Why Secrets Wreck Us: a Science-backed Practice to Reveal and Heal | James W. Pennebaker

Unleash the transformative power of your words with pioneering researcher James W. Pennebaker. Discover how his simple, expressive writing method can improve your mental and physical health, provide self-insight, and even detect the hidden psychological undercurrents influencing your life and relationships. In Opening Up by Writing It Down: How Expressive Writing Improves Health and Eases Emotional Pain https://amzn.to/3EKPiLe, Pennebaker reveals the profound healing potential within us all. You can find Jamie at: Website https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/psychology/faculty/pennebak | Episode Transcript https://www.goodlifeproject.com/podcast/the-life-changing-power-of-expressive-writing-james-w-pennebaker If you LOVED this episode you’ll also love the conversations we had with Nicole Sachs https://episodes.fm/647826736/episode/NjdiZjY5MjI2Yjk3NmMzMzUxMzNkZWVj about her approach to journaling for chronic pain. Check out our offerings & partners: Join My New Writing Project: Awake at the Wheel https://jonathanfields.substack.com/aboutVisit Our Sponsor Page For Great Resources & Discount Codes https://www.goodlifeproject.com/sponsors/ Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

  Twenty-two percent of women and 11% of men reported having had a traumatic sexual experience prior to 17. And the people who endorsed it were more likely to have been diagnosed with cancer, high blood pressure, ulcers. That started me wondering why. Sexual traumas were somewhat unique in that they were the kind of trauma that people were most likely to keep secret.

• 0:25Jonathan Fields?

  James Pennebaker is professor emeritus of psychology at the University of Texas at Austin. The author of over 300 scientific articles and eight books, he has opened up groundbreaking research on expressive writing and its profound impact on everything from anxiety and depression to chronic pain, disease, inflammation, grief, and well-being.

• 0:44Speaker 00

  But having a trauma and then keeping it secret from others, and it didn't matter what the trauma was, exacerbated the health risks to the person. And this made me wonder, if keeping it secret's so bad for you, what if we brought people in the laboratory and had them write about it or talk about it? Would that improve their physical health?

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• 1:45Jonathan Fields?

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• 2:27Jonathan Fields?

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• 3:11Jonathan Fields?

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• 3:54Jonathan Fields?

  That's E R N E S T A dot com. Just really excited to dive into the work that you've been doing. I'd love to jump in on the expressive writing side and eventually work our way around in the conversation to some of the more current, really just like examining of language and the tool. So let's start at the beginning. If we take a step back in time, I'm so curious how you first become interested in the connection between writing and wellbeing.

• 4:25Speaker 00

  I was never particularly interested in writing and wellbeing early in my career. In fact, I had bounced around in many areas and

• 4:36Speaker 00

  I went to graduate school because I was interested in essentially the mind-body problem and how psychological factors can influence physical health. And I was actually writing a book on some of my early work on physical symptoms, how we come to know, how we feel. And I thought, you know, it would be interesting to come up with a questionnaire that could get a sense of what kind of people report physical symptoms. So I sat around with a group of undergraduates and I said, okay, we're going to come up with a questionnaire and let's feel free to ask people anything we want about their lives. So I'm curious to see if any of them are related to health, to physical symptom reporting.

• 5:19Speaker 00

  And we, this group just sat around and somebody was talking about what they eat, or how they got along with their parents, or have they, do they have pets? And one person said, how about prior to the age of 17, did you ever have a traumatic sexual experience? Now, this study was done in, we were doing this about 1980, 81. So this was, this was long before this was, became a common question. And we passed out the questionnaire to about 800 students. And we found that about 15% reported that they had had a traumatic sexual experience. And that one question was related to every health problem, every physical symptom that I had.

• 6:02Speaker 00

  And then a little bit later, I was contacted by the magazine Psychology Today, they're going to be doing a, an article on my work on physical symptoms. And they said, we're thinking about having a questionnaire in the magazine. Would you be interested in, in working it with us? And I said, yeah. And I put that sexual trauma question on, along with many others. Back then, this, by the way, is not a true scientific study, but we, they got 24,000 responses, and these were not college students, these are a very general audience, median age was about 38 years old. And we found that 22% of women and 11% of men reported having had a traumatic sexual experience prior to 17. And the people who endorsed it were more likely to have been

• 6:46Speaker 00

  diagnosed with cancer, high blood pressure, ulcers, colds, flus, anything that you can imagine. And that started me wondering, why? And as I got more deeply into it, I realized, I discovered that sexual traumas were somewhat unique and that they were the kind of trauma that people were most likely to keep secret. And then I did some other studies, finding that having any kind of trauma was bad for you, and we'd known that for a long time. But having a trauma and then keeping it secret from others, and it didn't matter what the trauma was, exacerbated the health risks to the person. And this made me wonder, if

• 7:29Speaker 00

  keeping a secret's so bad for you, what if we brought people in the laboratory and had them write about it or talk about it? Would that improve their physical health? That was really the beginning of it. You know, at that time, I'd never really thought about this whole kind of confession effect. And it was ironic, because in my personal life, occasionally I had gone through difficult times, and I found that writing about it was really beneficial. But somehow, I'd never connected that with the other research I was doing.

• 8:03Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah, I mean, that's so fascinating that, as you described, we've known for a long time that trauma can cause all sorts of untoward things in the mind and body. But the realization that it's the keeping secret of an experience that seems to really compound that experience. Talk to me a bit more about that. I think that's fascinating.

• 8:26Speaker 00

  Initially, you know, I went through many iterations of trying to figure out why secrets were so toxic. But one of the things I discovered when I started interviewing people who had had sexual traumas was how these sexual traumas completely messed up their lives. One of the first people I talked to was a woman who, when she was 14, her, actually, I guess, her mother had divorced when she was very young, and the mother remarried maybe when she was 12. And at first, you know, her mother was happy, she was happy. And within a year or two, the stepfather was, started to come into her room in the

• 9:09Speaker 00

  middle of the night and started molesting her. And she didn't know what to do. I mean, this was, she knew if she told her mother that it would break her mother's heart and she'd never seen her mother so happy. And then she couldn't talk to her girlfriends at school because she knew they wouldn't understand it. So here, this event, not only was she having the event, but she was now having to have these really stilted interactions with the people she was closest to. And she would talk to me about what it was like in the morning, sitting at breakfast and the stepfather would come down the stairs

• 9:51Speaker 00

  and putting on this big happy behavior. And it's this feeling of rage and fear going on with her. And no, her mother knew something was the matter when probed, but she wouldn't say anything. So she started doing things to try to make herself more unattractive. So she started eating huge amounts to put on weight. But it turns out he was drunk and it didn't make a bit of difference. And she ended up running away from home at about the age of 15 or so. But hers was this just horrifying story. And I've heard stories like this for other types of, types of trauma as well. Keeping a big secret really disrupts

• 10:33Speaker 00

  your life. And not only does it disrupt your social life, you change in your eating habits, your sleep patterns change, your exercise patterns change, all of these things happen. You're much more likely to start drinking or using drugs or things like that. So it's, it's kind of this cascading group of problems that come from this, keeping this big secret.

• 10:58Jonathan Fields?

  And as you described, I mean, the horrific example you just gave was in sexual trauma. But this is, it's the context is any form of meaningful trauma where then you feel, for whatever reason, and it may be a sense of survival, it may be keeping social harmony, whatever it may be, or some blend of that, or just shame, which would be profoundly misplaced, I would imagine, that it creates this effect, you know, that amplifies the already harm done by the initial trauma. I'm so curious also, if you can recall back, when you're having these conversations, you know, and this is, as you described, you know, like back in the 80s, 90s, you're earlier in your career, you're like deepening into the research.

• 11:43Jonathan Fields?

  I'm so curious, what's it like for you, not only as a researcher, but as a human being who cares about other human beings, to sit down and start to have people share these experiences like this?

• 11:55Speaker 00

  You know, it was such a profound effect. I was trained as a social psychologist, and I think many people are drawn to social psychology because they don't feel as though they have great social skills much of the time. And for me, first of all, just realizing people often wanted to talk about traumas. So for example, I had done this after discovering these adverse effects of secrets. We did our first writing study where we had people write for 15 minutes a day for four days about their most traumatic experience, ideally one that they had kept secret.

• 12:39Speaker 00

  And we got permission from the Student Health Center to track their, how often they went to the doctor for illness. So we were able to compare people who wrote about traumas versus another group that we asked to write about superficial topics. And we tracked their physical health in the months before they were in the experiment and the months afterwards. And we found that people who wrote about these traumatic experiences went to the doctor about half the rate as people in our, in our controlled conditions. That first paper, when it was published, got a lot of press. And all of a sudden, I discovered myself at parties.

• 13:18Speaker 00

  People would come up to me and they said, oh, I saw your, I saw your, your work was talked about in the paper. You know, when I was seventeen and then they start telling me these traumas. And I started hearing these more and more and more. And I must admit, from the very beginning, I became just fascinated by it. And, and also, I was really curious about them, how they dealt with it, how they thought about it, how they thought it affected them. And so, in a weird kind of way, I didn't know if I was doing them a great deal of service, but they all said that I was, that it was really helpful for them to talk.

• 14:02Speaker 00

  For me, as a scientist and a researcher, to me, this was like entering a world I had never even thought about. Ironically, I'd gone to graduate school in psychology, but I was never interested in clinical psychology. So all of a sudden, I became kind of an amateur clinical psychologist.

• 14:22Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah, I mean, that's fascinating, people sort of coming up to you because they trust you, you've done this work. All of a sudden, there's a scientific validation for what they've been experiencing. It's almost like they want to come to you and go thank you for what you've done, but also unburdened. And I would imagine a lot of those people are people who you really didn't know very well even.

• 14:40Speaker 00

  That is true. And, you know, this has gone on. I still get emails or letters sometimes from people writing about, just telling me about traumas they had had, which is now is it, you know, that first study was published forty years ago. And it's kind of ironic that it still has this impact on people.

• 15:04Jonathan Fields?

  Help me bridge the gap between people speaking about the experiences that they've been through and have been keeping secrets. I would imagine some people even for decades. Versus writing about them, because you know, I think probably a lot of people think about, okay, so there's been a, you know, something you're struggling with or trauma that you've been through and you haven't told anybody else about it and you feel the weight of it, you might go to maybe a trusted friend or a therapist or somebody who's, you know, like a qualified healthcare provider or mental healthcare provider and talk about it and share. Maybe that's the safe place where there's an agreement of confidentiality and you feel like you can finally share the secret. How is this different than writing about that same thing?

• 15:50Speaker 00

  You know, it's not as straightforward as you might think. We've done studies where we've asked people to talk, sometimes just talking to a tape recorder or talk to the wind outside and we get similar effects. So putting it into, you know, expressing it to yourself, whether it's spoken or written, doesn't seem to make much of a difference. And I think if you are able to talk about a traumatic experience to someone who is really listening and isn't judging you and is supportive, then I think talking to another

• 16:30Speaker 00

  person can be as good, oftentimes better than writing. But therein is the big danger. And I think all of us have had this experience where you start to tell a trusted friend about something that's really disturbing and as you begin to tell it, you can see this look of horror on their face. And then, you know, you go off in this direction, in a direction that has nothing to do with what you wanted to say, but you realize that this is not going to be helpful to our relationship. This could be hurtful to the other person. It could offend them. They could, you can see that maybe it makes you look worse. So

• 17:11Speaker 00

  therein is the big danger of talking is so much depends on what the other person says. And in fact, going back to the sexual traumas, in those early studies, occasionally people would write about being sexually traumatized by a father or stepfather.

• 17:31Speaker 00

  And then they would told their mothers and their mothers blamed them for the sexual trauma. And so in a odd kind of way, this act of disclosure is punished so severely that it probably has a really adverse effect on the on the child for ages afterwards.

• 17:51Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah, I would imagine. I wonder also if you saw almost the opposite effect sometimes happen where, you know, like somebody would go to, let's say, a dear friend and say, like, and just start to unburden, start to share what they've been holding secret. And I feel like so often there's this natural impulse for someone you care about. So if you're in the role of the friend, you know, there's for a lot of folks, there's probably this impulse to to do probably one of or maybe both of two things. One would be to share your own version. If you are actually holding something also and say, like, simply as a way to say, like, you're not alone. I get it. I feel your pain. And also, the second thing being, well, how can I fix this? Like, here's my friend sharing something

• 18:34Jonathan Fields?

  deeply painful. That's like, is there something I can do to fix? And I wonder if those two impulses also complicated when it's a spoken thing?

• 18:43Speaker 00

  A couple of really great questions. I think if you are telling me something truly horrible, there is some kind of natural inclination for me to share something horrible as well. That one's kind of unknown because it is acknowledging what you've been through. And sometimes hearing that I've been through something, especially if it's somewhat similar, can be beneficial. If it's something completely irrelevant, maybe not. Because sometimes it might just be, oh, you think you had it bad?

• 19:15Jonathan Fields?

  Right. It's like you're you're co-opting the conversation. Yeah.

• 19:18Speaker 00

  That's right. That's right. The other one, there's been some really interesting research in terms of how so this you had this terrible experience. Well, here's what you can do. All the research certainly hints that getting free advice from somebody usually is not very helpful. And in fact, it's it's often harmful. In the sense that if I start giving you advice, I am making some assumptions. They're not probably not true about you. It's not as though you haven't thought about a lot of the stupid things I'm saying. But you know, you feel a little bit annoyed by the other person.

• 19:59Speaker 00

  So I think giving advice is a pretty terrible idea unless the person wants some advice. And sometimes you might want advice and so sure, I'll give you advice. But I think, you know, what I learned in the years afterwards was the most beneficial thing is simply being there and conveying that you're here to listen. You know, if there's anything else you'd like to say, I'm all ears. And you know, actually listening to the person. So that's, I think that can be very beneficial.

• 20:34Jonathan Fields?

  Hmm.

• 20:35Speaker 00

  And one other thing that I learned early in my research career. I was asked to give a talk to a group of people who had experienced the death of a child. And there, there are groups in many communities. Sometimes the, the groups have different names, but. And I went and I listened and I heard these horrible stories and I was so deeply disturbed by the stories. And I had young children at the time. And I got up to talk about my research and I started off by saying, I know exactly how you all feel.

• 21:11Jonathan Fields?

  Oof.

• 21:12Speaker 00

  Whew, that was a mistake. Never ever say that.

• 21:17Jonathan Fields?

  That was a mistake you make once.

• 21:19Speaker 00

  Yes, and you know, the people there, they were wonderful. A guy a few minutes later got up and he said, I want you to know that saying that, we hear that a lot. You have no idea how we feel. You cannot begin to imagine. Don't tell us that you know how we feel because you just don't. And I was, and of course I was saying, you're right. I have no idea. So another helpful, uh, social tip.

• 21:50Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah.

• 21:52Jonathan Fields?

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• 25:07Jonathan Fields?

  You used the word confession or confessional a little bit earlier in our conversation. And it's, you know, I think a lot of people will picture that in potentially a religious context where you go to confession. There's a weekly confession and there's some sort of veil where it's, there's a veil of anonymity there. And also, it's really just about listening and acknowledging. That is sort of like the solitary purpose. But the word confession itself in this context is troublesome to me because there's an implication in there that there's something wrong that you've done in that context, rather than this is something that I have experienced.

• 25:45Speaker 00

  It's such an interesting question. I've been fascinated how often people who have been victims of really horrible things, sexual abuse or physical abuse or whatever, they feel guilty. They feel that in some ways they were at fault, even though...

• 26:05Speaker 00

  Objectively, most of the time, they weren't. So in an odd kind of way, confession for them may be an apt term. But you're right, confession does imply some degree of blame.

• 26:20Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah, and I guess what you're describing also is that person's subjective experience may be the feeling of blame and shame, even if like from the outside looking in, it's so clearly not. So you kind of take people as they come. It's so interesting. You shared just very briefly that you developed this protocol, expressive writing protocol, and that it was four days, about fifteen, twenty minutes. I'd love to walk through that in a bit more detail, if that's okay with you.

• 26:48Speaker 00

  Oh, I want to make it clear upfront. I'll give you the first methods that we use. But over the last forty years, there have now been thousands of studies done with expressive writing. There's not one true way. Here at the beginning, I want you just to appreciate that this method can be adapted to your or anyone's specifications. There's not a right or a wrong way. The very first study that I did, I did this with Sandra Beal, who was a graduate student of mine. And I didn't know, you know, I was just pulling this, you know, off the top of my head.

• 27:33Speaker 00

  And I thought, you know, it seemed like it would be good to have them to write several times. And it needed to be writing as opposed to talking, because I didn't know who would they talk to, what kind of feedback would you get. I restricted in terms of, at the time, students who were taking introductory psychology got, could get five hours of experimental credit over the course of this semester. So I could do a study where I could give people five hours of credit. So I could have them write. Once a day for four days and then they could fill out questionnaires for another hour. That was the deep reason I did it. And the other issue was I wanted to do this quickly.

• 28:17Speaker 00

  Because one of the dangers is you do a study where you bring one person in for four times and then the next person comes in next week. That study would take forever. So I had developed an assembly line approach to research where what I needed was a large number of rooms where I could run lots of people at the close to the same time. So we were able to find some space where they were classroom, essentially classes and labs where we would got almost 50 people and they were signed up one every 10 minutes. They'd come in, they would talk to me or to Sandy and who would tell them what would

• 29:00Speaker 00

  happen, how they would be, what they would be writing about. And then somebody else would take them to a room where they would be by themselves to write for 15 minutes and there'd be something on the door so we knew how long when they went in and then 15 minutes later, somebody would come by, knock on the door, they fill out a questionnaire and then leave and then they'd come the next day. So that was the method. The reason we had them write 15 minutes was because these were classrooms and we could only get the classrooms from 5:30 until 9:30. You know, you do all the arithmetic. So that's, that was the logic. There was no deep feeling, there was no theory, there was nothing. And that study worked.

• 29:43Speaker 00

  And the next study, we did the same kind of thing where we had them write 20 minutes. And then, then we started to do other variations. The next study, I think we had them write three times and we got the same effects. And then there were some other studies where they wrote five times and we tried all these things and it all seemed to work. And over the last years, there've been studies where people write, have them write only for three minutes or writing for

• 30:11Speaker 00

  Three minutes or five or 10 minutes once, and then we have them leave and come back 10 minutes later and write again for 10 minutes and leave and come back and write again for 10 minutes. And that seemed to work as well. So there's not one true way. And some people sometimes ask, well, what about typing versus writing? Doesn't seem to make much difference. What about if I write with my dominant hand versus my non-dominant hand? My right hand versus left hand? You know, that seems to work as well. So it's been, this is the thing that's been so interesting is almost any method that forces people to stop

• 30:54Speaker 00

  and have time to reflect on something that really is bothering them and putting it into words seems to have these beneficial effects. People tend to sleep better. We in other labs have measured all sorts of biological markers and changes in resting heart rate or muscle tension or immune function or God knows what. If people are interested in looking at expressive writing for almost any kind of issue, go to Google Scholar and enter expressive writing and what are you interested in? So you say chronic pain. There are probably 20 studies on that.

• 31:38Speaker 00

  Headache, dozens of, I don't even know any or have lost track of the research. But you know, panic attacks or fear or learning or almost anything. And you'll see that there have been some interesting studies done on it.

• 31:55Jonathan Fields?

  And I want to dip into those a bit more, but I'd love to get a little bit more granular on protocol too here. And with the understanding that there's a lot of flexibility here and that there's, you know, your mileage may vary and you can probably try a whole bunch of variations of this. But let me maybe ask you some very specific questions. Curious, have you found that the setting makes a difference when somebody sits down to do this?

• 32:18Speaker 00

  Not strong setting effects. However, most of the settings that my lab and other labs have done have been where we're trying to make it at least somewhat comfortable. And ideally, you don't want to be distracted. You don't want to have loud noise going on. And what I would recommend for people doing this on their own is just set aside three or four days, 10 or 15 minutes each day, and a place that you won't be distracted. You know, ideally, a place that you feel very comfortable and not threatened at all, and use that as a place to write. And the general instructions I give to people is,

• 33:02Speaker 00

  you know, what you write about depends on you. And what I would ask you is, what is bothering you right now? Are there certain things that are weighing on you? You find that you are thinking about too much. You wake up in the middle of the night thinking about it. Those are the kind of topics that I think writing can be very beneficial. Ideally, something that you found it hard to talk to other people about. And for those kind of situations, start off just writing. And the only rule I have is to write continuously. Don't worry about sentence structure or spelling. This writing is for you and you alone. Another thing I often tell people is, sometimes you'll start writing because you think you've got

• 33:46Speaker 00

  a particular issue that's bothering you. And after two or three minutes, you start to get really bored, and you start writing about something else. Great. Your brain is probably telling you, write about something else. You can write about the same thing all three or four days, or you can write about something different each day. That's entirely up to you. And there's no one right way to write. Some people will do poetry, other people will make lists, other people will just generally write. And I urge people to ask themselves, you know, if you're writing about a recent conflict between you and your boss, or you and your spouse, or you and a child.

• 34:29Speaker 00

  In your writing, really try to tie this to other experiences that might be like this. Have you had other experiences, say in your childhood, your relationship with your parents, your relationship with this particular person? How is this related to who you've been in the past? Or maybe who you'd like to be in the future, or who you are now? Or have there been other kinds of traumas in your life or upheavals in your life that you've felt in similar ways? What do you think the connections might be? In other words, give yourself permission to go in any direction that you would like. And you are the judge of whether or not this is working.

• 35:10Speaker 00

  I urge people to write three or four times initially. And if after three times, your writing doesn't seem to be doing anything for you, then it's not doing something for you. Go do something else, you know? Go jogging, go talk to friends, consider talking to a therapist. I find myself, so I don't write very often myself. I don't consider this journaling. I find journaling, for me, pretty horrifying. You know, to me, I don't want to write every day. And, you know, I usually write about stuff that is not going well in my life. And usually life goes, is goes well.

• 35:52Speaker 00

  But, you know, three or four times a year, sometimes more, sometimes less. I'll wake up in the middle of the night or be tossing and turning. And I know something's bugging me and I'll get up in the middle of the night and I'll just sit down and write. And I might write for 10 minutes or I might write for an hour. And usually I go right back to bed and fall, fall asleep. In other words, I almost view this method as a method to clean your mind.

• 36:19Jonathan Fields?

  Are there one or two or a few sort of opening prompts that you think are, you've seen be effective with people to? Because I imagine people, you know, they probably like, like I'm feeling this, I'm remembering this, there's something I haven't, it's been on my mind, I haven't told anybody else. But like, what's my opening move here? Like, how do I actually start the process of pen to paper or like fingers on a keyboard?

• 36:44Speaker 00

  You know, I can tell you the way that I do it, which is I'll sit down and I'll say, I've been, you know, it's three o'clock in the morning. I've been thinking about this person I'm dealing with at work. He's been driving me nuts and I don't know why this bugs me so much. What is this about me? Yes, it's him, but it's also why am I reacting the way I am? This reminds me a lot of dealing with so and so in the past. For me, and again, everybody is different. And I've seen thousands of these expressive writing essays. You know, they, people approach them in all these different ways. And I should also say, as somebody who's

• 37:25Speaker 00

  seen these essays, often I'll look at these essays and I think, God, this isn't, this doesn't seem that upsetting, but I wonder what's going on with this person. And then a few months later, I'll get a, you know, be a follow up and people will, will ask them about their writing. And that person who I thought their writing didn't seem to be very helpful was saying that was, you know, writing that was so important, you know, it made me realize that I'd been doing this. And in this, in this person's writing, you didn't see its significance, but as this person is explaining it several months later, you see, oh, okay, I could see how this could have a very deep, personal effect.

• 38:06Jonathan Fields?

  I wonder if part of that is also, I'm sure you've thought about this, you know, that those first couple of days of writing, maybe not the complete cycle of processing, but maybe that's the opening of some bigger tiny Pandora's box. And maybe you just let it all out and you get to close the box and it's empty after that. But maybe you write for three or four days and then the box stays kind of open, but now you have access to something that was still stolen away for, you know, like who knows how long. And your brain just continues to chew on it and maybe over a period of weeks or months or years even, like that, there's an evolving unfolding that happens. And so this was more of an inciting incident.

• 38:51Jonathan Fields?

  Does that land with you?

• 38:53Speaker 00

  Oh, it does. And as you're speaking, I can think of instances where that's been true, true of me, where I'm kind of writing in this direction and I bring up this one issue that really isn't that pertinent. And then maybe the next morning I'm walking along and it's kind of like, oh, my gosh, that issue has really been something that's bothering me as well. Or maybe that was driving what was going on. What's so interesting for me is this, what writing does is it almost forces you to be your own therapist. And I've always been interested in the idea of therapy and

• 39:38Speaker 00

  I've dipped my toe into it briefly. And I'd still like to, to actually go into therapy at some point. But in a funny way, I feel writing is doing so much of that for me and that it, you know, I am dealing with these personal issues in the way I deal with, the way that, that I naturally deal with things, which is standing back and looking at them from all these different perspectives and asking, why in the world have I been doing this? This doesn't make sense. And it's, it's kind of a problem solving approach, but it's also very, you know, exploring very deep issues in my life.

• 40:21Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah. It also brings up a fascinating question for me, which is the distinction between any benefit on the other side of whether it's expressive writing, or therapy, or any other sort of like intervention, how much of the benefit comes from the release valve factor versus the resolution? You know, how much of the resolution is simply not carrying the weight of it anymore?

• 40:47Speaker 00

  You're raising a question that I think is so central to psychotherapy itself. Early on, when I was first doing these studies, a lot of people would say, "Yeah, this is great because you get to blow off steam." And I had a couple of people in these early studies, I would ask them, "What effect did the writing have?" And there would be two or three people, I remember saying, "You know, it helped me to just blow off steam and get this out." And the metaphor is essentially like the, you know, you have all of this steam inside the pot and then you let it go and then everything's relaxed afterwards.

• 41:28Speaker 00

  I never found that somebody who used that metaphor actually benefited from writing. And there's been a lot of studies over the last 50 years looking at this idea of catharsis. And by the way, catharsis, it's really venting. All the work says that venting is not very therapeutically beneficial and often it's actually the opposite. Over the years, I've come to believe that one of the most powerful things about expressive writing is providing insight, getting an understanding of what's going on. So that often the issues that we are obsessed with

• 42:10Speaker 00

  or worried about or keep ruminating about are issues that we haven't come to understand. There's a debate about this within psychology. Many people view the problem of it's emotion regulation. You need to regulate your emotions. You know, if you're getting angry at your spouse, you're not regulating your emotions. That's not the way I think about it. I think it's regulating or understanding why you are feeling and behaving the way you are. That why is it that you view your spouse as a threat? Or that they're doing something wrong? It's not that I need to regulate my emotions.

• 42:54Speaker 00

  I need to regulate my understanding of what's going on. And once I understand it... There's no need for regulation.

• 43:02Jonathan Fields?

  No, that lands. Emotional regulation has been, become an increasingly hot topic, which is kind of fascinating. And I'm always curious, what is underneath, what's driving the need to feel like an emotion needs to be regulated? Not that we throw that out entirely, but I think there, there are other ways to sort of like step into that.

• 43:23Speaker 00

  That's right. So it's regulating thoughts as opposed to the emotion. So to me, the emotions are the, you know, they're, they're the exhaust of the car. And rather than worrying about the exhaust, the issue is, is why are you pushing the accelerator down to so heavily? What's going on here?

• 43:45Jonathan Fields?

  Nah. And we'll be right back after a word from our sponsors. Your Life Project is sponsored by Vinted. So here's a question that I have been sitting with. How many things in your closet were bought for, let's say, a version of you who never quite showed up? Maybe it's the tailored jacket for the dinners you were going to go to, or someday pieces with the tag still on them. They're lovely clothes. They're just not yours anymore. That's where Vinted comes in. So Vinted is a secondhand marketplace app where everyday people sell the clothes that they're not wearing to people who actually will. Listing on Vinted is quick and simple. You take a few photos, write a short description, and you're done. Once something sells, Vinted creates the prepaid shipping label for you. There are also no seller fees on Vinted.

• 44:30Jonathan Fields?

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• 45:14Jonathan Fields?

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• 45:58Jonathan Fields?

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• 46:41Jonathan Fields?

  Apple Card is issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt Lake City branch. Terms and more at applecard.com.

• 46:50Jonathan Fields?

  Are there things not to write about? I know, you know, part of what you've shared is, you know, people are just, you know, if you're sort of asking yourself, well, what's bothering me today? Like, what am I spinning about? What's on my mind? You know, someone might, might hear that and think, well, it's just this dopey thing. Like, this isn't trauma, capital T or, or little t, trauma. How do we decide what's worth focusing on? What's worth choosing as a topic for the writing for this moment?

• 47:15Speaker 00

  So if you sit down and you start writing about something that you feel that you're not getting any traction on, stop writing about it. Write about something else. Or, one of the things I do, occasionally I do workshops. And at the beginning, I start off with what I call the flip out rule. And that is, in this room, I see everybody seems to be pretty normal. Nobody here is flipping out. Now, if you start writing and you feel like you're going to be flipping out, stop writing. It's real easy. Or change topics. If you're starting to flip out about a particular topic, you're not ready to write about that topic, certainly not, not in this workshop.

• 47:57Speaker 00

  But the issue is, you are responsible for yourself. You need to figure out what is working and what's not. This, you need to be a scientist. You need to figure out what is working for you right now and what isn't. And so, that's been another interesting approach. I think many therapists really take on the role of, I'm going to help you get through this, and if you start having problems, I'm here to help you. And my approach is, this is not my problem. Here's a tool, and I want you to use it, but use it responsibly and figure out what's, what's going on?

• 48:41Speaker 00

  Why are you ruminating about this? Why are you being haunted by this, this topic?

• 48:48Jonathan Fields?

  You mentioned now a couple of times that, you know, people will sometimes do this in a group setting that, you know, over the years, you've read thousands of people's writings around this. So of course, I'm assuming that permission was given before. So they knew that they, what they were writing would be seen by you or by somebody, you know, on your team. What's your take on, on sharing? You know, somebody sitting down, let's say there's something really that's on my mind. I haven't been telling anyone. I, I feel the weight of, of holding it myself and I pour it out onto paper for four days. And, and, and I do feel a lot better. But what's on paper scares me a little bit also. And I don't necessarily want, even though I feel I've unburdened, it's, it's no longer weighing me down.

• 49:32Jonathan Fields?

  I don't necessarily want anyone else to see that. What's your guidance on sharing?

• 49:38Speaker 00

  My guidance is this writing is for you and you alone. And I often will tell people, I want you to approach this, that you'll do this writing and that you'll destroy what you've written afterwards. Whether you destroy it or not is up to you. And you need to be very aware that what you've written could be very damaging if somebody close to you found it. It could hurt their feelings, it could hurt your reputation. And you have to be aware of that. So I think there's another issue about this as well. And that is, is it beneficial for you to go back and reread what you've written? First started doing this, I had a graduate student. And her approach was she had written for a long time and she would write.

• 50:23Speaker 00

  And then the next day she'd go back and get what she had. And then she would start to revise it. And she felt this was really powerful for her. As I told her, I, I couldn't imagine doing that. That sounded horrible. I would never do that in a million years. But I know it was beneficial for her. And I think this is a good example of how we're all wired a little bit differently. Over the course of my life, I, you know, I've gone back and read some of my expressive writings over the, over the years. And I'll start reading some of these early essays.

• 50:59Speaker 00

  And I get depressed so quickly. You know, the reality is I'm a pretty upbeat person and I write when I'm, when, when I'm struggling with something. And for me, I want to get over that, you know? Struggling is great, but it's a lot better to not have to struggle. And going back and seeing these earlier periods, yes, intellectually is kind of interesting, you know, that I was dealing with this issue back when I was in my 40s and this in my 50s, but hey, I feel like I resolved those and I don't want to necessarily go back and, revisit them.

• 51:37Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah. So we're, we're not going to be expecting a, a deep, intense memoir from you anytime. Reviewing all the journals from expressive writing.

• 51:47Speaker 00

  And now let me tell you how I was so screwed up about this.

• 51:52Jonathan Fields?

  I want to revisit also, you mentioned earlier in our conversation, just a series of different benefits and certainly, you know, like you kicked off a lot of this early research, but as you shared, there have been so many labs, so many studies, so many investigators now that have done their versions of research, looking at different outcomes. One of the ones I'm deeply fascinated by is the research between expressive writing and its impact on physical pain. Talk to me about this a bit.

• 52:21Speaker 00

  So I've not actually done any of that research myself. Chronic pain is one of the biggest problems facing the, the American health and world health, you know, everything from back pain or injury or other kinds of, of chronic pain. One of the interesting things about chronic pain is because we know so little about it, very often physicians can't really identify what the underlying cause is. When that happens, the person with the pain, not only are they suffering with the pain, but they're dealing with the humiliation that their friends and neighbors and family members are all essentially saying, well, they're just all in this guy's head.

• 53:02Speaker 00

  Some of the work on chronic pain is showing that expressive writing is particularly well-suited. And it's important for everyone to understand.

• 53:13Speaker 00

  I'm not saying that pain or anything else is just in your head. There is something absolutely there. But expressive writing is a method that has been shown to be really effective in reducing it. And I think, you know, there are all sorts of reasons why this is true. One is that, think what happens when a person is experiencing chronic pain. That information from the side of the pain is being processed in the body and in the brain. And when you're experiencing this pain, it's harder for you to concentrate on other issues. And generally, when a person's under stress and they have chronic pain, their pain gets worse.

• 53:54Speaker 00

  And one of the things expressive writing does is it helps to reduce the noise and input from the stressor itself. And I don't begin to understand the pathways or the mechanisms that tries this. But there's a wonderful group of physicians who have been doing these studies on chronic pain. One guy is a guy by the name of David Hanscom, H A N S C O M B, who has published on this and he's a pain physician. And he's been somebody who's been doing some just remarkable work, showing the benefits of expressive writing as a method to get through a lot of pain experiences.

• 54:37Jonathan Fields?

  Yeah, I mean, it's so powerful. Some of the other research that I know, and as you shared, you know, for anyone who's actually curious about this specific research, Lily, if you go to Google Scholar, type in expressive writing, whatever symptom or thing that you're struggling with, there's probably papers on this, you know, things ranging from mental health, anxiety, depression, illness, disease, grief. You know, when you think about this, one of the things that I love about this modality also is its accessibility. You know, like there are so many things that are connected to pain that we've endured and that we are bearing all alone. And that when we, when they're, we can unburden. It's stunning how many systems in our body it affects and how many symptoms.

• 55:22Jonathan Fields?

  It affects. But you know, oftentimes, we feel like if we're feeling this thing, we've got to go to somebody, we've got to pay something, we've got to. And for some people, that's fine. You're like, they're completely good with that. They have the resources and the support and the network. For plenty of other people, they're not. So I love the accessibility of this practice because it just opens up and says, nobody's excluded from the benefit here.

• 55:45Speaker 00

  This has been one of the things that I've really loved about it is here's a technique where I am not saying there's one true way, you know, and people will call them and say, I'd like to get certified in expressive writing. And I'll say, okay, you're certified. And that's what's so interesting is the person who you, the writer is the one who is certifying yourself that these methods work, they're very simple, and you just need to figure out what works best for you. But you're right, the cost of this is a pen and paper. Or one of the methods that I developed many

• 56:26Speaker 00

  years ago is finger writing. My wife and I were in Europe, and we were staying in a small hotel somewhere in the and at night, you know, I started tossing and turning about something. And I thought, I need to get up and write about this. But I didn't want to turn on the light because it would make wake my wife up. So I just sat in the dark and I just started writing with my finger. And as I was doing this, I was thinking, whoa, this works really well. And I've done some informal studies with with groups and doing this writing just with your finger in the air is a is a can be beneficial. So it's even cheaper. You don't have to spend money on that hand.

• 57:05Jonathan Fields?

  Right. That's fantastic. I do want to dip into something else as well, which is sort of like building on this earlier research. And that's, you know, beyond expressive writing, you've developed this linguistic inquiry and word counter, L I W C, kind of like a tool that analyzes language to uncover insights and emotions and behaviors and personalities. Take me into this a bit. This is fascinating to me.

• 57:33Speaker 00

  Early in my career, I came up with this expressive writing work. And one of the things that reviewers kept asking, and I kept asking, and other researchers kept asking is, why does writing work? And everybody and their dog had a theory. I had a great theory. And none of those theories have panned out particularly well. But one of the things that I started to think about was, well, maybe if I just looked at how people were writing, I could get some kind of insight into its benefits. And I didn't know how to go about analyzing the writing. So I started off by this dealing with a group of students who were training to be clinical psychologists,

• 58:18Speaker 00

  and had them read these essays and to evaluate each essay on a number of different dimensions. One was, to what degree is this person getting some kind of insight? To what degree is this person exhibiting, searching for causes and reasons for their behavior? To what degree is this person expressing their emotions, et cetera, et cetera? I had maybe a dozen students doing this. And it turned out to be a total disaster because the judges, the students, couldn't agree on the dimensions. And also, they got depressed reading these really traumatic stories. And so here is a method that was really slow.

• 59:03Speaker 00

  It was not reliable, and it made the reviewers, the readers, depressed. That is not a...

• 59:10Jonathan Fields?

  It's not exactly checking the boxes you want to check there, right?

• 59:14Speaker 00

  Exactly. And so I thought, surely there'd be a computer program. Now, this was in the late 80s and early 1990s. And I started to, you know, I had, in college, I had taken a course on computer programming. I wasn't particularly good at it, but I had a good sense of how a computer program could be developed to analyze text. And as it happened, one of my graduate students, Martha Francis, had, her undergraduate degree had been in computer science. And so I sat down with her, and I said, you know, I think we could write a computer program that could analyze text. And the idea of it was a method is just called word counting. It sounds really stupid.

• 59:57Speaker 00

  But for example, let's say if I wanted to get a sense of if a person is angry. Well, one thing you could do is just calculate the percentage of words in a text that were angry related, anger related words would be, I would think it would be a rough estimate of the degree which that person is angry. All you had to do is to come up with a list of words that suggested anger. What we did was to start to create all these dictionaries. So we had an anger dictionary and a guilt dictionary and a happiness and love. And then we had another one for causal words, you know, words like because, cause and effect, and others for insight, words like understand, realize. And then, and this, by the way, this took forever.

• 1:00:41Speaker 00

  The computer program was pretty easy, but coming up with a word list was difficult. And once we got into these word lists, we started to also throw away just common things like let's do first person singular pronouns, I, me and my, and first person plural pronouns, we, us and our. One of the ironies here is I had never been interested in linguistics. I've never been interested in language. I still have post-traumatic stress disorder from diagramming sentences in high school. So it was kind of funny that I got was getting into parts of speech and things like that. In any case, we developed this computer program that would go through and we would enter

• 1:01:27Speaker 00

  a text and it would have to be digital. And it would go through, analyze it and come up and it will say, well, this percentage of words were anger words, this percentage of words were happy words, this percentage, et cetera, et cetera. And it turned out to be a really interesting program. And we, we found that that expressive writing, there were certain kind of fingerprints of beneficial writing. So for example, the more that people use positive emotion words when they're writing about a trauma. The more likely they were to benefit from the writing. And part of it is, even if they said they were not happy, their use of the happy word suggested that they were still thinking along this dimension of happiness. The effects were modest.

• 1:02:13Speaker 00

  And negative emotion words that, you know, a moderate number of negative emotion words were associated with benefits. Writing too much, you know, really getting too deeply into negative emotions was not helpful. And not using negative emotions was not helpful. But what we found in those early studies was it was these cognitive dimensions that were much more powerful. These were like insight words, understand, realize, know, meaning, causal words, because, cause, effect. And what was interesting was the pattern of these cognitive words, that if people increased in their use of these cognitive words over the course of writing, they were more likely to benefit. Almost over time, they're going from not really having a coherent story

• 1:02:58Speaker 00

  to trying to come up with a story, and those were the people who benefited. These early studies, I was really fascinated by, but then I was also interested in, you know, you could use this method, this computer program. And the computer program is LIWC, which is, which we pronounce Luke. And I know it doesn't seem like it should be pronounced that way, but it's my program. So it's Luke. The Luke program, we first came out with it in 1992, and it's on its maybe fifth or sixth edition now. So it still exists, but much more sophisticated. At the time, the internet was just starting to become popular.

• 1:03:41Speaker 00

  And for those above a certain age, they'll remember that day that in the mail, they got a disk in the mail from America Online, AOL. And you could put this into your computer and then get a phone modem that would call in to who knows where. And all of a sudden, you were connected to the world. And there were these chat groups that were starting to exist. So you could be in a chat group about England. And so all of a sudden, you'd go into that and you'd be talking to people in England. And I mean, this, this was incredible. Well, for me, I was, because I was interested in words, it allowed me to start downloading texts.

• 1:04:25Speaker 00

  And every night after the kids were in bed, I'd go up and I'd start to go to a different type of group. You know, sometimes it would be sports, sometimes it would be dating, other times it would be, you know, other topics. Some groups were mostly women, some were mostly men, et cetera. And I just downloaded them every night. And then the next morning, I go and analyze the text. And all of a sudden, I started to see, wow, people differ in the way they use language. And in ways that are very different than I think most of us would, would ever guess. So for example, men and women use language completely differently. But it's not in terms of what they're saying, it's how they are saying it.

• 1:05:10Speaker 00

  Initially, I just thought that I, there was clearly a big problem in my computer program. So for example, the first thing I looked at was the most common word in conversation. And the most common word in conversation in English is the word I. And who uses I more, men or women? Well, you know, it was obvious that men did, except it turns out that that never was true. It was women always use I words more. And that made no sense to me, but it held up and it didn't matter what the context was. And so I started, and then what about we words, we us and our, everybody knows women use we words more.

• 1:05:54Speaker 00

  Except they didn't. Uh, it turns out that men and women use we words at about the same rate. Or how about cognitive words? Because, cause, effect, et cetera. And I just assumed, of course, men use those words more. No, women consistently use those words more. Okay, emotion words, everybody knows women have to use emotion words more. No, there was no difference. How about social words, references to other people? Friend, pal, he, she, they, etc. Well, obviously, women, and that's the only one I got right. Women do, in fact, talk about other people more. And as I dug into this, I first of all realized that all these words I was looking at

• 1:06:39Speaker 00

  were essentially parts of speech, pronouns, prepositions, articles, etc. And that the brain processes these words differently. And then they do content words. And these words were really powerful markers of not just sex differences, but personality, intentions to behave, depression-proneness, almost everything. And they worked in ways that make sense now that I understand them, but back then, they didn't. So I-words are used more by people who are self-focused. When you use the word "I," you're very briefly paying attention to your internal state.

• 1:07:24Speaker 00

  So, for example, people who are physically sick or in pain use I-words more than when they're not in pain. Or people who are standing in front of an audience where they are self-conscious, they use I-words more. Or there are all of these different ways you can get people to be more self-focused. Have them write an essay about what they did yesterday, but have them write this in front of a mirror versus not in front of a mirror. They use more I-words if they're in front of the mirror. And women are more self-reflective than men. And that's something that all of us, I think, would agree with. And self-reflection is a marker of I-words.

• 1:08:06Speaker 00

  You know, we think of I-words as being associated with narcissism, self-importance, but in fact, that's not the case. So- All of these dimensions have really important meaning. And all of a sudden, it allowed us to do these studies to show that we could tell if people were lying or telling the truth, not with great accuracy, but better than humans can do. Or that we could identify people who were prone to depression, or PTSD, or people who are in a depressive episode. Or we could also start to find out differences between how people think, or the degree to which they naturally are analytic in the way that they think.

• 1:08:49Speaker 00

  And so they can tell us all about people and how they connect with others, but also how they work through problems.

• 1:08:57Jonathan Fields?

  It's so fascinating, this work. I would imagine now, I don't know if you're involved in it at all, but with AI sort of like exploding onto the scene over the last number of years, and I've seen some of what it can do in terms of analyzing not only language, but like actually vocal intonation, you know, and energy, and it can pick up all these different things simply by, in the blink of an eye.

• 1:09:22Speaker 00

  That's right.

• 1:09:23Jonathan Fields?

  And respond to you. I mean, how fascinating would it be, as this work extends, you know, if you literally could have something, an app on your phone, or just something on your computer, that could become a leading indicator?

• 1:09:35Speaker 00

  We're there. This AI world is so exciting. The big differences between AI and these large language models, and the Luke program, with AI, AI is unbelievable in its ability to predict. So it does an amazing job at predicting what a person will do or say, all of these features. The killer problem is, we don't know why. So it predicts, but we don't understand why. And something like a dumb word count program, it doesn't predict as nearly as well as AI. But we know, we at least know what the dimensions are that are driving the effects.

• 1:10:20Speaker 00

  So at least at this interim period, the two methods together really make a very nice package. And the AI work is moving so quickly. It's very likely that in somewhere between five years and five minutes, it'll be completely, completely irrelevant.

• 1:10:41Jonathan Fields?

  It's kind of mind boggling, but it is amazing to see like work that you've started and built on for years and how it's being picked up, but very differently. And like you said, you know, there's a difference between an analytical model where you actually understand why it's telling you what it's telling you and a black box where like you're like, wow, this is incredibly accurate and valuable, but I don't get where it's coming from. And those worlds absolutely are going to merge. You know, like as you said, five minutes to five years, who knows exactly when, but it's coming. It's, I mean, it's kind of a fascinating time to be.

• 1:11:12Speaker 00

  And it's very interesting for people in psychology because we've all grown up with models. We build all these models to explain perceptions and thoughts and so forth. And now all of a sudden, AI is saying, who cares about the models? I'll show you exactly, you know, I'll predict with almost perfect certainty. And it really does question what role psychologists will be having in the future.

• 1:11:44Jonathan Fields?

  And psychologists and a lot of others, but it's going to be amazing to kind of be a part of that whole adventure. It feels like a good place for us to come full circle as well. So in this container of Good Life Project, if I offer up the phrase, "to live a good life", what comes up?

• 1:12:00Speaker 00

  To me, to live a good life is one of discovery and curiosity and closeness with, with other people and especially those family and those that are close to us. And also a nice day outside with a, a stable climate.

• 1:12:30Jonathan Fields?

  Well, being in Colorado right now, we don't have that, but I think you're probably talking more broadly about the world, but thank you so much.

• 1:12:37Speaker 00

  You bet.

• 1:12:39Jonathan Fields?

  If you love this episode, you'll also love the conversation we had with Nicole Sachs about her approach to journaling for chronic pain. You can find a link to that episode in the show notes. This episode of Good Life Project was produced by executive producers Lindsay Fox and me, Jonathan Fields. Editing help by Alejandro Ramirez. And Troy Young. Christopher Carter crafted our theme music, and special thanks to Shelley Del Bliss for her research on this episode. And of course, if you haven't already done so, please go ahead and follow Good Life Project in your favorite listening app or on YouTube, too. If you found this conversation interesting or valuable and inspiring, chances are you did, because you're still listening here, do me a personal favor, a seven second favor,

• 1:13:22Jonathan Fields?

  share it with just one person. I mean, if you want to share it with more, that's awesome, too, but just one person even, then invite them to talk with you about what you've both discovered, to reconnect and explore ideas that really matter, because that's how we all come alive together. Until next time, I'm Jonathan Fields, signing off for Good Life Project.

• 1:13:44Jonathan Fields?

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