little bit in northern Norfolk. So sort of associated with coastal landscapes, associated with lordship. And we see them in Norway and a little bit of Holland and Denmark, around that sort of area as well.

• 1:01:05Speaker 07

  Very much associated with elite female burials, often loads of other artefacts in there as well, really a symbol of wealth, but also with those artistic styles, that sort of transformation from animal art to face art, also copying what's going on in the East as well, being influenced by Byzantium and further afield as they're changing in the way that they're choosing to represent the iconography on them. So they're really, really important objects.

• 1:01:36Matt Lewis?

  So they give us a little bit of a sign of people sort of reaching for exotic fashion that they can follow, that they can be the first one at home to have something that looks like a Byzantine piece of jewellery, maybe?

• 1:01:49Speaker 07

  Perhaps, and of course these early ones are also, they're maybe talking more about the connections with Northern Europe than they are, that sort of broader landscape. But certainly, when you find them in England, they're associated, first off, with very wealthy burials, usually female burials. This one is really interesting, it's within this mail sword burial. But also, you're right, it's exotic element, this connection with something bigger than just the little community that lives in that space. And it talks really about those broader elite identities and landscapes.

• 1:02:21Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I'm fascinated during that period, I guess, that you build that illusion or that ability to display power by talking about your connections as far away as possible, that we're connected to the whole of the rest of the continent, rather than thinking, this is my tiny little patch and I'm in charge of it.

• 1:02:38Speaker 07

  I think that's a really important part of how you're saying, I have the right to be this person.

• 1:02:42Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, it must be tantalising to wonder whether you're ever going to find out who he is. I mean, there's often some suggestion about who was buried at Sutton Hoo. Do you think there ever might be a time when you can get close to who this person might be?

• 1:02:55Speaker 07

  We can't get to names because we don't have historical sources, but we can use this this combination of artefacts and combination of objects, well artefacts and scientific investigation to try and put as much of the picture together as possible. We know he's important, it has to be important. Why would you bury them with this most fabulous weapon? As I said, this is this is an elite weapon. This is something that he wore to say, look at me, I'm amazing. And we know from stories like Beowulf, that swords actually probably the thing that identifies you as important, rather than you identifying the sword as important by wearing it, you know. So that Wglaf sword in Beowulf has 10 lines, I think, about the history of it, and two lines dedicated to Wglaf. So the sword is

• 1:03:40Speaker 07

  more important. That's the thing that people are focusing on. This is generations, it's not his sword, it was probably his dad's sword, and possibly his grandad's sword, and they add bits to it and they change it around. And for some reason, that community at that point decided that what they were going to do is put that sword in the ground with him then. It's out of circulation. Nobody else is going to use this.

• 1:04:04Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I was gonna say, that's the interesting part of that story. So the fact that it's hereditary is really interesting, and that the sword would symbolise the position and the power rather than him, which then makes it an interesting decision, like you say, to put it in the grave with this person. What kind of a line is being drawn? Was he so significant that the sword ought to go with him? Was he the end of a line? Did something change and that sword was no longer important? That's so interesting.

• 1:04:29Speaker 07

  It is interesting, isn't it? It's brilliant. Yeah. Maybe it's got to the point where you could no longer really take the sword away from him. He's part of who he is and part of who the sword is. So it's the end of the story. Viking swords, when they're talking about those in the Viking sagas, yeah, sometimes it's also about not wanting to take up the legacy of your father. If you take up the sword, you also have to take up the sort of feuds as well and pursue those. And maybe they were drawing the line, saying, actually, you know what? He was important. This community is important. Look at this object we've got, displaying it at burial. And the other thing that Dana found when she looked at the sword, and the preservation of the scabbard is that within that organic material, a tiny, tiny little...

• 1:05:10Speaker 07

  Snail shells of these sort of carnivorous snails, they would have come into it when it was displayed, when it was open, and it must have been open for some time. And that's really, really interesting that we can see that. They didn't dig a grave, put a body in it, stick the soil on top of it and then go and have a party. This was open for probably days, if not weeks, probably to allow people to travel all over the landscape and further afield, even potentially coming over from somewhere like France, having got notification that this important person is dead, to attend a funeral. So the sword in this case is a really important symbol of that, a way of displaying all of that in that one place, just really as Sutton Hoo bodies, because we don't have a ship, which is a real shame. But yeah, the sword connects us to

• 1:05:54Speaker 07

  that sort of royal landscape, 100 years or so before the Sutton Hoo burial, because we're talking really here about the sort of early 6th century, mid 6th century, around that sort of

• 1:06:04Matt Lewis?

  time. Yeah, incredible. Just stretching those stories that we thought we knew even further back into history is incredible. And, and yeah, just to think about, as you say, all of those people being summoned to this guy's funeral, everyone being aware just how important he must have been for, for some kind of local lord in Kent to attract that kind of international attention perhaps at his death. It makes you wonder who he was. The amount of grave crews that you're finding, we're talking about pagan burials here. So I guess it tells us something about the, the religion and the culture in the 5th and 6th centuries in the immediate aftermath of Rome leaving too.

• 1:06:43Speaker 07

  It does, absolutely. I mean, whether we can really ever say pagan or Christian is, is open conversation. Even in the Middle Ages, Christian burials are buried with artefacts. So the presence or absence of artefacts doesn't symbolise or doesn't signify whether someone is Christian or pagan. And of course, Sutton Hoo is a great example of that because of that Christianity element within there too. This guy is alive at a time which we often describe as a pagan period. If you think really the end of the Roman administration, what's, what's interesting about the genetics is 75% of the DNA is continental Northern Europe, but 25% of it isn't. So there is still a significant, Western British Irish is the way we term it in the genetics.

• 1:07:28Speaker 07

  And I hesitate to use the word indigenous, but certainly a DNA that's coming from prehistoric Britain is present in these Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, even the ones in East Ken. So Roman Britain's Christian, how much influence does that still have on these people? And the way that they see things, you can see really the influence of Christianity in those stories that they're telling. Think of Woden, you know, he's, well, certainly where you go into Odin, he hangs on a tree. That's how he begins his knowledge. That's not that dissimilar to the crucifixion of Christ, who is resurrected after he is crucified, isn't he?

• 1:08:11Speaker 07

  But the rude, which is the church, the early church, just the way that you separate the sort of sacred zones from the laypeople zones, comes from the term hanging. So whether in early Anglo-Saxon Britain, they were really identifying the difference between crucifixion and hanging, or making those connections, it is all sort of mixed up a little bit. And I think it's certainly the case that paganism in this period, if you want to call it that, is very influenced by the remains of Roman Christianity. And with this sort of Frankish connections as well, you can see that there is probably a Christian influence, even as in the sixth century. And when we get into our later sixth century burials, we've got two burials, which are both next to each other

• 1:08:51Speaker 07

  in separate graves, and they are within quite a substantial penannular ring ditch. So I call it penannular because it's got a causeway to allow you into it. The ditch would have gone around the barrow, quite a significant one. It's not as big as a Bronze Age barrow, but it certainly takes a lot of construction. So it's a very prominent thing that you'd have seen in a mound of chalk and soil that you'd have seen in the landscape. It may have even been clear of soil, so it's really shining white.

• 1:09:20Speaker 07

  Those burials have no artefacts in. Now, I've already said we need to be careful about artefacts in Christianity, but that tends to indicate a slightly later date, so late 6th century, early 7th century, which puts them contemporary to the establishment of the first church, it can to be. So is the building of Barrow monuments, and is this a reaction to a more formalised introduction of a new Latinised, Northern European Christianity, sort of Italian, French Christianity, that's starting to come into Britain? The people are hanging on to these old cemeteries, they're still using the places where their ancestors are buried, they're sort of making these prominent connections, or are these people influenced by that very close association to the new church and the elite landscape that this is part of? There is another part of the

• 1:10:05Speaker 07

  story, it's not just about migration and political landscapes, it's also about this sort of, the waxing and waning, the transformation of religious connections as well, which are part of elite landscapes.

• 1:10:15Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, and I think it's another fascinating part of the story, isn't it, that everything here, from the genetics of the individuals, the grave goods that you're finding, the religious significance, the political significance, it all speaks to the world that is more interwoven than we probably would generally think it to be, that there is this ebb and flow of all sorts of things going on, of movement of people, movement of ideas, of religion, you know, are people exploring Christianity but hedging their bets to still a little bit with the old ways? You know, is Christianity finding a way to wheedle itself in by working with the old ways? You know, the early church was very, very good at adopting pagan festivals

• 1:10:57Matt Lewis?

  and things like that as a way to ease its acceptance. Are we seeing that happening with the grave goods there, that Christianity is gradually working its way in and slowly pushing aside some of those old ways, but still allowing people to engage them? Actually, I'm fascinated by the stories coming out of it, you know, my mind is just whirling with all of these connections, and it just feels like a world that is so much more... Interwoven than we generally think it is.

• 1:11:23Speaker 07

  I think that's really important. Yeah, we, we used to refer to it as the Dark Ages, didn't we? We don't generally do that anymore. I think that, that name is still around in, in popular culture. But the reason we don't anymore is because it's a very derogatory term. It tends to think of, yeah, we had Rome, we had lots of texts, well, not so many from, from Britain. And we had this sort of civilisation, if you like. And the implication of the Dark Ages is that civilisation is gone, that people are living in, you know, where we go back to the sort of early 20th century interpretations, they're living in, in holes in the ground. They're living in these sunken featured buildings, grub huts, I think, as they were, again derogatory calls because Rome is gone and the civilisation is gone and the light has gone from the landscape.

• 1:12:06Speaker 07

  Okay, but that isn't true. They've got these great big wooden halls. They're making these absolutely beautiful artefacts. These artefacts that show these connections, they're travelling all around the world that they know of. They're people moving around, there's these, you know, they're establishing new ways of thinking and new ways of doing things. And that's what, that's what's really cool. We don't call it the Dark Ages anymore because it's not dark. It's just that we didn't understand it. But now I think archaeology is able to do so in a way that we've really not been able to before. And that's this combination of really good excavation methods, being able to choose sites, being able to compare with excellent catalogues of material from all over Britain and Europe, but also scientific techniques that we can apply both artefacts and to human remains as well,

• 1:12:50Speaker 07

  which are really giving us a picture that we've never had before.

• 1:12:55Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, incredible. I mean, here's a question that you can't possibly hope to answer, so I'm just being mean by asking it. What would you love to get to the end of this project and have discovered or understood that you didn't go into it knowing?

• 1:13:08Speaker 07

  Hmm, that's a very good question. For me, it's putting this, this whole thing together. So it's all about context. The artefacts are wonderful, but on their own, they're pretty artefacts. What I want to know is the context of everything. So I want to take the time to work on this. I want this to be a learning experience. I want my students to pick up on this, to understand the methods we use, to understand the importance of it, to start, you have to describe and talk about the cemetery in that way. But what I want to know is how those artefacts and those people are interconnected in every way. So I want to know who's related to who. And I want to be able to see those relationships within the site. Continuing or changing or cutting off at the same time as these artefacts' styles

• 1:13:50Speaker 07

  change, that sort of northern continental Scandinavian connection versus the Merovingian connection versus the sort of rise of interior objects and the fall off of objects. What would be really, really fun is if the families continue despite that change or sort of you can see probably what we've got in the genetics is a little bit more French Iron Age type genetics coming in, especially in that sort of eastern C-zone. And we've got that influence from Scandinavia and we've got that influence from the indigenous communities or Western British Irish communities. So maybe what we'll be able to see then is how all of that is playing out in the human biology as well as it's playing out in the artefacts.

• 1:14:35Speaker 07

  And we can use that detail to start really coming down into very fine chronologies, looking at generations within the site. So how is your relationship to your parents and how is your marriage and your children changing and how are people representing themselves? And how is the broader political landscape changing as well? So this is a really, really complicated story, but that's the one that I want to see. And that's why I want to see the whole cemetery excavated, because it's only when we get complete sites that we can start to get that level of detail.

• 1:15:15Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, and I guess that's something, you know, we can all relate to. We don't wear the same clothes as our grandparents did. So things change and things evolve. And I guess to be able to see that playing out 1500 years ago, just as it does today, would be absolutely incredible. I don't know, this has been so exciting. I hope you continue to find exciting things at this site and I hope you'll come back and tell us a bit more about it when you uncover some more exciting stuff from there too.

• 1:15:40Speaker 07

  Very happy to.

• 1:15:41Matt Lewis?

  Brilliant. Well, thank you so much for your time. It's been brilliant to talk to you.

• 1:15:44Speaker 07

  And thank you very much for talking to me. It's been wonderful.

• 1:15:46Matt Lewis?

  Thank you.

• 1:15:49Matt Lewis?

  I hope you've enjoyed this episode of Gone Medieval. I'm fascinated by the ways in which the work of Joe Duncan and others is getting us closer to a period of history that's been considered lost for so long. It's poignant, too, that this brings us closer to the people who lived their lives a millennium and a half ago. They fascinate me in part because they often don't seem all that different to you and I. You can find Jo Buckbury's previous appearances on Gone Medieval in our back catalogue. She's always a pleasure to speak to, so if you haven't heard them, I recommend them to you. There are new installments of Gone Medieval every Tuesday and Friday, so please come back to join Eleanor and I for more from the greatest millennium in human history.

• 1:16:32Matt Lewis?

  Don't forget to also subscribe or follow us on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts and tell all of your friends and family that you've gone medieval. You can sign up to History Hit to access hundreds of hours of original documentaries with a new release every week and all of History Hit's podcasts ad-free. Sign up at historyhit.com/subscribe. Go on, you know you want to. Anyway, I'd better let you go. I've been Matt Lewis and we've just gone medieval with History Hit.

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