THE LEADERS: Hitler

Could Germany have won the war if not for Hitler's hubris? Dan is joined by Professor Phillips O'Brien to explore Hitler's biggest decisions during WWII and how he shaped the course of the war. They examine his decision to invade Poland, the Soviet Union and his response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour. With a deep dive into Hitler's background, rise to power and personal motivations as well, this episode gives insight into how individual leaders can influence the trajectory of history. This is the first episode in our THE LEADERS series, which runs throughout March. Produced by Mariana Des Forges and edited by Dougal Patmore Phillips' book is called 'The Strategists'. We'd love to hear your feedback - you can take part in our podcast survey here: https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on. You can also email the podcast directly at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Dan Snow?

  Hey friends, if you love this podcast and want to decide what history we cover, then you need to become a Dan Snow's History Hit subscriber. Pitch your topic and if I like it, we'll make it into a subscriber exclusive episode. So far, we've covered the English Reformation, the Hudson Bay Company, the Trail of Tears, all of which have been decided by dedicated subscribers. So take the reins of your favourite podcast by heading over to historyhit.com/subscribe or sign up in your podcast player.

• 0:32Speaker 01

  This is a paid partnership with Apple Card. The coolest flex at brunch these days is not the Bloody Mary with the bottomless gold flake caviar topping. It's not whipping out your wallet to pay. It's not having a wallet at all. Jack's been an Apple Card user since 2019. That's the same year he tossed his wallet in the trash. Because Apple Card holders earn 2% daily cash back on purchases made using Apple Pay. It's the only credit card designed for the iPhone. I tap to pay with Apple Card at the grocery store, at the gas station, at restaurants. And yes, I use it at my second home, the farmer's market. Jack tapping to pay with his Apple Card with Apple Pay is his favourite thing to do. And the pleasant vibration and chime sound means I just got 2% daily cash back on my latest purchase. Apply in the Wallet app on your iPhone today. Subject to credit approval.

• 1:15Speaker 01

  Apple Card, issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City branch. Terms and more at applecard.com.

• 1:23Dan Snow?

  Some days, I feel certain that history is the story of the massive forces that propel us humans hither and there, like surfers on an ocean of mighty rollers. The course of our civilisation is determined by the climate, geology, science, economics. And then there are other days. I think about humans, well, I think about the random billion-to-one lottery winners, or perhaps lottery losers, who are thrown up to lead us. The people who get to decide. I think about Kennedy and Kris Cheff, who made decisions that took us to the brink of nuclear annihilation. I think about Napoleon, who launches assault on Russia, or Putin, who launched a Russian assault on Ukraine.

• 2:07Dan Snow?

  And in both those cases, scholars think they absolutely could have made the opposite choice. It was a momentous decision, freely made by them.

• 2:20Dan Snow?

  The Second World War was the largest and most destructive conflict in our history. It transformed the global strategic picture. It left ancient treasured cities in utter ruin. It left hundreds of millions dead, wounded, homeless, abused. There was genocide of Europe's Jews. The first manmade objects entered space. The first atomic weapons were detonated. Billions of people had their lives affected. So how can the individual matter in that vast picture?

• 2:49Dan Snow?

  And yet, they do. One person can change the course of history.

• 2:56Dan Snow?

  And in this podcast series, I'm going to look at six of them. Six leaders from utterly different backgrounds with completely different styles of leadership. And in fact, they're the six men whose names loom largest, whose lives and experiences and motivations have been poured over in thousands of books in the last 80 years. That's the six leaders. Hitler, Churchill, Mussolini, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Hirohito.

• 3:33Dan Snow?

  Who were these lords of war? How much could these men bend the arc of history? Which of the many decisions that they made are the ones that we now look back upon as truly decisive?

• 3:48Dan Snow?

  Over six episodes this March, I'll be joined by Professor Philip O'Brien, author of the incredible book The Strategists, as we examine the biggest decisions these leaders made during the course of the war.

• 3:58Speaker 02

  The single most important decision Churchill makes in the Second World War is not to gamble at all to save France.

• 4:05Dan Snow?

  How they impacted not just the trajectory of the conflict.

• 4:09Speaker 02

  What Stalin realizes is he has to step back.

• 4:12Dan Snow?

  But the fate of the nations they ruled over.

• 4:15Speaker 02

  Hitler is willing to sacrifice Germany to keep himself alive a little bit longer. If the German people need to suffer, need to die as armies cross the border, then, okay.

• 4:30Dan Snow?

  You're listening to Dan Snow's History Hit. And this is my series, The Leaders.

• 4:40Dan Snow?

  With all the leaders, we're going to begin, of course, by gaining a sense of their history. We're going to work out how their upbringing shaped their ideas. And I think that will provide some essential context. We try and understand their leadership and their strategic thinking. We're going to start with a man without whom perhaps there'd have been no world war as we now know it. Hitler, the outsider, the eccentric, the electrifying speaker that soared from the streets and the beer holes to the Reich Chancellery. And then launched that campaign to impose German rule across Europe and exterminate his enemies. And doing so plunged the world into another terrible global conflict.

• 5:37Dan Snow?

  Adolf Hitler was born into a quiet corner of Austria-Hungary on the 20th of April, 1889, in the modest town of Brannau am Inn, just in sight of what is now the Austrian border with Germany. His parents, Alois and Clara Hitler, were not German, but Austrian. Alois was born with the surname Schickelgruber, not Hitler, and was the son of an unmarried peasant woman. His father had taken off when Alois was only 10, leaving the boy with his uncle, a man named Johann Heidler. Alois grew up to become a customs official, and his uncle was so proud that he officially brought his illegitimate nephew into the family name.

• 6:21Dan Snow?

  And so Alois adopted the name Heidler, which officials misspelled as Hitler, a silly administrative error that gave us the most notorious name of the last century. And it gives us something to think about. Adolf Hitler was very nearly Adolf Schickelgruber.

• 6:40Dan Snow?

  Adolf's mother Clara was born in the Austrian village of Spital, and she worked as domestic servant in her teenage years. At the age of 16, she was hired as a maid by her second cousin, Alois Hitler. Yes, that means Hitler's parents were second cousins. The couple had gone to have six children, but only Adolf and his younger sister Paula survived infancy. Alois was very proud to be a local customs official. He was known to strut around in his fancy Habsburg uniform and obsess about his reputation. His work meant that the family moved around a lot. They moved from Branau am Inn to the regional capital of Linz. Professor Frank McDonagh is a great friend of mine, great friend of the podcast, and

• 7:22Dan Snow?

  he is a leading historian on the Third Reich. Frank says that Hitler rewrote parts of his childhood to push a certain narrative about himself, a man born into poverty who rose to the top. But as we'll see, fabricating reality was something of a speciality for Hitler.

• 7:38Speaker 03

  Hitler says that his father was a lowly customs official, makes out that he was kind of like a clerk, a pen pusher. But it turns out his dad was the, literally the customs official for the whole of a city, Linz, the tax collector. So he hadn't, you know, as we know, the tax collector has enormous powers, and he wore a ceremonial uniform, and, you know, he was well known in the area.

• 8:04Dan Snow?

  His family weren't poor, but it was a turbulent household. By all accounts, Hitler's father Alois was an authoritarian and unforgiving man. He demanded absolute obedience, apparently, from Adolf and would punish his behaviour with a whip. He had a bad temper, he was liable to fly into a rage at slightest provocation. Adolf would later describe their relationship as a battle of competing wills, and he recalled, "I never loved my father. I therefore feared him all the more." Things only got worse for Hitler as he grew up and began to resist his father's attempt to push him into the civil service. Young Adolf had decided to take a more creative course in his life. He enjoyed painting and drawing. He set his sights on becoming an artist.

• 8:46Dan Snow?

  To Adolf, nothing seemed worse than the monotony of an office job. To his father, the idea of raising an artist was unthinkable. In stark contrast, Clara was a doting mother. She pampered her son, encouraged him to pursue whatever he liked. Adolf's sister Paula would later describe her as a very soft and tender person, who struggled to keep Hitler in check as he became more and more headstrong.

• 9:11Speaker 03

  What we know is that Hitler had a very good relationship with his mother and a very bad relationship with his father. Some people have called this the Oedipus complex. And it went a bit far, you know, they love their mothers, their mother dotes over them, but they don't like their father. And in this case, his father was very violent. Hitler says that he administered beatings repeatedly against him. And he said, "I loved my mother and I respected my father, but I didn't love him."

• 9:42Dan Snow?

  While at school in Linz, Hitler performed below average academically. He did gravitate towards history, though. Aged 11, it was in his history lessons that Hitler was first introduced the idea of German nationalism. He idolized Germanic heroes like Frederick the Great and Otto von Bismarck. An avid reader, Adolf spent much of his childhood off in his own world. The hugely popular German writer Carl May was a favourite of his, and May's Tales of the Old American West appealed to Hitler, who admired underdog characters like Old Shatterhand. In these stories, the intrepid explorer befriends the brave Winnetou, an Apache chief. His writing romanticised indigenous American culture and portrayed characters like Winnetou as honest and trustworthy

• 10:27Dan Snow?

  in contrast to the pale-faced frontiersmen. For its time, this was quite a radical departure from the more popular interpretation of the American West, and one that Adolf imbibed enthusiastically.

• 10:39Dan Snow?

  He also loved imaginary war games, in particular reenacting the Boer struggle against the British Empire with himself playing, you guessed it, the underdog, rugged Boer commando. In 1903, Alois Hitler suddenly died of a lung hemorrhage. There was no resistance anymore to Hitler's artistic leanings, and he was able to throw himself into them completely.

• 11:02Speaker 03

  He was, when he moved to Linz in about the late 19th century. He says he lived the life of a dilettante. There's a kind of drawing of him, you know, he's got a moustache and he wears a hat. Apparently he had a cane and he would go to the opera quite regularly and hang out in local cafes. So if you met him, he was that kind of guy. You remember when you were AC and you go to a cafe and you meet some guy and he says, "What are you doing?" And he says, "I'm in a band, you know, and I've got a few gigs going on," you know. He wasn't someone you'd say, "Oh, you know, he's going to be a rabble-rousing dictator." More like he was going to be a poet. And that's how he saw himself at that stage.

• 11:42Dan Snow?

  So he's in Linz, he's going to the opera, he sees himself as a poet. Is that why he goes to Vienna, this cultural capital?

• 11:48Speaker 03

  Well, he has a friend who he meets in Linz called August Kubesek, and he's a musician and he wants to get into the Vienna Music School. And Hitler has this idea he's going to get into the Vienna School of Art, you know, one of the greatest art schools in the whole of Europe, based on a few drawings that he's done.

• 12:06Dan Snow?

  But does he get into the School of Art?

• 12:08Speaker 03

  No, he gets turned down, not once, but twice. He drops out then. The strange thing about Hitler is that we have so little evidence, real source evidence, for what he was doing in Vienna from 1907 to 1913. We know that he went to musical evenings with, ironically, with a Jewish family. So we can't really say that he was anti-Semitic in his Vienna period. Then he says that he went along to the local parliament and he watched some speakers, like the mayor of Vienna was called Karl Luger, and he was very charismatic, fine speaker. And he was a populist really, very anti-Semitic.

• 12:48Speaker 03

  As well. So he said that he listens to that. He said he bore pamphlets on antisemitism. He says that when he looked around Vienna, he noticed that Jewish people were different. So for the first time, he sees them as others, because most of them are Eastern European Jews. Antisemitism was pretty prevalent in Austria, pretty prevalent in France, in circles in Britain. It was pretty prevalent and in Russia, of course, there were pogroms against Jews. So I think it was pretty uniform. So he couldn't go through Vienna, a cosmopolitan city like that, with the the highest Jewish population of any city in Europe and not be, you know, inculcated in antisemitism.

• 13:32Dan Snow?

  So Hitler is 25 years old at this point. He's in Vienna. It's a multicultural capital with all the energy and opportunities and prejudices that you find in a diverse city. He's exploring the potent antisemitism that's definitely sweeping across Europe. He's reading about German nationalism. He's also dealing with his own insecurities. He's been rejected by prestigious artistic institutions. He's struggling to sell his work. He's relying on payouts from his father's inheritance to make ends meet. It does seem like a very dangerous combination. All of those insecurities, those external factors, mixed with his strong sense of self-importance.

• 14:14Dan Snow?

  And young Hitler doesn't have long to wait before he finds himself drawn into one of history's greatest dramas. It's 1914 and Adolf Hitler is about to go to war.

• 14:27Speaker 03

  That transforms his life really, because he signs up for the Liss regimen, spends his time on the Western Front, and he's a messenger first on a bike, then on a motorcycle. He takes messages from the front.

• 14:41Dan Snow?

  Hitler made a competent soldier. While his job as a messenger meant that he wasn't always right up in the frontline trenches, he wasn't the tip of the spear, he was still extremely dangerous. Artillery barrages would have been constantly landing around him, and there was always the possibility that he would get caught up in an enemy attack or raid, killed by a sniper, or choke on poison gas. He was wounded several times by flying shrapnel and mustard gas, and he did win prestigious awards like the Iron Cross First Class. And is he social? Does he make friends?

• 15:14Speaker 03

  Well, not really, because he's kind of a bit older. He's like 25. He's a bit older than the raw recruits who were in about 18, and they see him as a rather strange. They call him Uncle Dolph. And he has a little dog called Foxy. Someone kills his dog, and he said, "If only that person knew how much I loved that dog, they never would have killed it."

• 15:36Dan Snow?

  So he's obviously a loner?

• 15:37Speaker 03

  Oh, he was a loner, yeah. Yeah, he was a loner. But in the sense that he was a loner, but you know, it's like that thing about, you know, when they have a murder and he kills, you know, many people. And then people go on about him being a loner, and then you find out that he's got all these friends, and he went to the pub every week and so on. I think with Hitler, he was always in social situations, but he was a bit awkward. He couldn't have a conversation because he couldn't listen to the other person. He didn't have much empathy with other people. He loved the sound of his own voice.

• 16:08Dan Snow?

  He decorated for bravery, though. Conspiracy gallantry.

• 16:12Speaker 03

  Yep. He gets two Iron Crosses for bravery, awarded ironically by a Jewish officer. There's a view that he was a corporal, but he actually wasn't. He was just promoted to a kind of assistant corporal, something like that. He had no power over any other officers.

• 16:31Dan Snow?

  And what about his politics? Because I've read in your books, he does start haranguing his mates at this point, doesn't he? He develops quite a powerful sort of words. He doesn't listen. He's happy to broadcast.

• 16:41Speaker 03

  Nationalism is his credo, he's a patriot, a super patriot. His colleagues in the trenches say that whenever someone talks about defeat, he stands up then and he gives a big harangue, you know, and he's very patriotic. His officers even say they'd never seen anyone as loyal and patriotic. He never seems to have another side to him to question authority. Interestingly enough, he just accepts authority. Authority to him is good. And I suppose that kind of army discipline inculcates into his eventual Nazism. It's the same thing, it's like he, he's running the country like it's an army.

• 17:21Dan Snow?

  And he's wounded a couple of times.

• 17:24Speaker 03

  Yeah, he gets wounded, he goes to a hospital in Passau. He's had a mustard gas attack and he's gone blind, briefly gone blind. And he's in this hospital and then the chaplain comes in and says to him, Germany's lost the war. He says that he threw himself into his pillow and starts to cry. And he said, it's all been for nothing. And he says at that moment, he decided to enter politics.

• 17:47Dan Snow?

  We should always take Hitler's account of his own life with a pinch of salt. His infamous autobiographical work Mein Kampf plays very fast and loose with the truth. It's really more of a mythical origin story for the cult of Hitler than a factual account of his life. But it does seem certain that at the end of the war, he was dejected. And like so many other Germans, he grew to resent those who had ended, as he saw it, dishonorably, ended it in a sort of surrender. And from this resentment grew a conspiracy that took hold in Germany. There had been Jews and communists at home in Germany, who had conspired to end the war disastrously, early, yet for their own gain.

• 18:31Dan Snow?

  They'd betrayed good patriotic Germans who'd gone away to fight. It's often referred to as the stab in the back myth, and it's a recurring motif in Hitler's ideas, speeches, writing. For many Germans in the interwar period, the First World War was not something to be avoided at all costs, consigned to the past, to be moved beyond. It's something that remained unfinished.

• 18:54Dan Snow?

  I'm sort of fascinated by these hardened, brutalised veterans who decide to enter politics, whether it's in Italy or in Britain or in Germany. What are they hoping to achieve?

• 19:06Speaker 03

  I think first of all, it grows out of their own dissatisfaction. So you've got their dissatisfaction. The world hasn't turned out the way they wanted it. Germany didn't win the war. The Treaty of Versailles has come along. There's a democratic government. And they just feel as though this is the worst hell imaginable.

• 19:24Dan Snow?

  And they've suffered so much for a vision of the future that they were fighting for.

• 19:27Speaker 03

  Yeah. And because, of course, Germany wasn't invaded, they could believe in this myth, this stabbing the back myth, that Germany wasn't defeated. It was stabbed in the back by Jews and socialists at home. And Hitler came to believe that when he goes back to Munich at the end of the war. But he's got no clear idea of what he's going to be. He sort of falls into it. And he meets, obviously, he meets people. Like, all great people meet people, don't they, along the way? They always have a mentor. There's always someone. There's always a Brian Epstein for every Beatle, you know. And in a way, politicians are like that. They meet people. And Hitler, it's who he meets that makes a difference, I think.

• 20:10Dan Snow?

  By 1919, Hitler had been desperate to stay in the army, desperate to avoid unemployment. And he'd end up working seemingly as a spy in the German army intelligence. His job was to infiltrate subversive political parties and report back on them. And it was this job that would faithfully connect him with the nascent far-right political group called the German Workers' Party, or the DAP. The founder and chairman of the DAP was a man named Anton Drexler. In September 1919, Hitler attended one of Drexler's party meetings and speeches. He had a back and forth with the main speaker, and Drexler was impressed with Hitler's oratory skills, inviting him to join the party.

• 20:52Dan Snow?

  Hitler embraced the ideology of the party. Throughout 1919, he encouraged the DAP to become more proactive. Target working-class Germans. The party ramped up its nationalistic language, its antisemitism, its anti-Marxism. Hitler began making public speeches. He won a reputation within the party as a skillful orator. Seeing Hitler's growing popularity, well, Drexler promoted him. He made him head of the party's propaganda machine in 1920. And what do you do when you're a new head of propaganda or spin? You change the name, you do a rebrand. From that point forth, there was a National Socialist German Workers' Party, the NSDAP, or what we now know as the Nazi Party.

• 21:37Dan Snow?

  And Hitler was fast becoming their main attraction. In 1921, a mutiny broke out.

• 21:43Speaker 03

  He basically takes over that party because he's a fantastic speaker. You know, he's just one of those people who, you know, starts to speak and people listen. And he went round the beer halls. If you like, it was like Hitler mania, like Beatle mania really. And he went round these beer halls and people would say, Hitler's appearing tonight. And people say, oh, wow, go and see him. He was a great speaker. I mean, he started out, when he gave his speeches, he'd come in with some papers and then he'd shuffle them, he'd be nervous. He did it all deliberately. He'd try and make it a personal story, you know, I'm just like you. He'd start off trying to get empathy for himself, you know, I'm just like you, I'm the same as you, I come from nothing.

• 22:25Speaker 03

  But in the end, he sort of ends with some kind of flourish of patriotism, if you like. Before me comes Germany, in me marches Germany, and after me will come Germany. You know, these are little phrases, but they are wonderfully evocative and passionous. Hitler was very passionate, and I think it's that passion that people started to buy into. You know, we need to get up, fight this dreary democracy that we've got that doesn't go anywhere and has got faceless politicians.

• 22:58Dan Snow?

  Hitler consolidated his passionate disdain for democracy and his ideas on racial purity into a book. It's called Mein Kampf, and he wrote it while he was in prison after the failed Beer Hall putsch of November 1923. When he was released, just nine months later, he pivoted. He started to pursue power by conventional, lawful means. And in the late 1920s, the Nazi Party had gained traction. Largely fuelled by the economic devastation of the Great Depression, Hitler seemed somehow ready for that moment. Powerful rhetoric, a mastery of new media platforms, an ability to spread propaganda with simple

• 23:41Dan Snow?

  solutions that swayed the masses.

• 23:47Dan Snow?

  By July 1932, the Nazis had become the largest party in the Reichstag. On January 30, 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor. A month after that, Hitler used an arson attack on the Reichstag Building as an excuse to suppress civil liberties. He passed the infamous Enabling Act of March 1933, which gave him full legislative and executive control of Germany. After Hindenburg's death in August 1934, Hitler merged the roles of Chancellor and President. He declared himself Führer. Political opponents were swiftly eliminated. The first Nazi concentration camp at Dachau was established.

• 24:38Dan Snow?

  He now had the power, he had the space to pursue his strategic goals. By March 1939, German forces had remilitarised the Rhineland, annexed Austria, and invaded Czechoslovakia. But Hitler's ambition did not stop there.

• 25:06Dan Snow?

  Like all of us, Hitler was shaped by his early life. His hatred of the ethnic diversity and the perceived weakness of this Austrian homeland. The intense sense of belonging he felt when he was in the army, in the trenches. The rage he was filled with at the end of the First World War. The assumption that it couldn't have been his band of hardy frontline soldiers that lost, it must be Jews, socialists at home who'd sold them out. I also think with Hitler, luck is so important. He'd survived the trenches, he'd narrowly avoided bullets during his putsch. The Great Depression had elevated him from a loudmouth on the fringes of politics to main character. Britain and France, they had blinked in their early standoffs.

• 25:50Dan Snow?

  I think Hitler felt like he was on a roll. He was a creature of destiny. I'm now joined by Philip O'Brien, Professor of Strategic Studies at the University of St Andrews, to look more closely at Hitler's three biggest decisions of the war. We're going to break down his invasion of Poland, his invasion of the Soviet Union, and his declaration of war on the United States of America.

• 26:13Dan Snow?

  You're listening to our Leaders series. What was Hitler thinking when he declared war on the USA? More after the break.

• 26:24Dan Snow?

  This episode is brought to you by TikTok. I never thought about the history of coffee. You make it, you drink it, nothing more to it. Then I've had a TikTok video about how people in the 1700s would pour their coffee into saucers to let it cool before drinking it. I love that sort of discovery, a detail, but suddenly you're imagining how people lived and drank and socialised. Now I wonder what all baffled historians about us: mugs. It's a ceramic vessel, but crucially, it has a handle. Well, that's the joy of TikTok, folks. You look for one thing and find yourself somewhere completely different. Your next discovery is waiting on TikTok. Learn more at tiktok.com/discovermore.

• 27:08Speaker 01

  This is a paid partnership with Apple Card. The coolest flex at brunch these days is not the Bloody Mary with the bottomless gold flake caviar topping. It's not whipping out your wallet to pay. It's not having a wallet at all. Jack's been an Apple Card user since 2019. That's the same year he tossed his wallet in the trash. Because Apple Card holders earn 2% daily cash back on purchases made using Apple Pay. It's the only credit card designed for the iPhone. I tap to pay with Apple Card at the grocery store, at the gas station, at restaurants. And yes, I use it at my second home, the farmer's market. Jack tapping to pay with his Apple Card with Apple Pay is his favorite thing to do. And the pleasant vibration and chime sound means I just got 2% daily cash back on my latest purchase. Apply in the Wallet app on your iPhone today. Subject to credit approval.

• 27:51Speaker 01

  Apple Card, issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City branch. Terms and more at applecard.com.

• 27:57Speaker 04

  Pessimism. It's never going to improve a disconnected healthcare system. Next. So what will? At Optum, we're working every day to connect primary, specialty, and pharmacy care, and help lower prescription costs. Will we fix it all overnight? No. But we'll wake up trying, again and again, until healthcare works as one for everyone. That's healthy optimism. Learn more at optum.com. Optum.

• 28:29Speaker 05

  What started the Civil War? What ended the conflict in Vietnam? Who was Paul Revere? And did the Vikings ever reach America?

• 28:40Speaker 05

  I'm Don Wildman, and on American History Hit, my expert guests and I are journeying across the nation and through the years to uncover the stories that have made America. We'll visit the battlefields and debate floors where the nation was formed, meet the characters who have altered it with their touch, and count the votes that have changed the direction of our laws and leadership.

• 29:03Speaker 05

  Find American History Hit twice a week, every week, wherever you get your podcasts. American History Hit, a podcast from History Hit.

• 29:24Dan Snow?

  Phil, vamos ao verão de 1939. Os esforços de Hitler foram pagos. Ele reocupou a Rhine, conquistou e ocupou a Austria. Ele conseguiu pegar as terras checas. Qual é o seu próximo movimento? O que você acha que vai acontecer?

• 29:36Speaker 02

  O seu próximo movimento é a Polônia. Com bastante clara visão, é a Polônia. Ele realmente não quer iniciar uma guerra mundial. Eu acho que isso é o ponto-chave. Ele não está pensando que no verão de 1939 ele vai começar a segunda guerra mundial na Europa. Ele está pensando que ele vai fazer outro passo em seu caminho para a recuperação de terras alemanas e a weakening do inimigo alemão para o oeste. E ele vai para a Polônia. Ele já eradicou a Ceca e a Slovaquia. Então ele pegou todas as terras checas e a Slovaquia é um estado independente, mas estreito aliado a ele. E a Polônia tem uma grande população alemã no norte, em Danzig, e está na fronteira alemã. Então o que ele está tentando fazer agora é basicamente cobarde a Polônia como estado. Sua preocupação é que os britânicos e os franceses podem lutar pela Polônia.

• 30:21Speaker 02

  Até agora, ele sempre foi capaz de manter os britânicos e os franceses destruídos. Ok, ele os mantém fora de remilitarizar a Rhine primeiro, e então o Anschluss, e então a Ceca. Mas ele não está completamente seguro se eles vão ou não lutar. Então ele está tentando, no verão de 1939, reunir a situação internacional, uma estrutura de aliança, para manter os britânicos e os franceses fora. Ele não está tentando iniciar a guerra. E é por isso que ele se vê decisivamente em Stalin e a União Soviética. É o seu tento realmente de prevenir uma guerra geral europeia. Porque sua visão é que se ele pode fazer um acordo com Stalin, os britânicos e os franceses vão ter que aceitar a realidade da situação, que a Polônia é condenada

• 31:04Speaker 02

  e que haveria uma boa chance de que eles não lutassem.

• 31:07Dan Snow?

  Havia uma extensão a que Hitler também queria mostrar, sem necessariamente lutar contra eles, mas humilhar o Britânio e a França?

• 31:17Speaker 02

  Eu acho que o que realmente é importante é que Hitler... Ele nunca entendeu o quanto era perigoso para eles. That he thought actually he and Chamberlain sort of could always cut deal. I mean, during the war, when the war is going badly, he has some of these evenings where he said, if only Chamberlain had stayed in power, we could have cut a deal. So he sort of thinks that at this point, he's looked at as a German leader with whom the British can make deals and had made deals. So he always has a healthy respect for British power. I think we have to understand that. He actually is very, always very cognizant of what the British have done with the Royal Navy and how important that is. In fact, he doesn't want to be a threat to it until very late, does he actually start thinking about being a real naval threat to Britain?

• 31:59Speaker 02

  It's more about, in his mind, making it clear to them, they can't do anything. How are they going to fight for Poland?

• 32:05Dan Snow?

  It's a fait accompli.

• 32:06Speaker 02

  Fait accompli. If he has Stalin on side, how the heck are they going to fight for Poland?

• 32:10Dan Snow?

  But Britain and France do give a security guarantee to Poland. He still can't bring himself to believe that the Brits and the French are going to intervene when they cannot do anything military to help Poland. It's impossible. Different side of Europe, it's inconceivable. And that's why he goes and invades Poland.

• 32:26Speaker 02

  Then we go back one. There had been security guarantees to Czechoslovakia. So the idea that the British and French had given guarantees to Poland, the British and the French had pledged that Austria would never join Germany. They had pledged that they would defend Czechoslovakia. So he had learned that these pledges were pretty fungible and ones that they could compromise on. So it's not that he actually thinks they, he thinks they won't fight, or there's a significant chance they won't fight. I think that's the primary thing. Once he signs with Stalin, which he is ecstatic about, I mean, both Stalin and Hitler basically celebrate the night of the Nazi-Soviet Pact. His celebration is that he thinks he has made it so that the British and the French will give him Poland, or that there's a very good chance of it. Now, the other thing to remember is this time, he's up and down all the time.

• 33:12Speaker 02

  So he's ecstatic the night of the Nazi Soviet Pact, but then he gets depressed when he realizes Mussolini won't fight for him. So he's very emotionally volatile in the summer of 1939. Many of the people around him are worried that they're going to launch a world war. Hermann Göring, the head of the Luftwaffe and his deputy, is quite nervous that they are going to unleash a war with the British and the French. So he has his vision. He knows it has potential weaknesses, but ultimately he wants to see it through.

• 33:41Dan Snow?

  I'm always struck by that moment when they're in Berlin and they get news of the British ultimatum. They invade Poland, the Brits then do issue the ultimatum. And Hitler looks at Ribbentrop furious and just goes, what now? Because they realize they've miscalculated.

• 33:56Speaker 02

  Yep. When the British and the French definitely go to war, it's a blow. The also thing is that the German population doesn't seem that excited in September 1939. It's not like 1914 where some crowds went on the street. I know we have probably overstated the depth of the crowds of 1914, but it's not like Germany is gripped by war joy in the summer of 1939. But Hitler now has to see it through. He's got to because he signed the Nazi Soviet Pact. He's committed himself to invading Poland and Stalin coming the other way. He's got to do it. Basically, he's thrown the dice and he's got to see what ends up.

• 34:33Dan Snow?

  With the swift, effective invasion of Poland in September 1939, Hitler's war machine pivoted. He secured Denmark and Norway in the spring of 1940. Days later, German forces launched a blitzkrieg across Western Europe, the Low Countries, France. His enemies collapsed in a matter of weeks. By the summer, nearly all of Western Europe was under Nazi control and Hitler turned his sights on Britain. He'd hoped Britain would sue for peace, but Britain fought on. Hitler believed that Britain was militarily hopeless and their declaration they'd continue to fight was merely a bluff. But over long summer weeks in 1940, the Royal Air Force inflicted a stunning defeat on the German Luftwaffe,

• 35:16Dan Snow?

  which had been trying to gain control of the skies above Britain. What was the impact that defeat for the German Lufthansa in the Battle of Britain had on Hitler himself?

• 35:27Speaker 02

  Hitler believes when France falls that he's going to win the war. He really has this moment, okay, I am going to win the war. France is gone. Britain will have to see reason, by Hitler's idea of reason, that they're going to have to cut a deal with him. And he really believes this, and if not, well, the German armed forces are so great, we'll find a way to beat them. But what happens is over the summer and into September in 1940, that's just simply not true. And no matter what he says or blusters, he isn't going to knock Britain out of the war. He's not winning the war at sea, he's not winning the war at air. And that means he's sort of frustrated because he's now thought he had great victory. He thought the war was basically over in the summer of 1940, and it's not.

• 36:11Speaker 02

  And this is what we can say supercharges his desire to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. When he talks about the need to attack Stalin and launch Barbarossa, he often says regularly that it's to keep the British from having another ally, because he can't win the Battle of Britain. So he's got to find some way to damage Britain, to force Britain out of the war. And in his mind, if he can then knock Stalin out of the war, which by the way, he was probably going to do at any time, at some point, he was going to go for the Soviet Union because that was his ultimate endpoint. But going forward in 1941, with Britain still in the war, is something he had said in the interwar period, Germany should never do. Germany should never fight a two-front war. This was something he said over and over again, shouldn't do.

• 36:54Speaker 02

  But he has to do it, because in his mind, that's the only way to strike at Britain. So Barbarossa is partly an anti-British operation.

• 37:01Dan Snow?

  It's so chilling because people who know about Napoleon period, of course, will know that the path to London lay through Moscow. And it's so fascinating to see the strategic geography playing out in a similar way in 1940, 41. We know what happens. We've got to try and leave hindsight behind you, the greatest war within a war in history, millions of men and machines battling in unparalleled intensity for years on end.

• 37:24Dan Snow?

  Did Hitler believe that defeating the Soviet Union was doable in 1940, 41?

• 37:30Speaker 02

  If you're a First World War soldier in the German army, what you see is Russia can be conquered. That Russia was not actually able to withstand German power in the First World War. I think that is really important. The Germans with a relatively small force, the Germans never have a majority of their troops on the Eastern Front, are actually able to make far greater advances against the Russians than they're able to do on the Western Front.

• 37:51Dan Snow?

  Russia lost the First World War on the battlefield.

• 37:53Speaker 02

  They lose it on the battlefield. And I think his view is that actually the German army is going to be able to throw most of its land forces against the Soviet Union in 1941. That he sees, by the way, very important, the poor Russian military performance against Finland. Yeah, the Finns actually extort very high casualties on the Red Army. And he says, Russia is a house of cards. I will collapse it. And by the end of 1941, he assumes the war will basically be over, that the Soviet Union will be unable to resist because of where the military situation should be by the end of 1941.

• 38:32Dan Snow?

  So this is the beginning of his plan of annihilation and conquest in the East. What were his plans for settlement, for conquest? Are we talking about a German empire now stretching to Vladivostok? And what does this look like?

• 38:43Speaker 02

  Probably to the Urals. Whether he wanted to go over the Urals is an interesting question. At one point, when he's in a very weird mood, he talks about, well, we'll go to the Urals and leave sort of barbarians on the other side to keep ourselves tough. We'll basically have to put up Hadrian's Wall in the Urals and fight these battles against the barbarians. He wants to get all of European Russia. He wants to get the Ukraine. He wants to get all of the resources of the Caucasus. I mean, that's the oil of the Caucasus is extremely important. So I think he sees certainly everything up until the Urals as definitely part of a new German empire. Now, knowing Hitler, he wouldn't have stopped. That's the thing. If he actually had gotten to the Urals, I'm sure he would have pushed over them because he would have wanted to take more and more.

• 39:28Speaker 02

  And he probably would have tried to cut a deal with the Japanese to divide up Russia at that point and what was east and what was west. But it is absolutely the beginning of his conquest of resources. So there's two things we can say. One, he makes no plans to actually try and work with the local populations. There was a lot of anti-Soviet feeling, particularly in Ukraine. Ukrainians had just gone through Holodomor. They had been. Absolutely brutalized by Stalin, they had suffered massive millions of famine deaths. They were not enamored of the Soviet regime and Stalin. Many of them would have very happily switched and accepted the Germans as liberators. But that is not anything Hitler wants to do.

• 40:10Speaker 02

  He just makes no attempt to try and work with the anti-Soviet populations in any real way. And secondly, the Germans actually bring in a policy of keeping their army going by starving the local population. That is the German plan of conquest. Because taking the Soviet Union, even the eastern part, is going to be really hard. It's very big. Supplying it's not easy. How are they going to supply it? They're going to strip it of food. So the German army is going to strip basically the local population of its food. And if they have to starve, so be it.

• 40:38Dan Snow?

  So against some pretty stiff competition, Hitler's Wehrmacht will be worse than Stalin.

• 40:43Speaker 02

  They both are willing to kill millions to get what they want.

• 40:46Dan Snow?

  But they managed to drive significant numbers back into Stalin's, well, back into a position where they're supporting the reconquest by Stalin in their homeland. So Hitler's determination that Soviet Union was decaying, useless crumbling empire, a house of cards, does that affect how he organizes this offensive? You mentioned there's less focus on logistics. From that political determination, do technical logistical factors cascade down through that invasion force?

• 41:15Speaker 02

  Basically, yes. The German army is designed to win battles, but not wars. So if you're going to be the German army invading Russia, what's the most important thing you're going to need to advance? It's railways. Okay, that's it. The German army doesn't have the trucks that it needs to actually support a major advance. So any major advance is going to have to be on supplies carried on railways. What the Germans sort of think is, oh, we'll capture working motion rail stuff. Yeah, it's based on these fanciful notions that basically they can keep moving because they'll conquer the Soviet Union as they are, they'll take over the Soviet rail lines, and they'll be able to switch supplies. The Soviet rail lines are different than the German rail lines. They're a wider gauge, that goes back to Russia. The Russians had a wider gauge than the Germans, partly.

• 41:59Dan Snow?

  But deliberately so.

• 42:00Speaker 02

  Yeah, deliberately so. And so. But they just, I mean, it's a lot of it's on a wing and a prayer. They just assume this will work out and it doesn't. So what happens when Barbarossa is launched is Germany advances, advances, stops. And then they stop for weeks at a time. Well, the rail lines have to be switched to the German gauge because they're not capturing the Soviet rail stock. The one thing the Soviets do really well in 1941 is they pull back the rail stock. So the Germans are left having to use German carriages and that means entirely rebuilding the rail lines. And so Barbarossa, everyone talks about lightning advances. It's a lightning advance, but then a long period of sitting there.

• 42:38Dan Snow?

  Yeah, late summer.

• 42:40Speaker 02

  Well, they have two or three major periods of stopping. The first one, they go up to Minsk, then they stop. Then they go to Kiev, to Ukraine, and then stop. And then they try to go to Moscow and don't reach it.

• 42:53Dan Snow?

  And Hitler changes mind a few times in that process as well.

• 42:55Speaker 02

  Well, that's because they have a long time to debate. No, they really do. They have weeks as they can't move forward. They don't have the supplies. They have weeks to decide what's going to go next.

• 43:05Dan Snow?

  So the idea of just that laser focus strike on Moscow, that's actually not there through this campaign.

• 43:10Speaker 02

  No, never, not at all. I mean, I think Hitler probably thinks they'd collapse before they'd get to Moscow. I think he's sort of thinking the Red Army is, will be eaten up in eastern Russia. And by German calculations, that should have happened. By the losses inflicted on the Red Army in the first four or five months of the campaign, you know, June to December, the Red Army should have ceased to exist before they got to Moscow. But then they're confronted by millions of more troops, which they just simply had can count it on.

• 43:39Dan Snow?

  He's got the same thing about the RAF. They're down to their last few fighters. By 41, as Hitler achieved, it's almost mental supremacy over his generals who initially were nervous all the way through Hitler's early moves.

• 43:51Speaker 02

  The conquest of France really represents a moment where the German generals are demoted, you might say, in both Hitler's mind and their own. Hitler believes he was responsible for the conquest of France, that he chose the plan to go through the Ardennes, to take the risk. German generals, many of them are more cautious about what they should do. So he believes that's a vindication of his own greatness. Actually, a lot of German generals from the fall of France, and there was a lot of opposition to Hitler and the German army before that, they really go quiet. They sort of say, okay.

• 44:22Dan Snow?

  Maybe this guy does have the secret sauce.

• 44:24Speaker 02

  Oh, yeah. Or, I mean, how do you actually take on someone who's won? And that, I think, influences what goes on in Barbarossa, that Hitler eventually will decide and the German army will go along with him. Now, there are a lot of people who are worried. They're worried about a two-front war. General Halder, who's the chief of staff of the German army, is very worried about the logistics. He's very worried because he's the one who has to make sure all these supplies get up front. That's one of his jobs as chief of staff. But he can't go to Hitler and say, this won't work. They just don't have that ability. So they increasingly fall out and the relationship becomes very tense. But ultimately, the German army does what Hitler wants it to do.

• 45:03Dan Snow?

  Could Germany have won the war if it hadn't have been for Hitler's hubris? Join us after the break.

• 45:19Speaker 04

  Pessimism. It's never going to improve a disconnected healthcare system. Next. So what will? At Optum, we're working every day to connect primary, specialty, and pharmacy care and help lower prescription costs. Will we fix it all overnight? No, but we'll wake up trying again and again until healthcare works as one for everyone. That's healthy optimism. Learn more at optum.com.

• 45:49Speaker 06

  This is a paid partnership with Apple Card. The coolest flex at brunch these days is not the Bloody Mary with the bottomless gold flake caviar topping. It's not whipping out your wallet to pay. It's not having a wallet at all. Jack's been an Apple Card user since 2019. That's the same year he tossed his wallet in the trash. Because Apple Card holders earn 2% daily cash back on purchases made using Apple Pay. It's the only credit card designed for the iPhone. I tap to pay with Apple Card at the grocery store, at the gas station, at restaurants. And yes, I use it at my second home, the farmer's market. Jack tapping to pay with his Apple Card with Apple Pay is his favorite thing to do. And the pleasant vibration and chime sound means I just got 2% daily cash back on my latest purchase. Apply in the Wallet app on your iPhone today. Subject to credit approval.

• 46:31Speaker 06

  Apple Card, issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City branch. Terms and more at applecard.com.

• 46:49Dan Snow?

  You can just imagine Hitler, high on success.

• 46:51Speaker 02

  Yep.

• 46:52Dan Snow?

  His gambles have worked and someone's coming in talking about rolling stock and train gauges. He's like, don't bother me. What are you talking about?

• 46:58Speaker 02

  Oh, my God.

• 46:59Dan Snow?

  I'm touched by the divine here.

• 47:01Speaker 02

  The monologues, Hitler has always been a monologue giver. This is how he sort of behaved at his meals. He would have these lunches and dinners most days and he would have handpicked cronies or in the war he had some generals. And what he would do is spend much of the time just monologuing. I mean, they just sound endlessly dull because there was no exchange. It was Hitler just talking, endlessly talking. We do have a lot of these, by the way, recorded because they wrote down what Hitler said. They even recorded what Hitler said at different times. And what is happening in the fall of 1941 is that Hitler is monologuing about his own greatness and how they will win and what they will do when the Soviet Union's gone. He's already won the war in the fall of 1941

• 47:46Speaker 02

  and he is absolutely going on and on about it. And the generals are sitting there obediently.

• 47:50Dan Snow?

  Yeah, again, it reminds me of Napoleon sort of talking about in the Italian campaign, he starts saying, well, people like me and Alexander and Caesar. I mean, there is just a megalomaniacal effect, I think, of probably of success.

• 48:01Speaker 02

  Yep.

• 48:01Dan Snow?

  And of thinking you're indestructible. So as the German armies approach the outskirts of Moscow, astonishing timing this because they're being bogged down in appalling weather, the Red Army is not defeated, strange units are appearing who ought not to exist.

• 48:16Speaker 02

  Yep.

• 48:17Dan Snow?

  And at that exact moment, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor and Hitler faced a decision at the very moment that the decision is being made on the eastern front, he faced a decision about the USA. Why, Phil, does he declare war at that moment against the USA?

• 48:32Speaker 02

  Hitler seems to have decided or believed from, say, the summer of 1941 onwards, that eventually Germany is going to get involved in the war with the USA. So he doesn't think it's avoidable. The question is how long he can delay it. And his own mind is he wants to delay it long enough that he can beat the Soviet Union. Because he believes Roosevelt's gonna get in bed with Churchill. He looks at the Anglo-Americans sort of as one. He's trying to delay it through the fall of 1941. He's actually ramping down tensions. He's saying to the German Navy, don't provoke the US. Just don't do it. Even if it means that the Battle of the Atlantic, the British get to bring goods across the Atlantic, just don't do it. Don't take any risks. Once you beat the Soviet Union, that's gonna happen.

• 49:17Speaker 02

  When the Japanese attacked the Americans in early December 1941, Hitler believes, okay, this is it. We are now gonna be at that point. The Soviet Union, he doesn't think, is gonna survive.

• 49:26Dan Snow?

  We're pretty much at Moscow.

• 49:27Speaker 02

  We're pretty much at Moscow. We've inflicted such horrible losses. The US is going to get in against us. So we might as well go in against them now. And what we can do is do what we haven't been doing for six months, which is really attack trade throughout the Atlantic. The German Navy have been pulling back in 1941. And they've been chomping at the bit to go after the trade. And so in his mind, okay, now we're one on the east, let's go and attack the trade.

• 49:53Dan Snow?

  Was there a little sense that it might encourage, if he showed such willing and allyship with the Japanese, that they might maybe invade Siberia from their lands in northern China?

• 50:03Speaker 02

  Well, in fact, the Japanese, in many ways, I have to say, they screw Hitler.

• 50:08Dan Snow?

  They shafted him.

• 50:09Speaker 02

  Because they want to have good relations with the Soviet Union. I mean, the Japanese army talks about invading Siberia every once in a while, but the Navy doesn't want to, because it's not gonna play any role in that. The Japanese leadership, including Emperor Hirohito, seemed to wanna keep on quite good terms with the Soviet Union. The amazing thing is Hitler is obviously convinced the Soviets are so doomed, he doesn't need the Japanese to attack Siberia, which is a huge miscalculation, because it allows Stalin to transfer the Siberian Army to Moscow or to the Eastern Front. Had the Japanese attacked north, they probably wouldn't have done well. I think the Japanese might have overestimated what they could do. But had they attacked north, then Stalin could not have transferred those troops.

• 50:51Dan Snow?

  Done something, yeah.

• 50:52Speaker 02

  But Hitler, I think it's an idea of how Hitler was so confident of where things were, that he doesn't think through. So in many ways, the Japanese let him down strategically, but he goes and declares war on the US anyway.

• 51:03Dan Snow?

  So at the end of 1941, he's at war with the USA.

• 51:07Speaker 02

  Yep.

• 51:08Dan Snow?

  He's at war with the Soviet Union, he's at war with Britain and its empire.

• 51:10Speaker 02

  Yep.

• 51:11Dan Snow?

  At this point, is he just fighting a massive defensive war that is going to be unimaginably costly, but really, there is now no chance for Hitler to sort of win?

• 51:21Speaker 02

  Well, there's a few things that go on. One, not long after he declares war on the US, things go bad outside of Moscow. There is to be almost a psychological, I don't want to say breakdown, that's too strong of a word for Hitler, but there is this moment of crisis in late December 1941. He gets rid of the few dissenting voices left in the German army. He basically starts taking command of German units at the lowest level because a lot of German officers are saying, we're going to have to pull back from Moscow. He's like, no, no, no, we must fight. He believes the generals are weak, that they're not willing to see it through. But this also begins him ranting and raving. So he really

• 52:01Speaker 02

  has an extraordinary period. In his own mind, the war is not lost in 41, 42, but I think what he does realize, if he is going to have any chance at victory, what he has to do is really deal the Soviet Union a blow in 1942. But if he can't do that, it's going to be a real problem. There, by the way, some Germans in the leadership who probably in their heart of hearts know the war's over. There's a really interesting argument about Hitler fighting a war of catastrophic defeat from 42 onwards. And I actually think Hitler can believe two things at the same. A lot of the war leaders can. They can actually believe two almost diametrically opposed things at the same time. So and there might have been part of him always knowing the war was lost, but then there's part of him

• 52:45Speaker 02

  who says, well, we can salvage it this way. And he goes up and down. He tells himself things at different times, which explains, I think, the very erratic moods he goes under.

• 52:55Dan Snow?

  In terms of his leadership, when things start to go wrong,

• 52:57Speaker 02

  Yep.

• 52:57Dan Snow?

  it's been convenient for his generals, the people who outlived him and left behind memoirs and accounts,

• 53:02Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 53:03Dan Snow?

  to blame him for everything that went wrong. What do you see his role being 41, 42, 43, 44, 45? And how much blame should he get for the, well, the catastrophic defeats are inflicted on the German army?

• 53:15Speaker 02

  I mean, this is actually brilliant. And the two interesting ways that, you know, post-war reputations are made, we might say are Hirohito and Hitler. Where Hirohito is whitewashed and Hitler gets all the blame for every because every German general basically writes a memoir, we would have won and I'd be in charge, but Hitler never listened to me. And you could just say, they endlessly say, oh, I knew, I knew, and I suggested this, but Hitler, of course, didn't. And a lot of that is seriously overblown. I mean, Guderian being one of the prime examples of this. But on the other hand, Hitler does bear a significant blame for the way Germany is defeated. I mean, that's without a doubt, because what happens is he dumbles down on his own control after 1941. The great contrast is to Stalin. Stalin begins as

• 54:00Speaker 02

  a micromanager in the way that Hitler was, really calling up generals at the front and telling them to do this and this, and trying to micromanage military operations, usually with a disastrous result. What Stalin realizes is he has to step back, because he will trust certain officers like Zhukov. I'll give you the resources, you go about it. Hitler goes the other way. So he starts trying to put in officers that he can control, and he starts interfering very low down the chain of command, because he doesn't trust any officers, really. There's only very few he trusts. So he does bear a huge amount of responsibility for the way in which Germany is defeated. There's no one, you could say,

• 54:44Speaker 02

  bears anything like his personal responsibility elsewhere in Germany. No one had a war-winning strategy, I would think that has to be admitted, but Hitler bears a lot.

• 54:52Dan Snow?

  And what about his personal leadership? You mentioned the long rants earlier, his increasingly erratic behavior. A lot of people, if you had a sort of word cloud, I think they'd talk about madness with Hitler. And how should we think about him, his personal approach to leadership as the war goes worse and worse?

• 55:09Speaker 02

  Well, he is sort of going to pieces. One, he is getting a lot of uppers. So he's drug-taking from his doctor. He's going up and down. So there's moments where he's basically, I think, on methamphetamine is what we would call. So he's incredibly intense. Then there's moments of great torpor, where he's come down and he's lethargic, and he still has to go and have his holidays in Ober Salzburg, where he can barely work. So I think it's the erratic nature, because part of Hitler, I think, understands, and by the way, as Mussolini understands, 42, 43, he's going to be dead soon. They're gonna lose the war. Part of him, not all of him, part of him understands that. And even though he might talk about the British and Americans changing side against the Soviet

• 55:52Speaker 02

  Union, part of him knows they'll never forgive him. He's gonna die. He doesn't wanna die. And I think this is why he has this extreme intense up and down moments, is he knows the end of his life is partly approaching. And he is someone who believed he was a creature of destiny. And he sees that falling apart in forty-two, forty-three, forty-four. Germany's not going to end up with this great empire. He has failed. And I think that is the kind of pressure that leads to these incredibly erratic moments.

• 56:24Dan Snow?

  And then you get that extraordinary effect right at the end of the war where he says he has failed, but it's Germany. Actually, he turns finally, doesn't he, on Germany, its people. He said, they must pay the price.

• 56:34Speaker 02

  Yep.

• 56:34Dan Snow?

  Well, I mean. Is that blame?

• 56:36Speaker 02

  Basically, the German people, he's willing to sacrifice. And the Second World War, for the last, I don't know how long, but certainly the last six months, or even last year, two years, is simply a war to keep Hitler alive. In nineteen eighteen, we can say, actually, the German leadership takes a somewhat honorable decision. We don't often think about it like that. But in nineteen eighteen, before Germany has been invaded, the German leadership understands it's lost.

• 57:02Dan Snow?

  We've lost, yeah. Why prolong this? We've lost.

• 57:05Speaker 02

  They save the German population from a great deal of misery by doing that. Whereas Hitler simply doesn't care if the German people need to suffer, need to die as armies cross the border then, okay. And so I think that's the difference. Hitler is willing to sacrifice Germany to keep himself alive a little bit longer. And he keeps himself alive, literally, till the Red Army is just outside the bunker.

• 57:29Dan Snow?

  We think of Hitler as one of those evil men who ever lived and also presiding over one of the greatest catastrophes ever to befall a nation. So is it, is it possible to sort of think about his strengths and weaknesses as a strategist? I mean, certainly at the beginning of the war, he enjoyed enormous success.

• 57:45Speaker 02

  I mean, he is one of the most evil people ever to live, so there's no doubt about that. His strengths are, he creates a brilliant battle-winning machine. He spends a lot of money on the German army in the nineteen thirties and the German Air Force. So he invests very heavily in the Luftwaffe. And what they create is a brilliant military machine to win battles against the armed forces of another country. And we see in the Battle of France, is that in action? What we see in the opening of Barbarossa, is that in action? What he has never fully grasped is how to win a war. How is he going to bring this to a conclusion? Particularly if you're going to fight Britain,

• 58:27Speaker 02

  which controls the seas and has an air force he can't conquer. So you might say he's got a very successful military machine that can accomplish very specific tasks on the battlefield. But it's not one that can actually knock Britain out of the war. So if he can't reach it with a tank, he's in trouble. And that is the ultimate shortcoming of his strategy. He can win all the battles on the European continent he wants, but that doesn't mean he's going to win the war. And he has no way to win the war.

• 59:00Dan Snow?

  By early 1945, Hitler's empire was staring at annihilation. Soviet forces were closing on Berlin, and he retreated to his underground bunker, issuing feverish orders to armies that no longer existed. On April 30th, facing inevitable defeat, Hitler took his own life. Leaving his remaining followers, pretty directionless. The Nazi leadership was fractured, demoralized. It did attempt to carry on briefly, but without Hitler's authority and fanaticism, the regime just crumbled. Days later, on May 8th, Germany surrendered unconditionally, marking the official end of the war in Europe

• 59:40Dan Snow?

  and the final extinction of the Third Reich. Hitler's rhetoric was about Germany, but the reality was that he was in it for himself. Hitler could have sued for peace, well, throughout the war, but certainly in late 43 or throughout 1944. And millions would have been spared unimaginable trauma. German cities would still have been standing proud. But it would have involved personal humiliation. It would have involved imprisonment, trial, probably execution. So instead, he did his best to ensure that all Germany would die alongside him. He forced teenagers to fight tanks with farm tools. For what?

• 1:00:28Dan Snow?

  For me, the biggest question, perhaps, given world politics at the moment, but the biggest question is, how, I ask, do we humans accept the power of these individuals over us? Why do so many of us submit to servitude?

• 1:00:49Dan Snow?

  Next time, we'll rewind to a point in the war when Hitler's downfall did not look inevitable. The time when Winston Churchill took over as British Prime Minister in 1940. Then, the outcome of the Second World War looked like it was on a knife-edge. The Norwegian campaign had been a disaster. The German army was sweeping through the Low Countries in France on their way to complete victory. Yet Churchill was defiant. But stopping fascism wasn't his only strategic aim.

• 1:01:19Speaker 02

  Churchill has one general thing that he wants to do. He wants to maintain the British Empire. In his mind, without the Empire, Britain is not the great power that he wishes it to be. So I think Hitler, in his mind, does represent a big threat to that.

• 1:01:36Dan Snow?

  So join me on Friday for the next episode of The Leaders as we look at Winston Churchill. If you hit follow in your podcast player, the episode will drop into your library automatically, like magic. You can listen anywhere you get your podcasts, doing Apple, Spotify, even BBC Sounds. See you next time.

• 1:02:11Speaker 01

  This is a paid partnership with Apple Card. The coolest flex at brunch these days is not the Bloody Mary with the bottomless gold flake caviar topping.

• 1:02:18Speaker 06

  It's not whipping out your wallet to pay.

• 1:02:20Speaker 01

  It's not having a wallet at all.

• 1:02:22Speaker 06

  Jack's been an Apple Card user since 2019. That's the same year he tossed his wallet in the trash.

• 1:02:27Speaker 01

  Because Apple Card holders earn 2% daily cash back on purchases made using Apple Pay. It's the only credit card designed for the iPhone.

• 1:02:34Speaker 06

  I tap to pay with Apple Card at the grocery store, at the gas station, at restaurants. And yes, I use it at my second home, the farmer's market. Jack tapping to pay with his Apple Card with Apple Pay is his favorite thing to do.

• 1:02:44Speaker 01

  And the pleasant vibration and chime sound?

• 1:02:47Speaker 06

  Means I just got 2% daily cash back on my latest purchase. Apply in the Wallet app on your iPhone today. Subject to credit approval. Apple Card, issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City branch. Terms and more at applecard.com.

• 1:03:00Speaker 04

  Outdated technology isn't going to improve a disconnected healthcare system. Next. So what will? At Optum, we wake up every day and work for better. We call it healthy optimism. It's how we use insights and technology to help providers focus less on paperwork and more on patients. Will we fix it all overnight? No, but we'll wake up trying, again and again, until healthcare works as one for everyone. That's healthy optimism. Learn more at optum.com.

• 1:03:32Dan Snow?

  Have you been enjoying my podcast and now want even more history? Sign up to History and watch the world's best history documentaries on subjects like how William conquered England, what it was like to live in the Georgian era, and you can even hear the voice of Richard III. We've got hundreds of hours of original documentaries, plus new releases every week, and there's always something more to discover. Sign up to join us in historic locations around the world and explore the past. Just visit historyhit.com/subscribe.