How Ozempic and Similar Weight Loss Drugs Really Work & The Story of Money

Can simply imagining yourself doing something actually make you better at it? Athletes, musicians, and performers have sworn by mental rehearsal for years — but does it really work? This episode begins by exploring when visualization helps, when it doesn’t, and why. https://www.popsci.com/will-practicing-skill-your-head-make-you-better-it/ Weight loss is one of the most common New Year’s resolutions — and today, any serious conversation about losing weight quickly turns to Ozempic and similar drugs. For many people, these medications have been remarkably effective. But how do they actually work? Are they safe long-term? What are the side effects? And what happens when you stop taking them? Aimee Donnellan joins me to break down the science, the risks, and the realities. She is a columnist at Reuters who covers the pharmaceutical industry and author of Off the Scales: The Inside Story of Ozempic and the Race to Cure Obesity (https://amzn.to/44tBoqE). Money is so embedded in our lives that we rarely stop to question it — yet nearly every culture on Earth has invented its own version. Money has shaped human behavior, powered civilizations, and driven innovation, for thousands of years. David McWilliams explains the extraordinary history of money and how it really works. He is a former central bank economist, host of The David McWilliams Podcast, and author of The History of Money: A Story of Humanity. (https://amzn.to/4anViHd). Cold weather can feel unbearable — but there are simple, science-backed ways to stay warmer (or at least feel warmer) when temperatures drop. This episode wraps up with practical strategies that actually work. https://www.thehealthy.com/home-remedies/make-body-feel-warmer/ Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

  Now streaming on Paramount Plus.

• 0:02Speaker 01

  I'm Dexter Morgan. I've been killing killers for half my life. It gets to you. You're having a midlife crisis. I'm not ready for this.

• 0:11Speaker 00

  He's back.

• 0:12Speaker 01

  I'm older. I'm wiser.

• 0:15Speaker 00

  And sharper than ever.

• 0:17Speaker 01

  Things are gonna get messy. But if I can't believe in myself, I can't believe in anything.

• 0:24Speaker 00

  Dexter Resurrection. New season now streaming on the Paramount Plus Premium Plan.

• 0:32Mike Carruthers?

  Today on Something You Should Know. If you imagine yourself doing something, can it make you better at actually doing it? Then the latest on Ozempic and other weight loss drugs. How they work and their interesting side effects.

• 0:47Speaker 03

  One woman I spoke to said that she loved eating takeout. Another guy I spoke to loved Diet Coke. And when they were on these drugs, they had no interest in those types of foods. They wanted salmon and vegetables. And they'd go to grocery stores and they would spend most of their money on fresh food.

• 1:03Mike Carruthers?

  Also, effective ways to keep warm when you're in the cold. And the fascinating history of money and why it's often a difficult subject.

• 1:12Speaker 04

  It is because money affects us in a different part of our psyche to logic. Take the price of something. Economists, when they see a price, they see a number. When real people, normal people, see a price, we get a feeling.

• 1:27Mike Carruthers?

  All this today on Something You Should Know.

• 1:31Mike Carruthers?

  Now here's something that might be worth a minute of your time. How would you like $1,000 to spend on shopping? Especially with the holidays coming. Well, the people behind Shopify have a shopping site called shop.com. And to celebrate the new shop.com, they're giving away $1 million in Shop Cash. But not to one person. 1,000 people will each win $1,000 in Shop Cash.

• 2:00Mike Carruthers?

  And shop.com is actually a really clever idea. It brings lots of different stores together in one place. So, instead of bouncing around from website to website, you can search across stores, find what you're looking for, and track your orders, all in one place. Clothes, electronics, gifts, things for the house, all kinds of stuff. And whether you win or not, it's worth knowing, but with a thousand chances to win a thousand dollars, I'd certainly take a look. Enter to win the $1 million Shop Cash Giveaway from now until November 1st. Just go to shop.com. There are so many ways to win.

• 2:44Mike Carruthers?

  That's shop.com. Shopping designed around you. No purchase necessary. Restrictions apply. Official rules available at shop.com.

• 2:56Speaker 05

  Something You Should Know. Fascinating intel, the world's top experts, and practical advice you can use in your life today. Something You Should Know with Mike Carruthers.

• 3:09Mike Carruthers?

  So here's a question that you've probably heard discussed and maybe even thought about yourself. And the question is, can imagining yourself performing a skill actually make you better at performing that skill in real life? That's the question we're starting with today on this episode of Something You Should Know. Hi and welcome, I'm Mike Carruthers. The short answer to that question is yes, imagining yourself performing a skill can make you better at it. In the 1930s, researchers demonstrated that when you're imagining an action, your brain sends signals to your muscles, subtle little triggers that are too weak to make the muscle contract, but ones that might help train the body to perform.

• 3:54Mike Carruthers?

  Alternately, mental practice may create a blueprint in your head, like an inner how-to guide for a particular skill. Sports psychologists have conducted hundreds of studies comparing imagined and physical practice for things like throwing darts and juggling and tap dancing. And overall, the research shows that mental training works. There does seem to be one big caution about this whole thing, though. It doesn't work for novices. If you rehearse in your head how to shoot a free throw, but you have no experience doing it, you will likely rehearse it all wrong and that will actually make you worse at it if you actually try to do it. And that is something you should know.

• 4:43Mike Carruthers?

  This episode is publishing right around the start of the new year, which is a time when a lot of people are thinking about losing weight. And by now, I'm sure you've heard all the same discouraging messages that dieting doesn't work, weight loss is hard, and even when people do succeed, the weight often comes back later. Losing weight on your own can be an uphill battle. Now, some people do succeed, but many don't. And now, there's something new in the mix: these weight loss drugs like Ozempic. They don't work for everyone, but for a lot of people, they really do work, and the success stories are hard to ignore. So how do these drugs actually work? Are they safe?

• 5:26Mike Carruthers?

  Do they change how you think about food? What happens if you stop taking them? And what about the side effects? Here to answer all those questions and more is Amy Donilon. She's a columnist at Reuters, whose reporting focuses on the pharmaceutical industry. And she's author of a book called Off the Scales: The Inside Story of Ozempic and the Race to Cure Obesity. Hi, Amy. Welcome to Something You Should Know.

• 5:53Speaker 03

  Very nice to be here, Mike. Thank you.

• 5:55Mike Carruthers?

  So where are we today with these GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic? Because when they first came out and people were reporting success, there was also a lot of caution. We don't know enough. These drugs could be dangerous. The jury's still out. Is the jury still out? Are they safe? Are they not safe? Where are we?

• 6:18Speaker 03

  I think that that is the question. That is still a very big question that's out there. I think we do know a lot more than when we first started, when the drugs first came out. So what I would say is that I think a lot of people who specialize in obesity think that these drugs are an amazing breakthrough and something that really kind of benefits an awful lot of people. I think that there is still a little bit unknown as to how these drugs affect the brain, because these drugs do actually travel up your vagus nerve and get into your brain, and they do impact people's behavior and their cravings and their addictions and things like that. And I think there's still a little bit unknown about that.

• 6:58Speaker 03

  Scientists are still doing research on the other things, the other benefits that come with these drugs. So there's weight loss, obviously, that they also control your blood sugar. But there's all sorts of things they do to your kidneys, to your liver. And many of the benefits, they're still exploring. So but I think in general, I think, you know, there was a question of, you know, there was such a terrible track record for obesity. There was the Fen-Phen scandal in America, where a lot of people took these drugs and then actually they ended up really damaging people's hearts. And I don't think that anyone thinks that GLP-1 drugs are anything like that. There are some people who unfortunately suffer very significant side effects with them. But for a lot of people, they enjoy tremendous weight loss

• 7:43Speaker 03

  and kind of, in some cases, a transformation of their lives.

• 7:47Mike Carruthers?

  Well, I remember here, I remember talking to someone on this podcast, and the take that I hadn't really thought about, because people were being very critical of these drugs, or there was a lot of criticism going around about them, that, yes, it was effective, but at what risk? But then the guy said, and it just really stuck with me, that, well, there may be risks to these drugs, but there's a real risk to obesity. And that you can't ignore that these drugs do help that. And so we need to keep looking at this, because you can... Toss them aside and say, well, there's risks. But being obesely overweight, we know what those risks are and they're not good.

• 8:32Speaker 03

  That's true. That is very true. So obesity, as I'm sure you know, is linked to 13 different types of cancers, heart disease, fatty liver disease. You know, type 2 diabetes itself is, you know, can really wreak havoc on your body. And again, it leads to all sorts of heart problems and kidney problems. So I think you're right. I think that a lot of people who go on these drugs experience nausea. Some people have diarrhea. But then they decide that actually those things are tolerable compared to the future that they would have living with the disease of obesity and what that might do to their body. So I think that their lives are, if they can, if they can

• 9:13Speaker 03

  manage to get through that, that phase, which a lot of people do actually get over the phase where they have some, some unpleasant side effects, they are willing to do that. And as you said, I think that the disease of obesity is, is very deadly. So yeah, I think that's, that's something that people are weighing up.

• 9:31Mike Carruthers?

  Can you give me a fairly brief history of these drugs? Where did they come from? What does GLP mean? What Ozempic is a brand name? What? Just, can you set the stage for me so people know what we're talking about, how we got here?

• 9:48Speaker 03

  Sure. So it's, it's a really interesting story because this is, first of all, a hormone that is found naturally in the human body and it's glucagon-like peptide 1. So this is a hormone that exists in your stomach. So think about if you have, you know, a Thanksgiving dinner, a Christmas dinner, big, big meal. GLP-1 is a hormone that's created that basically tells your body, you've eaten enough. It's like basically you're satiated, you don't need to eat anymore and it's created. And so in the 1980s, and this was before really obesity became this crisis that it is today, there were scientists who were really trying to work on type 2 diabetes, that the only real treatment at the time for type 2 diabetes

• 10:30Speaker 03

  was insulin. So they were looking, these scientists in Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, and another scientist in Copenhagen in Denmark, they were looking at the sort of natural hormones of the body and thinking, if we can, if we can harness these hormones, if we could make a synthetic or, you know, a scientific version of this in a lab. Maybe we could come up with a much more effective treatment for type 2 diabetes that that, you know, could control blood sugar better. And that's exactly what they found. And two scientists who were working in Novo Nordisk decided that GLP-1 would be, yes, absolutely, they wanted to make a diabetes medication out of it because that was the sort of specialty of the of the company. But they also started to notice that there was weight loss with these drugs.

• 11:15Speaker 03

  And that's not necessarily unusual with drugs. There are many drugs that cause weight loss. But what they thought was interesting is that a lot of the people, the type 2 diabetes patients, were also living with obesity. So they thought if we could come up with this drug that not only deals with their blood sugar issues, but also helps them lose weight, this would be amazing. And then Ozempic, as you said, is a is a brand name, and that is Novo Nordisk's obesity. It was actually its type 2 diabetes medication. And that, if you're in America, that came along with a very, very catchy marketing jingle, which was the O O O Ozempic. And that's what kind of got into people's minds.

• 11:54Mike Carruthers?

  And so the way they work is how? Do they you do they make you just not want to eat more? Or do they somehow do something to the food you eat that it it doesn't stay? Or what is the mechanism that makes it work?

• 12:12Speaker 03

  Okay, so you take a, first of all, you take an injectable pen, which is like a needle, and it basically it's once a week. And when you take GLP-1, what it does is it delays the emptying, it delays the emptying of your stomach. So you eat food, but you feel fuller for longer. So you don't, you're not as hungry as much. But as I said, there are some things that we still don't really know why they do the things they do. So lots of people that I spoke to really didn't have much, they didn't have much craving for unhealthy food. So they had been, one woman I spoke to said that she had, you know, loved eating takeout and McDonald's and all sorts of things. Another guy I spoke to loved Diet Coke. And when they were on these drugs, they had no interest in those types of foods.

• 12:56Speaker 03

  They wanted salmon and vegetables, and they'd go to grocery stores and they would spend most of their money on fresh food. They drank lots of water, lemon infused water, people talk to talk about drinking up, they don't really have any interest in sodas. So the main thing that we definitely know is they delay the emptying of your stomach. That's like the key mechanism for making you feel fuller. So one doctor I spoke to said, it's almost like these people who have struggled with their weight all their lives, live like skinny people. So they they go around not really thinking too much about food, not really interested in food. And for any of your listeners who have sat opposite somebody who was on these drugs over dinner, you will sort of notice a sort of a familiar thing where they they sort of push their food around their plate.

• 13:40Speaker 03

  Like, it's almost like, I think, in some ways, if you were to have had a dinner and somebody put a dinner in front of you, how much interest would you have in that meal? And I think that's what a lot of these people describe.

• 13:51Mike Carruthers?

  So unless you've been there, unless you've taken these drugs, it's probably a little hard to imagine what that might be like. Well, the example you just used of putting a plate in front of you after you just ate. But but, you know, if you like, you know, pecan pie, it's hard to imagine not wanting it.

• 14:10Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 14:11Mike Carruthers?

  And yet, they don't necessarily want it. But what about the people on whom it doesn't work?

• 14:18Speaker 03

  There are people who it just doesn't work for. There's about, I'd say, 10 to 15%. It doesn't seem to have any effect on at all. So they don't lose weight, they don't have any, you know, unpleasant side effects, they just, it's almost like they've taken nothing. So for those people, obviously, it's very unfortunate. But there are, I mean, Eli Lilly is the other company that is making these weight loss drugs. So they have Monjaro, which is a very popular drug at the moment. That is a diabetes medication, which also has weight loss benefits. And they have Zepbound, which is their obesity medication. So they are working on all sorts of like new versions of these drugs. And it's not only them. Roche is a Swiss company. They are, they've got a whole, like, basically GLP-1 franchise now that they're working on. Novo Nordisk is also working on new drugs, the one that made Ozempic.

• 15:01Speaker 03

  So there's quite a rush of companies to to try and make drugs that actually will work for for some of these people who they just don't seem to work for at all. And to also service the people who are struggling with side effects because about 50% of the people who take these drugs come off them a year later, which is quite a high number. And particularly when what they're finding in studies is if you come off these drugs, you put all the weight back on.

• 15:27Mike Carruthers?

  Well, that was going to be my next question that I want to dive into in just a moment. I'm talking with Amy Donilon. She's a columnist at Reuters and author of the book Off the Scales: The Inside Story of Ozempic and the Race to Cure Obesity.

• 15:41Speaker 00

  Now streaming on Paramount Plus.

• 15:44Speaker 01

  I'm Dexter Morgan. I've been killing killers for half my life. It gets to you. You're having a midlife crisis. I'm not ready for this.

• 15:52Speaker 00

  He's back.

• 15:53Speaker 01

  I'm older. I'm wiser.

• 15:56Speaker 00

  And sharper than ever.

• 15:58Speaker 01

  Things are going to get messy. But if I can't believe in myself, I can't believe in anything.

• 16:05Speaker 00

  Dexter Resurrection. New season now streaming on the Paramount Plus Premium Plan.

• 16:12Speaker 06

  Hey Spotify listeners. When you travel with American Airlines, you'll enjoy comfort and convenience at every altitude. Before takeoff, unwind in the Admiral's Club Lounge with curated self-serve offerings of hearty bites and refreshments. In flight, stay connected with high-speed Wi-Fi, sponsored by AT&T. Your journey is designed to feel easy from the moment you check in to the moment you arrive. No matter where you're going, American gets you there. Book now at aa.com.

• 16:37Mike Carruthers?

  So Amy, the question I was going to ask you was, these drugs only work for as long as you take them. In other words, you can't take them and develop new habits, new better eating habits, then come off the drug and carry on with those new habits. People who come off the drugs tend to put the weight back on and go back to eating the way they did typically, right?

• 17:02Speaker 03

  Yeah, that's absolutely right. And I think, again, there's there are parallels in pharmaceuticals that you can think about. So think about statins. Statins work for as long as you're taking them. But if you come off statins, they don't work anymore. And similarly to insulin, you know, insulin works very well if you're taking insulin regularly. But when you stop taking it, your body goes back to the way it was. But something that I found really interesting is that when you speak to people who are on these drugs, their behavior, the thing I was talking about, their cravings, like, you know, the pecan pie that you talked about, or Diet Coke, or white wine, a lot of people talk about really having not much interest in alcohol, that when they stop taking the drugs, those cravings come back almost immediately.

• 17:46Speaker 03

  And so that that sort of shows you the impact of these drugs on people, that they do, they are changing behavior, but you have to keep taking them. And I think that that is something a lot of users really struggle with, is they think that they can take them for a year, they will lose the weight, that they will make some lifestyle changes, they'll start weight training, they'll start eating lots of protein, they'll do all these things, and then they can come off them because they don't like the idea of taking, you know, a pharmaceutical drug for for their whole lives. But unfortunately, it doesn't seem like that's the way these drugs work.

• 18:18Mike Carruthers?

  And they're not inexpensive. So if you're looking at a lifetime of that drug, that's going to cost you money.

• 18:26Speaker 03

  Yes, absolutely. So I mean, in the US, they are coming down a lot. They they were, you know, they were over $1,000 a month if you were paying out of pocket, which, as you said, is an enormous amount of money for a lot of people. They've come down, certain pharmacies offer them for about $500 a month. But even still, I mean, think about what's going on in the US at the moment within, you know, stubbornly high inflation and people really kind of struggling to pay their bills, you know, having this on top of that, you know, in perpetuity is is an awful lot for people.

• 18:57Mike Carruthers?

  What's the future of this? Is this, I mean, it is what it is. These drugs are what they are, and they seem to work for a lot of people. And so is that the end of the story?

• 19:10Speaker 03

  No, I think, I think we're at a phase now. There's still, I mean, it's still almost like an exclusive club of people who can take these drugs, afford to take these drugs. As I said, there were shortages for quite a long time. So, no, I think by no means is this the end of the story. If anything, I personally believe that these drugs are, are going to kind of explode. And I think that cost is one of the things that is really a barrier at the moment. They also are prescription drugs. In many countries like outside of the US, you need to have a BMI, so body mass index of over 30. And you also need what they call a comorbidity, which is something that like an ailment that goes alongside obesity. So that could be type 2 diabetes, it could be heart disease. So in order to get a prescription, that's what you need.

• 19:55Speaker 03

  So if that changes, more people would be eligible to take these drugs. And the other thing is Ozempic, the, you know, the, the most well-known of the drugs, the patent for like the secret sauce of that, the key ingredient in that, comes off patent in 2031. So that is when the price will collapse. And I think that that is when you're going to see, you know, a huge amount of people taking them. So think about the US at the moment, over 70% of people are either overweight or obese. There is an enormous market for these drugs. And I think that there will be, and there will be demand when people can afford them.

• 20:32Mike Carruthers?

  And it is always an injection, right? There's no pill.

• 20:37Speaker 03

  Both Novoderm and Eli Lilly are working on pill versions of their drugs. But unfortunately, they don't show the same weight loss benefits as the injection, which is unfortunate for some people because I think that a lot of people struggle with the idea of taking a needle. These drugs need to be refrigerated. So there's, you know, there's a hassle associated with these drugs. If you wanted to go away, let's say you were going away for a month for work, you'd have to carry four of these injections with you. Whereas I think a lot of people have kind of got their heads around taking supplements in the morning. You could just wash it down with your coffee. I think that that is, that is what people kind of want to get to. And also for the manufacturers, making a pill is much cheaper than making the injectables.

• 21:22Mike Carruthers?

  So when I think about it, there are two kinds of side effects a drug can have. The kind that you have while you're taking it. But then there can be long-term effects. You know, and I'm wondering, are there any long-term effects from taking this drug? That persist after you stop taking it like, I don't know. Cancer or heart disease or anything like that?

• 21:43Speaker 03

  Uh, so no, I think that there are some pretty terrible side effects that people have experienced. Nothing that I've seen like cancer, but there's a condition called pancreatitis where your pancreas gets inflamed. Some people who go on these drugs experience that that can be extremely painful and kind of debilitating. Um, there's another thing called gastroparesis, which is a number of people that I spoke to for the book. Um, had experienced this and there's like a class action going on about that. So this is where your stomach essentially gets kind of paralyzed and stops working kind of all together. So you are expelling like undigested food from your body. So it's extremely unpleasant. So I suppose when I talk to people, when I, when I, I asked, by the way, constantly about these drugs and whether,

• 22:28Speaker 03

  you know, people who are perfectly slim should be on them. I have many friends who have asked me that question. And what I say to people is, I really think you have to think about these drugs as like a prescription drug for very specific diseases. So they are for type 2 diabetes. They are for people living with obesity. And for those conditions, those people have, have an awful lot of side effects anyway. They have, you know, high blood sugar and, you know, they have swelling, they have pain. Um, they're more likely to get cancers, all these types of things. So they make sense for you to take those drugs. But I think if you're in a perfectly healthy body and you just want to lose 10 pounds or 15 pounds, I don't think these drugs make sense in any way. I think it's a huge risk to take with your body.

• 23:13Mike Carruthers?

  Well, I know there has been, there have been things in the media, pictures of celebrities and some, and there's like this look, like you can tell they're on Ozempic because of a look they have or some thing on their face or, you know what I'm talking about?

• 23:29Speaker 03

  They, I mean, they call that Oz face is the, is the sort of what it's called on social media, which is, again, it's not, again, it's not specific to these drugs. It's just if you lose an awful lot of weight quickly, you tend to get kind of hollowed out cheeks, so a kind of gaunt look. And that, people say, is, is sort of a telltale sign of, of people who are taking these drugs.

• 23:51Mike Carruthers?

  These drugs have been around long enough that, you know, there, there's a long enough time for people who have been on them for a while to still be on them like 10, 15 years later. Do people tend to stay on them for a long, long time? Or do people finally say, you know, that this is enough's enough?

• 24:10Speaker 03

  I mean, I have not met anybody who has been on them that long. And I have never, never met anybody who's been on them for 15 years. I'd say I've met people who went on the earlier versions of GLP-1 drugs, which weren't as effective. And maybe they've been on them for like seven or eight years. It doesn't seem, as I said, like that statistic still baffles me that 50% of people come off these drugs.

• 24:35Mike Carruthers?

  Is the experience of taking these drugs that you sit at a table with people and you don't enjoy food, or you just enjoy less food?

• 24:45Speaker 03

  I mean, it seems to be that you enjoy it less, is, is what I would say. I mean, I don't ever meet people who are taking these drugs that talk about how much they love food and how much, how interested they are in food, even a small amount, like, oh, I ate a half a Snickers bar and it was amazing. They don't seem, in the same way, to kind of think about food at the same way. And a woman I was speaking to recently told me that she went to stay with a friend of hers who was on these drugs. And, you know, both of their families were under one roof. So, you know, it's like lunchtime comes along and, and it was this woman's house who was, you know, taking Ozempic. And so they were all kind of looking around and being like, are we having lunch? And this woman was not hungry. She hadn't even thought about food. I don't think she even even recognized it was lunchtime.

• 25:30Speaker 03

  And this, her friend was like, wow. She had always been the person that would wake up in the morning and be like, what are we going to make today? What, what, you know, what great food are we going to make? And she just didn't think about it like that anymore.

• 25:43Mike Carruthers?

  Well, there certainly is a lot of interest in these drugs. I mean, people talk about it all the time. You see it in the media all the time, social media. And, you know, you could very well be right that as the price comes down, there could be a real explosion in using these drugs. And, well, we'll see what happens. Amy Donilon has been my guest. She's a columnist at Reuters and author of the book Off the Scales: The Inside Story of Ozempic and the Race to Cure Obesity. And there's a link to her book at Amazon in the show notes. Amy, thanks for coming on and talking about this.

• 26:17Speaker 03

  No, thanks very much, Mike.

• 26:19Speaker 00

  Now streaming on Paramount Plus.

• 26:21Speaker 01

  I'm Dexter Morgan. I've been killing killers for half my life. It gets to you. You're having a midlife crisis. I'm not ready for that.

• 26:30Speaker 00

  He's back.

• 26:31Speaker 01

  I'm older. I'm wiser.

• 26:34Speaker 00

  And sharper than ever.

• 26:36Speaker 01

  Things are gonna get messy. But if I can't believe in myself, I can't believe in anything.

• 26:43Speaker 00

  Dexter Resurrection. New season now streaming on the Paramount Plus Premium Plan.

• 26:49Speaker 06

  Hey, Spotify listeners. When you travel with American Airlines, you'll enjoy comfort and convenience at every altitude. Before takeoff, unwind in the Admirals Club Lounge with curated self-serve offerings of hearty bites and refreshments. In flight, stay connected with high-speed Wi-Fi, sponsored by AT&T. Your journey is designed to feel easy from the moment you check in to the moment you arrive. No matter where you're going, American gets you there. Book now at aa.com.

• 27:18Mike Carruthers?

  Money makes the world go round. We use it to buy things, measure success, improve our lives, and sometimes to help other people. Whether we like it or not, money is what makes things happen. And what's really interesting is just about every culture on Earth has created some form of it. People really like money. So where did money come from? Why does it work the way it does? And why do some people understand it and benefit from it while others struggle? Well, here to take us on a fascinating journey through the history of money and how it really works is David McWilliams. He's a former central bank economist based in London and host of the David McWilliams Podcast.

• 28:04Mike Carruthers?

  He's an adjunct professor of economics at Trinity College in Dublin and author of the book "The History of Money: A Story of Humanity." Hey David, welcome to Something You Should Know.

• 28:14Speaker 04

  Mike, delighted to be talking to you in California from Dublin, so great, let's go for it.

• 28:19Mike Carruthers?

  So as someone who has researched the whole history of money, what is it? What is money?

• 28:26Speaker 04

  Money is a technology, and not only a technology, it is the most magical technology that humans have ever come up with. It is what we call in economics, a social technology. A social technology is a technology that we use to make us collaborate, coordinate, organize better.

• 28:48Mike Carruthers?

  Do we have a pretty good idea of when people started using money, some sort of currency, to buy things?

• 28:56Speaker 04

  Yeah, we do, we do. Around 5,000 years ago, about 3,000 years before Christ.

• 29:01Mike Carruthers?

  And where was that?

• 29:03Speaker 04

  In Sumer. The Sumer civilization, which is now in southern Iraq. And Sumer is essentially the very first urban civilization we have. And so what you see is that when humans first, Mike, started to become urban creatures, we begin to develop, invent, begin to use lots and lots of things that now we would understand has been the building box of civilization. One of which is money, one of which is organized religion, legal systems, writing, numeracy, all these things coming around the same time. So that's where you start to see money emerging. And interestingly, Mike, it wasn't really that different to what it is now.

• 29:48Mike Carruthers?

  So I remember in school, sort of hearing this idea that, well, the way things used to be is, if I needed you to build me a fence, I might bake you a cake and you'd build me a fence.

• 30:03Speaker 04

  Yeah, yeah, yeah, I remember that one.

• 30:06Mike Carruthers?

  But that didn't really work very well because you may not want the cake. So somebody came up with this idea of money because that equals the playing field and now we don't have to swap cakes for fences, we can just use this money. Is there any truth to that basic... History?

• 30:26Speaker 04

  No, no, and it's quite, it's quite funny when you, when you, when you're into research, what you find is barter. I was taught the same thing. There's no archaeological evidence, there's no historical evidence, there's no anthropological evidence that any societies ever used this thing called barter. Economists have a very mangled word, which is called the mutual coincidence of wants. So basically, the idea was that Mike and David wouldn't trade because David didn't want a fence that day and Mike didn't want cakes. That's not what actually happened. What actually happened was that humans traded with each other and then they had a sort of like a day of reckoning. And the day of reckoning would have been the day you cleared the slate, in effect. And you would say, well, Mike,

• 31:09Speaker 04

  David, you owe me X. I'd say, fair enough. That's okay, Mike. And then we would clear the slate and start again. Now, what do we clear the slate with? Have we cleared the slate with money?

• 31:18Mike Carruthers?

  And so when the first money became money, was it well accepted and everyone said, yeah, this is a great idea, let's, let's run with this? Or was there resistance? Or, and what did it look like?

• 31:32Speaker 04

  Well, that's a fascinating question, because what you see is that money was adopted willingly by various civilizations. The very first one were the Sumerians. But the civilization that really got this going was a crowd called the Lydians, who were a pre-Greek society living in and around what is now the west part of Turkey, about 900 years before Christ. And those guys came up with coins. And once you come up with coins, it changes the game because money goes from being in your head, money goes into your back pocket. And suddenly when it goes into your back pocket, you get things like commerce, you get things like

• 32:10Speaker 04

  retail. And once the Lydians get going with gold coins, copper coins, you see other civilizations gradually but willingly take this on. So the Greeks take it on, the Romans take it on. And before you know it, it is the intellectual foundation of what we would call human civilization.

• 32:30Mike Carruthers?

  You would think, though, that if you've never had money, no one really understands this concept of money, that it would be a pretty tough sell to get people to buy into it.

• 32:41Speaker 04

  Money was so attractive because money then and now holds the same essential promise, which is that with money you can change your circumstances. You can change the position you're born into and you can create a better life for yourself. I think that is the compelling promise of money now. And I suspect, Mike, that was exactly the same for our great-great ancestors thousands of years ago. They wanted to change their position. And that's why I think it became so compelling.

• 33:13Mike Carruthers?

  It seems, though, that, as I understand it, the reason that we all agree that a $10 bill is worth $10 is because we all agree and that everybody has to agree that this has value. And that's why it works. And if you don't have everyone agreeing that it has value, it tends not to work very well. So how do you get everybody to buy in and say, "Okay, we're now going to call this valuable and we'll use it to trade things"?

• 33:45Speaker 04

  Again, fascinating. So you can never get people to do something unwillingly over time. You can force people to do things for a little bit of time, but in general, you can't. So the question is, what was the essential chemistry in this thing called money that not only compelled us, but that willingly propelled us to doing something which you've just put your finger on, which is coming up with an entirely fictitious notion, that a $10 bill can buy me a beer, okay? That a beer is worth $10. Now, in order to do that, you need everybody to...

• 34:26Speaker 04

  In some way suspend their critical faculties. In order to do that, it has to be better than what went before. So as a result of this, what you're seeing is the societies willingly, from a bottom up perspective, began to adopt money. Now, why did they do this? Was it a better organizational technology? Yes. So basically, what you have is you've got, societies can be run in two ways. Bottom up, from the ground up, or top down. Old, traditional societies run top down. Boss man, king, tells everyone what to do. In a monetary society, there's a small modicum of social independence. So as a result of this, what you see is societies began to adopt money.

• 35:11Speaker 04

  And once they did, they never went back.

• 35:14Mike Carruthers?

  And in those societies that have adopted money, does it mean the same thing? Does having a lot of money mean the same thing in all of those societies? And does having little money mean the same thing?

• 35:28Speaker 04

  This is the interesting, it is a universal language. So like, let's say you take like a technology billionaire in California. And you take a rickshaw driver in Old Delhi. And you put these two together. They don't understand each other's language, no idea. Don't understand each other's religion, don't understand each other's culture. But they understand the universal language of money. Now, why is this? Why has it become universal? It's become universal because it seems, when you start looking at the way in which money has developed around societies, that the universality of, as you say, prestige, et

• 36:07Speaker 04

  cetera, et cetera, has been something that humans not only accept, but because of the social value of money, that they have yearned.

• 36:18Mike Carruthers?

  And yet, every country, every society, every whatever, has its own money. Like, why, if money is so universal, why don't we have just one money?

• 36:29Speaker 04

  Because, and this gets us into the political economy of money. Because money is a weapon. So what we have evolved into is a system where money and the state and the organs of power of each country are soldered together. So for example, what gives the American dollar its global power and its unique power is that the United States government requires you to pay your taxes in dollars. And it is the very paying your taxes in dollars that gives the American dollar the heft that it has. So having one money, I mean, we are in an experiment in Europe now.

• 37:11Speaker 04

  We have the euro, which is between, you know, seventeen, eighteen odd democratic states. We've all voted to have it. We have one currency. It's been working for about thirty years, but it's an unusual moment. And you have to have political and economic alignment to have that, whereas we don't have that in the world. So you can't even have one money between Canada and America, Mexico and America, let alone the United States and Argentina, the United States and Brazil, because the essential makeup of the society is very, very different.

• 37:41Mike Carruthers?

  So it is often said that money is the root of all evil, that money makes people greedy. Are they inevitable? If you have money, does greed follow?

• 37:51Speaker 04

  I actually don't think so. So I was educated by Catholic priests, so I get all that from the very start. I got that money is the root of all evil. And in the beginning, I kind of said, well, it sounds okay. I actually think when you, when you look at it, the reason that money became incredibly popular was that money in the beginning, and still now, is an alternative to war, not an amplification of war. So there was a French sociologist, a fellow called Marshall Mouse, who said, in order to trade, man first had to throw down the spear. And by that he meant was that

• 38:32Speaker 04

  In the old days, if I wanted what Mike had, I'd have to do some damage to Mike to get it. But with money, I could say, hey, Mike, look, why don't we just trade? So suddenly, rather than fighting together, we live together, using this mechanism of money to acquire what you have at a price that I want and a price that you want to sell. So I would say that the Saint, I think it was Saint Augustine with the money is the root of all evil. I think without money, we would have a much, much more violent, volatile world, much more so.

• 39:06Mike Carruthers?

  Well, that's an interesting argument. I've never heard that.

• 39:08Speaker 04

  Well, think about, think about, think about China and America now, you know, you guys have got this scrap over rare earths. The, the fight is going on through money.

• 39:19Speaker 04

  Think about, for example, any, you know, I want something from you. Some society wants something from another society. Paying for it is a much nicer alternative than going to war over it. And that's what we have done. So the reason the seven and a half billion of us live on this planet in reasonable, I'm not saying absolute peace, but reasonable peace, given how many of us there are, is because of money.

• 39:48Mike Carruthers?

  And money is, in fact, the way we keep score.

• 39:52Speaker 04

  The way we keep score, the position we have for ourselves, the hierarchy. I mean, I'm not saying this is good or bad. I'm saying it is what it is. And, you know, certain societies elevate materialism, of which money is the main arbiter. Other societies elevate wisdom, age, all these other things. But as a general rule, money allows us to keep score and keeping score keeps us sane. This is the interesting thing, that once you take money out of a society, once you mess with money, once you screw with the value of money, you don't just create inflation, as economists say. What you do is you mess with people's heads.

• 40:35Speaker 04

  So money is not just about keeping score in a narrow way. It's actually about a very, very sophisticated mechanism whereby economies operate, whereby people slot in, where people fit in, they know their place, they understand value, they have a stake, all these ephemeral but unbelievably powerful forces.

• 40:59Mike Carruthers?

  I want to talk about the psychology of money, how we feel and deal with money. Because some people are supposedly, you know, he's good with money. Other people don't seem to handle money very well. People view money differently and value money differently. And what about all of that?

• 41:19Speaker 04

  It's amazing because, for example, I'm looking out here in a suburb of Dublin called Dunleary. And there's a railway line about 20 metres away from me. And that railway line was built in 1841. And one of the chief speculators on railway shares, i.e. the monetary equivalent of the railway, was Charles Darwin, the man who came up with evolution. And Charles Darwin lost his shirt speculating on railway shares here in Ireland and in the UK. Isaac Newton lost his shirt speculating on something that was called the South Sea Bubble in Mississippi in the 1820s.

• 42:01Speaker 04

  What you have is two of the most intelligent, objectively intelligent men who arguably ever lived. Brilliant at biology, brilliant at physics, dreadful with the psychology of money. Now, why is that? It is because money affects us in a different part of our psyche to logic, to rationality. So, for example, take the price of something. The price of a house in California. You know, economists, when they see a price, they see a number. When real people, normal people, see a price, we get a feeling. And it's the feeling that is the psychology.

• 42:41Speaker 04

  And that's what brings us into group psychology, into all sorts of booms and bust psychologies, into explaining why we make so many mistakes, why we convince ourselves that now is, this time it's different, all that sort of stuff. And the psychology of money is fascinating because it is the psychology of a social technology and therefore it's the psychology of groups, it's mass psychology. And that is totally different, understanding that than narrow gauged intellectual ideas, et cetera. Which is why, you know, I remember when I was in school, you know, the cleverest boys in the class, they didn't end up the richest at all. I'm looking back, you know, decades.

• 43:21Mike Carruthers?

  Yeah, well.

• 43:22Speaker 04

  Lots of the guys who sat in the back of our class had a laugh, got kicked out. They're the guys who got money. It's a great leveler, actually.

• 43:29Mike Carruthers?

  You hear the phrase, you know, he or she is good with money. And you, people like Warren Buffett and Elon Musk, who are, you know, very wealthy people, like they have some sort of magic that they, that nobody else has, or a few other people have, that they're able to amass these fortunes that most of us could only dream of.

• 43:55Speaker 04

  But maybe they want to as well. I mean, this is, this is the very interesting thing, Mike, you know, I, you probably have loads of mates, I have loads of mates who have no interest in money. In fact, ironically, I've probably no very little interest in money either. I'm interested in the concept, but I'm not really that pushed about acquiring lots of cash and being a wealthy person. It's never really, really, on the, on the overall schemes of things that are important in my life, not really. But there are other people for whom it's been number one on the financial pecking order is an absolutely existential part of their characters. And that's what I think again makes it fascinating. But what is fascinating is that I think money amplifies your inner self.

• 44:38Speaker 04

  So if you're a greedy person, money will make you more greedy. If you're a generous person, and you see this all over the world, very wealthy people give their money away, it makes you more generous. So I think it animates your initial psychological disposition. I don't think it completely corrodes you.

• 44:55Mike Carruthers?

  So a very fundamental question I think a lot of people wonder about is, where does money come from? Who decides how much money there is going to be and where it's going to go? And where, where is it?

• 45:09Speaker 04

  How it works is that there's one great myth in the money world, and I speak as a former central banker, which is that the Federal Reserve or the central bank of whatever country you're in controls the money. They don't, right? Money is, in our sophisticated, early 21st century capitalist economies, money is created out of thin air by commercial banks. So Mike goes into a bank tomorrow and says, "I wouldn't mind buying a car. Car costs 50 grand, let's say." Mike says to the bank guy, "Could I have 50 grand loan?" The guy says, "Okay, cool." Looks at your credit rating, says, "Okay, fair enough." The next day, you've got 50 grand in your bank account, and you buy the car. That money didn't exist yesterday.

• 45:54Speaker 04

  It exists today. Why? Because the bank created it. The bank doesn't ring the Federal Reserve and say, "I've got this guy called Mike Carruthers, should I give him a loan?" They don't tell anybody, right? They are essentially the alchemy of making money, the commercial banks. So the way to understand money is that where it comes from is it's created by commercial banks under licence from the central bank, but the real kinetic energy of finance comes from the banking system. And that's why things go wrong, because, you know, the easiest way to rob a bank is to run it. Banks go bad from the inside out. And that's what we've always got to be aware of.

• 46:36Mike Carruthers?

  Well, we've talked about money many times on this podcast, but never like this. This is a very different view of money and how it works and where it comes from. David McWilliams has been my guest. He's a former central bank economist based in Dublin, and he is author of the book The History of Money: A Story of Humanity. And there's a link to his book at Amazon in the show notes. And David, thank you so much for talking about this.

• 47:06Mike Carruthers?

  In cold weather, it really helps to have a few tricks for keeping warm. So here are a few. Layer your bed blankets correctly. You should use multiple blankets to help trap heat. So start with your sheets and then put your fluffiest comforter on top of that, and then layer thin, dense blankets on top of that. Also, if you keep your bed pushed up against an external wall of your home, pull it out a few inches on chilly days. Eating fat helps because fat digests slowly. When your body starts to digest, you feel warm because your body has to provide energy to digest the food product. Fat is notorious for moving slowly through the digestive system.

• 47:52Mike Carruthers?

  Remember the good old days? One study found that nostalgia warms your heart. Participants who recalled a nostalgic event as opposed to just an ordinary event, they had a greater tolerance for intense cold. And sip something warm. Hot drinks and soups will make you feel warmer, if only for a little while. Hot fluids don't actually raise your internal temperature, but they give you the impression that you're heating up. Your mouth is among the most sensitive parts of your body, and the hot liquid in that sensitive area gives you the feeling that you're warmer. And that is something you should know. Our podcast is produced by Jennifer Brennan and Jeff Havison. The executive producer is Ken Williams.

• 48:37Mike Carruthers?

  And I'm Mike Carruthers. Thanks for listening today to Something You Should Know.

• 48:43Speaker 00

  Now streaming on Paramount Plus.

• 48:45Speaker 07

  I'm Dexter Morgan. I've been killing killers for half my life. It gets to you.

• 48:50Speaker 01

  You're having a midlife crisis.

• 48:52Speaker 07

  I'm not ready for this.

• 48:53Speaker 00

  He's back.

• 48:54Speaker 07

  I'm older. I'm wiser.

• 48:58Speaker 00

  And sharper than ever.

• 48:59Speaker 07

  Things are gonna get messy. But if I can't believe in myself, I can't believe in anything.

• 49:07Speaker 00

  Dexter Resurrection. New season now streaming on the Paramount Plus Premium Plan.

• 49:14Speaker 08

  It's getting chilly outside. But you know what that means?

• 49:20Speaker 08

  It's time to cozy up with Panera Bread. Let's get toasty, cheesy. Oh, hello, broccoli cheddar soup in a bread bowl. How about melty? Okay, Chipotle Chicken Ovo Melt. It's dipping bread and soupy goodness season. Oh, yeah, we are so back. It's Panera season. Order now.