The Fencing Of The Commons

When England privatized its commons – lands that by custom belonged to all English to work and support themselves for centuries – it began the modern era, industrialization, wage labor, industrialization, or all of those things and more. See omnystudio.com/listener https://omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

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• 1:05Speaker 00

  Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeart Radio.

• 1:15Josh Clark?

  Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh and there's Chuck and Jerry's here too. And we're just trucking along, doing our thing. It's called Stuff You Should Know.

• 1:27Speaker 02

  Oh, is this the episode on the great seventies movie Convoy?

• 1:32Josh Clark?

  No, this is the episode on the coming down the pike in the future movie, Fencing the Comets.

• 1:39Speaker 02

  Oh, I thought it was Fencing the Convoy.

• 1:42Josh Clark?

  No.

• 1:43Speaker 02

  Boy, a lot of mashups happening.

• 1:45Josh Clark?

  Yeah, we should probably, let's stop joking around. We've had a lot of fun here, but let's get serious. We're talking about fencing the commons.

• 1:54Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 1:54Josh Clark?

  And for anybody who heard our episode on the tragedy of the commons, they're fairly related. They're talking about the same thing. The commons are both the same thing, but there's radically different stuff going on here. Just go listen to our tragedy of the commons episode. I won't give a rundown of it, but fencing the commons, some people point to is this, this process of separating and extracting land from people to whom it had formerly belonged. Everyday people, literally commoners.

• 2:29Speaker 02

  Yeah, or maybe not belong, but at least, you know, made use of to survive.

• 2:34Josh Clark?

  Okay, well, it depends on who you ask.

• 2:35Speaker 02

  Oh, yeah, good point.

• 2:37Josh Clark?

  It is possible, say, some historians, that this is where wealth inequality came from.

• 2:42Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 2:42Josh Clark?

  That this is where wage labor came from. That this is where a lot of the really not great features of the modern world were rooted.

• 2:52Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 2:52Josh Clark?

  And when you dig into it, you're like, wow, this is a decision by a really self-interested group of powerful people to pull off a really big land grab in jolly old England.

• 3:06Speaker 02

  Boy, I love that self-edit there.

• 3:09Josh Clark?

  Thanks. That's between you, me, Jerry, and the lamppost.

• 3:12Speaker 02

  That's right. Shall we, shall we get on with it then?

• 3:16Josh Clark?

  Yes, I feel like that was a good setup, if I do say so myself.

• 3:19Speaker 02

  I agree, just like the old days. Not that your setups now are no good, but...

• 3:23Josh Clark?

  In the old days, I would have been like, Chuck, have you ever eaten grass off of a commons?

• 3:29Speaker 02

  Yeah, I think in that last commons episode, I actually mentioned that the commons was the area of our high school in, in just the big middle open area inside where everyone would hang out, because that was a common area, and that's what the commons are in this case, too. And Livia did a bang-up job with this one, I think.

• 3:46Josh Clark?

  Yes, she did. Knocked it out of the park, as we say.

• 3:49Speaker 02

  Yeah, out of the commons. And we're gonna start, as Livia suggests, with William the Conqueror, because that makes sense in this case. The Normans, when they conquered England in 1066, they said, all right, here's what we're gonna do. All the, the wealthy noble people of our land are gonna get all the land, and so let's just divide it all up. They're gonna live there on manors, and if you, if you have a manor house, you are the lord of that manor. You're, you have allegiance to the king, obviously, but on that land of yours, besides your manor house, there's also gonna be a peasant village. There's gonna be some, some great farmland that they're gonna work for you, so they can give you

• 4:32Speaker 02

  lots of food. And then there's also the commons, which all of the peasant people or commoners can, can share. They can divide it up and, and share it and live off that stuff.

• 4:44Josh Clark?

  Yeah. And this land was not the commoners' land. This was not peasants' land. This is the medieval era. I guess it kicked off the medieval era. And just to be clear, this was, this was that lord's land, like you were saying. But the commoners had what are called usufructory rights, which is basically like, they don't own the land, but they have like actual legal right to use and to work that land and to take the products of their work from that land to sustain themselves. So this is the arrangement, like the, and it worked pretty well for several centuries, it turns out.

• 5:22Speaker 02

  Yeah, it did. You know, they divided that land into basically straight strips, and we'll get into that in a second, for each household. And there was also the waste, which will come into play. It sounds like a terrible word to name basically the forest. But, you know, it's where they couldn't farm, but it was, you know, it's where the rivers were. That's where the trees were. So that's where they hunted and fished and gathered peat and wood and stuff like that. So still a very valuable area as far as use goes, but they called it waste.

• 5:52Josh Clark?

  It was just not a good, good term.

• 5:54Speaker 02

  Yeah, I agree.

• 5:56Josh Clark?

  But so with the farmland themselves, like you said, they cut them up into strips. And just imagine like a series of fields. One field is just grass. We'll call that like the meadow. It's where all the sheep and the cows are grazing. Now there's another field, and that's where a bunch of cropland is growing. There's another field, there's more cropland. And if you look very closely, there, those, the cropland is divided up into very long, thin strips. And each of those strips belongs to a different person who farms that common land in both fields. And that's how things were divided up. And you didn't have two strips next to each other because they didn't want anybody to get like all the good dirt.

• 6:40Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 6:40Josh Clark?

  And then you would have strips in both fields because there were different things growing in different fields. And the whole thing rotated every few years. And then a different field would become the new meadow because the sheep and the cows would peep poop on it and fertilize it for next time around when it became cropland again.

• 7:01Speaker 02

  Yeah, so it was it was just basic crop rotation. It made a lot of sense. They would let it rewild. They, you know, they were straight because they had these very tough to use plows that did not turn very well. So they just made these long, straight strips. They would take care and share the oxen that it took to pull these plows for everyone.

• 7:21Josh Clark?

  Yeah, that was a big one.

• 7:22Speaker 02

  And it was, you know, it was sort of like a, it wasn't like communism or anything or socialism. It was just like how it was. It was like, hey, we're all going to care for this land. We're going to rotate the crops so the land stays good for all of us. And we're going to all help take care of the ox and we'll help each other out. And we're not going to put up fences because the animals have to graze around. And we all just have to agree on how to do this. And they basically did.

• 7:50Josh Clark?

  Well, that's the big one. Because you are sharing strips with your neighbors in a single field. Everybody has to do the same farming all at the same time. It's almost like the the group of commenters working those fields were collectively one single farmer making

• 8:07Speaker 02

  Right.

• 8:07Josh Clark?

  these decisions on when to harvest,

• 8:09Speaker 02

  Totally.

• 8:10Josh Clark?

  when to plow, when to do all that stuff. And like I said, it worked pretty well. It's important because these people are the losers in this situation. And we usually root for the underdog. So we have to be careful not to over idealize life in a medieval English peasant village. Like, it was tough.

• 8:30Speaker 02

  That's a good point.

• 8:31Josh Clark?

  Like if the, if your crops failed and it turned out that your, your neighbors thought you you worshiped Saninos, they might burn you at the stake. Like, it was, it was not necessarily the easiest life. But it seems to be a, a life that was very satisfactory to the peasants. Because when it came time for them to be forced to give it up, they did not want to give it up. They wanted to keep living like that because the alternative that they were given was not preferable to peasant village life.

• 9:01Speaker 02

  Yeah, it's like, hey, go, go move to the city and work in a textile mill. So they didn't necessarily also divide this up evenly. The, it was, you know, it was divided up according to like a lot of, like inherited stakes that had been around for a long, long time in the families. There were people that did not get any land at all and basically were just the hired farmhands even within the peasant village.

• 9:28Josh Clark?

  Yeah.

• 9:28Speaker 02

  Uh, but they did get, um, resources. They could generally hunt and fish and things like that, uh, in the waste, um, after the harvest. If there were like, you know, crops that were left over or not, uh, completely utilized, uh, they a lot of times could had access to those. So, you know, they were, they were getting along okay, you know, when you look at the alternative, which is, um, having no land at all to farm, I guess.

• 9:55Josh Clark?

  Yeah. And although there was inequality, you could still work your way up. There were people who had more land than they necessarily needed.

• 10:03Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 10:03Josh Clark?

  So if you were landless, you could sublet that land, work that land and start giving yourself a foothold and maybe eventually buy that strip or those strips of field for yourself. So it seems like, yes, there were some people who were wealthier than others.

• 10:18Josh Clark?

  But the, the, the difference in income equality and social equality is much closer.

• 10:25Speaker 02

  Right.

• 10:25Josh Clark?

  Than it would become in the next few centuries.

• 10:28Speaker 02

  Yeah, for sure. And they also, you know, thought ahead like, hey, you, within this system, you can't just get so rich and still be here. So they had like

• 10:36Josh Clark?

  Right.

• 10:36Speaker 02

  An income cap, basically. So if you went above that, they're like, sorry, you're, you're not a commoner anymore. You can't farm this land. Um, and they did this in a pretty democratic way. They had a local council that they elected that, you know, every year they would allocate these strips for different households and stuff like that. They would set fees for like, um, you know, grazing and pasturing and stuff like that.

• 10:56Josh Clark?

  Yeah.

• 10:57Speaker 02

  And get their agricultural calendar in order. And yeah, that's just how it went for a long time. And like you said, for a couple of hundred years, it wasn't, uh, it worked out pretty well.

• 11:07Josh Clark?

  It did. Um, so apparently around 1235, so people have been farming like this for a couple of hundred years by then, um, there was a, a statute passed and I'm not, I don't know the, the ins and outs of it, but it was called the Statute of Merton.

• 11:23Speaker 02

  I wonder if the statute was named for the famously long-necked defensive back for the San Francisco 49ers, Merton Hanks.

• 11:31Josh Clark?

  Obviously, it was, but regardless of who it was named after the statute of Merton said that if you were the lord of a manor and you want to like close off your whole, well, I guess manor, if you want to close off some of it, you can do that legally from now on, but you have to make sure that there's plenty of common land left for the peasants to work and live on. And I guess whoever that was passed for was like, yes, and everybody else didn't pay much attention to it for about 100 or so years. And then something happened in England and Europe in general that really altered the trajectory of history. And that was the Black Death, when as much as half, half of the people in England died

• 12:15Josh Clark?

  off from this one plague in just a couple of years.

• 12:19Speaker 02

  So this, it's interesting to see how things like this in history can just change the course of history.

• 12:26Josh Clark?

  Right.

• 12:26Speaker 02

  Because had the Black Death not happened, obviously, a lot of people would have still been alive. But aside from that, like, this may have never gone down that way, because it was just a radical shift in the way the country looked and how they had to operate moving forward. Because obviously, when half the people go away and leave the planet, is that how I'm saying this now?

• 12:51Josh Clark?

  They got sniffed off the case forever.

• 12:53Speaker 02

  Like it was the snap or something. There's going to be a labor shortage. Just the nuts and bolts of it is there's going to be far less people to do that kind of work, which is, was kind of good for the peasants at the time, because all of a sudden, they had some bargaining power.

• 13:05Josh Clark?

  Right.

• 13:06Speaker 02

  And they said, hey, maybe we should get paid a little more. We also don't need as much food because there's only half the people. And so that, all of a sudden, paved the way for more sheep grazing, because England started realizing, hey, there's a lot more money and a lot easier money to be made in textiles and shearing these sheep and selling wool and the wool trade than there is this, this farming. Like, that's for the birds.

• 13:34Josh Clark?

  Right, so because sheep are much less labor intensive, require way fewer farmers, but more land, the people who are wealthy started going after enclosure more and more. They started following that statute of Merton Hanks.

• 13:49Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 13:50Josh Clark?

  And, um, and saying like, oh yeah, I want to enclose this, I'm going to enclose this and turn it into grazing land for sheep.

• 13:56Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 13:57Josh Clark?

  And people were actually displaced. Some people were, some entire villages were displaced. And it was as simple as that. It was, you don't live here anymore, get out. And don't forget, I'm the lord of the manor, so what are you going to do about it? Sometimes there were armed, um, people who would show up and tell them to leave. It was just, it was just as illegal and indefensible as that, but that's exactly what happened. People were moved out for sheep because they could make more money off of wool than they could off of crops because there weren't that many people who needed the crops in the first place. So this huge land grab first started because the price of wool was pretty expensive. And that, that started the first, what you would call really the

• 14:40Josh Clark?

  first wave of enclosure back in the 14th, 15th century.

• 14:45Speaker 02

  Yeah. And, you know, what we mean by fencing and enclosure is literal fencing because they had to keep those sheep there. If not, the sheep are going to go away. So they had to physically construct barricades to keep these fences in. Sometimes they were literal fences. Sometimes there were these hedges, but if you're thinking like, you know, topiary type, you know, finery of a, of a English garden, uh, it's more like a hedge that they, they train to grow so thick and then vines attached to that, that it essentially acts as a fence.

• 15:17Josh Clark?

  Yeah, like you just can't get through it. There's too many brambles and blackberries and all that stuff. So yeah, these, these hedges, if you're British, you are probably pretty fond of your hedges. They're part of British culture. Um, but outside of Britain, they, it's worth going to Britain just to see the hedges. So the hedges have like two or three Michelin stars. I can't remember.

• 15:39Speaker 02

  That's right. Uh, the other thing we have to, um, point out here is that sometimes, um, it was a little more like. How it was supposed to work officially is different than how it went down in practice. Officially, you were supposed to get unanimous consent of all the stakeholders of the commons in order to sell that off and fence it up for your sheep, but it obviously didn't always work out that way. Like you said, sometimes they just took it. Sometimes they forced them to move to a very much less desire. They're like, here, take this land. It's not nearly as fertile, but look, I gave you something. And sometimes, yeah, it was just completely illegal.

• 16:16Josh Clark?

  Yeah, and so some people were like, hey, this is kind of messed up. One of the most well-known voices was Thomas More, who wrote his book Utopia in 1516, and he was pretty clearly against the sheep. He called them the great devourers who devoured entire communities. And, you know, obviously, it wasn't the sheep's fault. They were just doing what they do, which is great.

• 16:43Speaker 02

  It kind of felt bad for the sheep in that point.

• 16:44Josh Clark?

  Yeah, I know. They really took the brunt of it. But it was because of the raising sheep that became so profitable, that that's what was really devouring the communities. And it got the ear of Henry VII. Remember, he was the guy who killed Richard III and took over. He was the first Tudor king. He said, hey, I am hearing what you're saying. So let's kind of slow down these enclosures, because we don't want to uproot the peasantry. We want them to keep doing what they do, because that is England, as far as anyone thinks of England.

• 17:17Speaker 02

  Yeah. So that's sort of the first bucket of enclosure, the first wave, I guess.

• 17:22Josh Clark?

  The first tranche.

• 17:23Speaker 02

  The first tranche, that's right. So maybe we should take a break, and we'll come back with a little more intense enclosure, right after this.

• 17:44Speaker 03

  First thought is like, wow, how are we going to do all this?

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• 21:02Speaker 02

  All right. So as promised, we talked about the first wave of enclosure. And now the second wave, a couple of hundred years later, comes back in a much more intense form because the government, the like, the whole government of England said, all right, this is how we're going to do things now. Because in the last hundred, couple of hundred years, textile making has really become the thing. Although we're getting most of our wool and cotton and stuff from our various colonies all over the world, it's not like we need all this for sheep. We think this is just the way to go because we really need to make our whole agricultural operation much more efficient. And it was not efficient when people were just doing their own thing with these little strips of land.

• 21:46Speaker 02

  Like one person or one entity needs to kind of be in charge of all of this. So it'll be more efficient and smooth.

• 21:53Josh Clark?

  Right, ideally and in practice, a peasant could support himself and his family and, you know, maybe have enough left over to sell or something like that. But you can't really support a growing workforce, a labor force that you're creating basically out of whole cloth with the Industrial Revolution, started in England, thanks to these wool factories converting them into textiles. You need a bunch of people for that. So you need to figure out how to take the people off the land and put them in the factories. And then you have to figure out how to feed those people from the land that you just moved the people from. And you can pay them so that they actually have to buy the food from the land that you just forced them off of.

• 22:35Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 22:36Josh Clark?

  You can start to see like what a bad deal it was, but because there was so much money to be made, because there was such a huge leap forward just waiting to be taken through the Industrial Revolution, the powers that be guided, steered, railroaded England and the English into the cities and the factories in the cities.

• 22:56Speaker 02

  Yeah, and one of the biggest sort of pillars of this new system was the Norfolk Four Corps System. And a guy named Lord Townsend, nicknamed Turnip, I believe he brought this over from the Netherlands. His nickname was Turnip, and wouldn't you guess, turnips are part of this four corps system. It involved crop rotation, in this case wheat, turnips, barley and clover. You might be wondering like, clover, what good is that? Clover was good for the grazing.

• 23:27Josh Clark?

  It's good for the bees too, so honey.

• 23:28Speaker 02

  Yeah, it's good for the bees, it's good for the soil, and it also meant that they didn't need to let those fields go down for a season and rewild. They could just kind of keep rotating things.

• 23:38Josh Clark?

  Right.

• 23:39Speaker 02

  And you could use those turnips to feed the livestock that are grazing on the clover. And previous to that, they might slaughter livestock at the end of the season and the early winter. Another big change was that the C drill came along, which has allowed them to plant in these very long, straight rows, just, you know, endless, endless, straight rows. And they planted grain, and guess who introduced that? Josh and audience.

• 24:07Josh Clark?

  I know who it is. Yep, Survivor.

• 24:12Speaker 02

  Oh, man.

• 24:15Speaker 02

  Jethro Tull, baby.

• 24:17Josh Clark?

  Oh, yeah, Jethro Tull.

• 24:19Speaker 02

  That's right.

• 24:20Josh Clark?

  I knew it all along. I was just teasing. So, um, did you know Jethro Tull was a British band?

• 24:25Speaker 02

  Oh, I did not. I just thought he was the guy that came up with the seed drill and was generally feeling like a dead duck.

• 24:32Josh Clark?

  No, uh, they were a British band and apparently someone in their agent's office was a history buff and was telling them all about Jethro Tull. And what a great inventive person he was. So they're like, we'll just name our band Jethro Tull.

• 24:44Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 24:44Josh Clark?

  Even though it'll make no sense because it doesn't fit with our music at all, we're gonna name our band Jethro Tull.

• 24:50Speaker 02

  I think it kinda fits.

• 24:52Josh Clark?

  Do you think so?

• 24:53Speaker 02

  Yeah. When I think of seed drills, I think of flautists. I think of Ian Anderson dancing around on one leg like a flamingo.

• 25:01Josh Clark?

  Nice. Okay. I guess it makes sense now that you put it like that.

• 25:04Speaker 02

  We've talked about Aqua Long quite a bit on this show.

• 25:07Josh Clark?

  I, I don't know how you don't talk about Aqua Long like pretty frequently. It's, it's just there. It's worth talking about for sure.

• 25:14Speaker 02

  I love it. Very divisive song. I think it's great and kinda fun.

• 25:17Josh Clark?

  Oh, yeah? Some people hate it?

• 25:19Speaker 02

  Boy, a lot of people. Yeah.

• 25:21Josh Clark?

  I wonder why?

• 25:21Speaker 02

  It's a weird song.

• 25:23Josh Clark?

  That's odd. Um, so I guess the upshot of all this is that a, an industrial revolution uh, was coincidental with an agricultural revolution and one fueled the other, which is pretty interesting. Cause this is happening at the exact same time, but even still, the government was like, you can't just go in and steal people's land. If you want to enclose your land and consolidate it so that you can create this super efficient agricultural land that you can make tons of money off of, selling food again to the peasants who were just removed from that land that they used to farm, it just gets me, Chuck. You have to do that through act of parliament. You have to petition parliament and say, I want to enclose this land.

• 26:08Josh Clark?

  And not only that, you have to have a super majority of, um, the local area to agree to it. And there were two things that helped people with this. One, the same people who were trying to enclose the land were in parliament or at least friends with them. And the people who, who provided the super majority to say, yes, you can enclose the land were their friends and neighbors and people in the same class. So it's not like these were huge obstacles that the people enclosing Great Britain had to overcome at the time.

• 26:38Speaker 02

  No, and if you're thinking like, oh guys, are you telling me they passed like thousands and thousands of Acts of Parliament? They did exactly that. They passed about 4,000 of these between 750 and 1860, so just a little over 100 years. And almost 11,000 square miles of England, beginning at the start of the 20th century, was now enclosed. It's about a fifth of the entire area of the country. If you're wondering about the waste, we mentioned the waste. We don't want to let the waste go to waste. They were enclosed as well, like, it wasn't like they fenced all of that off, but a lot of it was.

• 27:19Speaker 02

  And they said, hey, I know you used to hunt and fish here, but now we're gonna take our ritzy hunting parties out here, and you're not gonna be allowed to hunt. Or we may just raise it and have our own gardens. It might be like agricultural, that, you know, we get some of our food from, but it will probably be just like, you know, the English gardens that we love to gaze upon with our riches.

• 27:42Josh Clark?

  To show off.

• 27:43Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 27:44Josh Clark?

  Yeah, I have a real problem with that as well. So, people just didn't necessarily take this lying down. There were huge, huge waves and spasms of violence throughout the centuries, from the beginning of enclosure up until the 19th century. This is a really, really big deal. You can trace it all the way back to the 1381 Peasants' Revolt. That wasn't entirely about enclosure, but it was a factor in it. And trace it up to the English Civil War, where the Diggers came along. The Diggers were a radical faction of a radical group called the Levellers, and their whole thing was enclosure is a mess and it's terrible and we're not gonna put up with it.

• 28:25Josh Clark?

  The Diggers, I think, kinda capture what the issue was to the peasants, and that was, to them, if you were born British, you had a birthright to British soil. Like, the country belonged to you as much as it belonged to anybody else who was born in Britain, and your right was to work that soil and make a living for yourself, however you wanted to. And coming in and enclosing this area and forcing people from that land was a violation of the birthright of those British people. And, you know, they engaged in violence, and they would break down enclosures and fences and hedges, but ultimately, they, they lost that battle or that war.

• 29:05Speaker 02

  Yeah, and if you're wondering about, I feel like I'm a waste guy today, which I kinda like. It keeps just popping up whenever it's my turn. And while I'm looking at the script here, is it my line?

• 29:17Josh Clark?

  This, it's your line. You didn't highlight your lines?

• 29:19Speaker 02

  Sorry, sorry. Yeah, as far as the waste goes, you know, I said that a lot, a lot of them were kind of closed off as well, so they couldn't use them. So obviously, there's gonna be some like saboteur action going on there.

• 29:32Josh Clark?

  Saboteur action.

• 29:33Speaker 02

  And these were commoners known as the Blacks, and they would poach deer on, in the waste. They would destroy trees because trees, I mean, they were always a bit of a commodity, but they became an increasing commodity because of the shipbuilding prowess, the growing shipbuilding prowess of England at the time, and the British Royal Navy fleet that was just growing and growing, British sea power, great band. So they were doing this, and so the government passed the Black Act, which basically said, alright, if you get caught poaching a deer on land that you hunted all your life, we're gonna kill you. And it was the death penalty, and so hundreds of people were hanged for poaching those deer that they had always been hunting.

• 30:12Josh Clark?

  Yeah, so the, the, the way of life that these people lived was outlawed. And so to engage in that way of life, you were now a criminal, and the crimes you committed, e.g., killing a rabbit on enclosed land, maybe even chasing after a rabbit through someone's enclosed land, could get you killed by the government. Like, that's what happened with that. This is how serious things got. And the, back to the, I'm gonna take a waste one if you don't mind.

• 30:42Speaker 02

  Well, the, the sub-waste, which is the Fens?

• 30:45Josh Clark?

  Okay, fine. It's not the greatest waste, but it's important because the Fens were a, and I think still are in some places, a big, vast, marshy area of England. And the people who wanted to grow crops for that agricultural revolution and make a bunch of money were like, we should drain those, because that'll immediately turn into really great cropland. And the people who lived on the Fens, the peasants, said, whoa, whoa, whoa, we're using those. And so this, this kind of bad- Battle for public opinion broke out and the people who were trying to make the money off of it told everybody else like this is just wasteland like terrible land, not even the other version of waste. This is just terrible land that's not doing anybody any

• 31:29Josh Clark?

  good. And the people who don't want to leave are too lazy to come into the cities and work. So forget them. The peasants said, hey, we can make way more money working the fens than we can working for you in the cities. And it worked for a little while. The fens, they managed to stave off the fens being drained from the 1700s, from most of the 1700s and then ultimately lost out. That's a recurring theme in this Chuck. The people who are defending their right to the land ultimately lost out over and over and over again.

• 32:02Speaker 02

  Yeah, for sure. You'll be glad to know, like, just like the first sort of wave of enclosure when there were some people speaking up and saying like, hmm, is this really the best idea? During the official parliamentary enclosure, some people, some officials even stepped forward and said, hey, I don't think this is the best thing that we're doing here. There was a guy named Arthur Young, who, who actually was pro enclosure and was promoting that kind of stuff as the secretary of the Board of Agriculture. But then as it started to play out, he was like, wait a minute, we've got these villages that are just drying up. We've got these commoners that are impoverished now. And so I'm going to whip up a report here and take it to the board. And they said, this is in 1801, and they said, thanks, but no thanks. We're not even going to take a look at that.

• 32:48Josh Clark?

  I think I saw somewhere that something like 350 English villages just vanished in that 100 years of parliamentary enclosures.

• 32:59Speaker 02

  Yeah, I mean.

• 33:00Josh Clark?

  Just gone, like gone.

• 33:01Speaker 02

  Yeah. I guess there's different ways of looking at this. Like, you can't stop progress. And it's not like if this hadn't happened, there would still be these, you know, villages of commoners in this modern society. But it's, the way it went down was just pretty despicable.

• 33:15Josh Clark?

  Yeah, for sure. There was another group that were similar to the Diggers, but they were more interested in like, um, income equality, um, fair wages, uh, kind of industrialized stuff, like workers' rights. But they were also interested in, in agrarian rights as well. The chartists, they made-

• 33:35Speaker 02

  We've talked about them before, right?

• 33:37Josh Clark?

  Yes, in the Pinkerton episode. Alan Pinkerton started out as a chartist.

• 33:41Speaker 02

  That's right.

• 33:42Josh Clark?

  And they tried to actually kind of, um, get back to the land. They bought a bunch of these enclosed lands and turned them back into cropland. But I saw that they were a victim of their success because they had like 70,000 people joining in to do this and they just could not get enough land fast enough. So they ended up going bankrupt.

• 33:59Speaker 02

  Yeah. And you know, like you said, they're, they're, just the way their country looked changed so radically, um, and it wasn't just about the way of life. It was like that, the medieval village was a, uh, was something that the people of England like, uh, that's all they knew. So all of a sudden, it's just, everything is changing so fast and it's being foisted upon them so fast. There were, you know, there were poets and there were authors like writing these books and, and, uh, odes about, you know, the, the destruction of the way of life that they had always known.

• 34:31Josh Clark?

  Mm-hmm.

• 34:32Speaker 02

  Uh, so it was sort of in the, in the cultural, um, uh, ether? Yeah, ether as well.

• 34:37Josh Clark?

  Zeitgeist?

• 34:38Speaker 02

  Yeah, I don't think they said zeitgeist then, did they?

• 34:41Josh Clark?

  Yeah, okay. So cultural ether. I didn't realize that was a term of the peasantry, but I get it.

• 34:46Speaker 02

  I didn't think they had ether at the time either.

• 34:48Josh Clark?

  Um, so Chuck, I say we take our second break and come back and talk some more about this, like what actually happened from this?

• 34:55Speaker 02

  Let's do it.

• 35:12Josh Clark?

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• 36:15Josh Clark?

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• 37:35Josh Clark?

  Okay, so we're back and enclosure has become this orgy of land grabbing and displacement. One other thing we should have said is that Parliament kind of enforced movement to the city. So you would have your village stolen out from under you and turned into sheep grazing land or cropland or something like that. And now you were homeless, so legally you were considered a vagrant. Vagrancy was a crime. You were a criminal if you didn't have a place to live. So where are you gonna go? I need to make some money, fast. I'm gonna move to the city and start working in the factory. So like just choice after choice was shut down for everybody. And the effects of this huge sweeping change in Britain just rippled across the world

• 38:20Josh Clark?

  because one thing would feed into another thing, would feed into another thing, and then the whole thing would cycle back again. And every time it cycled back, it would just grow and grow and grow and grow. And the British Empire in the 19th century rose based on the agricultural revolution that fed the industrial revolution. And it just exploded. It just started to grow exponentially.

• 38:44Speaker 02

  Yeah, for sure. I mean, you can look at any time something like this happens, you can kind of pick apart little small parts or not small changes, I guess. They ended up being, you know, pretty monumental. But like just, you know, did people live longer? Were they healthier? Did wages increase? Stuff like that. And wages for labor did rise, but it was really hard, hard work. It was pretty intense stuff. It's hard to get a lot of data and nutrition sort of statistics for that time period. But if you look at things like, you know, average heights and weights and things like that, it seems like malnutrition maybe increased because, you know, people were working in these factories and it was pretty dangerous wage work. And they didn't have like the best food available to them at the time.

• 39:30Speaker 02

  You're gonna have a lot more people that have less, so obviously they're gonna turn to like the church, or maybe even the government, and say, "Hey, you kicked us out of our land. We're poor, we need help. You need to help us subside." And at the time, you know, and that's, that's still, you know, a big debate all over the world, like, how much should, should the rich help the poor, or people just of regular means help the poor? And it was a thing back then, a lot, you know, a lot of people were saying like, "Hey, it's not the government's place to step in and support the poor. It's just not, we're not gonna get involved in that."

• 40:02Josh Clark?

  No, and a big one was Thomas Malthus, who wrote the essay on the principle of population. We've talked about Malthus a lot. I think he even got his own episode. And he's unfairly saddled with the idea of like, "No, no, no, you just let the poor die. It's just a, it's just a natural check and balance to prevent overpopulation." And he was not advocating that. He was pointing out that is a check on overpopulation, not make sure that that happens. But he was the one, he was the first one to really get across, like, "Our agricultural production will never be able to keep up with population, and so we have to kind of be concerned about overpopulation at some point in time."

• 40:41Speaker 02

  Yeah, for sure. So now you have a lot of people living in cities, far fewer people living in the rural farmland where they used to live. The population is actually rising a lot. Between 1750 and 1850, over 100 years, it may have doubled.

• 40:56Josh Clark?

  Man.

• 40:57Speaker 02

  Of course, this is, you know, after being halved with the Black Death. It may have been, you know, just sort of the way things went.

• 41:04Josh Clark?

  Yeah, 20 more people.

• 41:05Speaker 02

  Yeah, exactly. But, you know, there's, there was a definite increase in efficiency of agriculture, like, no one can deny that. Like, what they set out to do, they did pretty successfully, because you had to support this larger population and free up those workers to work in the city. So that all worked well if that was, if that was your aim. If you're on that side of the argument, you could point to all those things and saying like, "Hey, our navy's strong, we got a great urban labor force now, and everyone's, you know, everyone's happy."

• 41:36Josh Clark?

  Right. I mean, you could say quality of life in England rose. I mean, the, the middle class, the merchant class suddenly exploded in wealth. There are a lot of people who got rich off of it, off of the industrial revolution and all the stuff that came from it. And you can kind of step back and look at England going from the people, making sure the people fed themselves, to making sure that the people of England and other places like Australia, New Zealand, colonial America, were supplying England like itself with the food it needed to put out, these goods that it could then sell and continue to grow in

• 42:18Josh Clark?

  wealth. That's kind of the switch that happened. And you've mentioned the British Navy. I mean, like, they, the, the enclosed wastes directly contributed to the rise of the British Navy because those timbers were used for shipbuilding. And as the British Navy grew more and more powerful, they had more and more clout to colonize more and more places increasingly brutally, so that they could extract raw materials to feed into the industrial machine in the cities of England.

• 42:51Speaker 02

  Yeah, for sure. And this inspired the rest of the world to, to go out and do likewise as everything was becoming more modern. It certainly inspired probably the, what happened in Russia in 1861, when Alexander II said, you know what, no more serfdom in Russia. The landlords are gonna, just basically what they did in England. The landlords are gonna get the best farming land, serfs, you can buy that land back, but you gotta take out these big, heavy loans from maybe even your landlord, or maybe the state, and you should move to the city. We got a rising growth in industry because of the industrial revolution, just like in England. And we're gonna exploit you, just like we did in England. And that led eventually to, in part, to the Russian Revolution.

• 43:34Josh Clark?

  It did. And I mean, that's like a legitimate response to having your land stolen from you. Uprising of peasants. It's just, it happened to work in Russia where it kept getting tamped down by the government century after century in England. And so the government and the interested, the wealthy interested parties won out. But enclosure was so successful that Britain exported it to its colonies and basically said, we're doing the same thing here so that you guys can become more and more efficient and provide more and more raw materials for export back. And it just didn't happen just in the colonies. Scotland very famously had its Highlands cleared of thousands of Highlanders. Like, they just came in, just like they did to the peasant villages and said, get out.

• 44:19Josh Clark?

  And if you don't, we've got swords and you don't want these swords. Actually, by that time, they probably had muskets and such. But that was just, they just kept doing it over and over and over again. And each time, it seems like it was a worse and worse thing morally speaking.

• 44:37Speaker 02

  Yeah, for sure. There are, believe it or not, still some comments today. They, not every single one of them was, was done away with. There's just a handful, though, in Lacston, apparently, in North Nottinghamshire. They have an open field system. They have three fields that they never enclosed. And they are divided into strips, just like the old days, and farmed by tenants of that manner. And there's also a guild called the Oxford Freeman, who owned the town meadow of that city. And they, they can, you know, they can pasture their cattle there and their horse, and they can fish in the part of the Thames that runs alongside that, I guess, jointly owned or cared for meadow.

• 45:18Josh Clark?

  Yeah. So, yeah, there are still places that survive, but enclosure itself is done in Great Britain. It's been done since the 1860s. And the reason it came to an end was because those, the middle class, the merchant class, who became wealthy in the cities, said, hey, we want parkland. We want places to be able to go and like have picnics and stuff. And this enclosure is eating up that land, so we need to stop enclosure. And so they did. They created something called the Commons Preservation Society. They gained influence in Parliament. They gained support in Parliament. There was an 1876 act called the Commons Act that said you can only enclose

• 46:02Josh Clark?

  a piece of Great Britain if there's a public benefit of it. And that group, the Commons Preservation Society, eventually created the National Trust, which now, Chuck, here's the great twist of irony, protects the very same hedges that created enclosure in the first place and prevent farmers who want to tear up those hedges from tearing them up because they're protected by old enclosure acts.

• 46:31Speaker 02

  Wow.

• 46:32Josh Clark?

  Amazing stuff, huh?

• 46:34Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 46:35Josh Clark?

  You got anything else?

• 46:36Speaker 02

  I got nothing else.

• 46:37Josh Clark?

  Well, that's it about fencing the Commons or enclosure. And I think that means we've just teed up listener mail.

• 46:46Speaker 02

  That's right. This is from Christina. Hey, guys. I was very interested in the episode on paganism, as I'm a Christian who's always had an interest and respect for paganism. I wanted to clarify on some comments you made about Easter and its roots in paganism. Yes, it is true. Many things we have about Easter are based on the pagan celebration of Ostara. However, we often focus on that to the neglect and misattribution of the influences of Judaism on Easter. In English and the Germanic languages, the holiday we call Easter was taken from the name Ostara. However, in the Romance languages and many other languages, the name for that holiday is based on the Jewish Passover, which is when Jesus's death and resurrection is supposed to have taken place. In Spanish, it is Pascua.

• 47:30Speaker 02

  In Italian and Catalan, it is Pascua, etc. The time of the year is also based on Jewish Passover. It's a spring holiday. So when Christianity was moving through Western Europe, it did coincide with Ostara, but that's not why Easter takes place in the spring. The bunnies and eggs and sun symbolism are all pagan, but let's not ignore Christianity's origins out of Judaism and its influences on the day.

• 47:53Josh Clark?

  Man, that's a great email. Who is that from?

• 47:55Speaker 02

  That's great. That's from Christina. She says, thanks a lot for what you do. I listen to a lot of true crime, but I am happy that I still have you guys and Stuff You Missed in History Class.

• 48:05Josh Clark?

  Nice.

• 48:06Speaker 02

  Our compatriots Holly and Tracy to listen to now that my baby is learning to talk and I need to listen to less murder and more family-friendly content.

• 48:15Josh Clark?

  Yeah, we are pretty family friendly, aren't we?

• 48:17Speaker 02

  Hey, we try to be. Not, we do our best.

• 48:20Josh Clark?

  So, thanks Christina, and that raised something that I realized we didn't mention when we were talking about evidence of pagan roots still around today. Our days of the week are almost all rooted in paganism. Like Thursday, Thor's Day, that's where that came from. Saturday is Saturn's Day. Like, all of the days of our week come from pagan gods, essentially. Isn't that neat?

• 48:46Speaker 02

  Goat's Head Day?

• 48:47Josh Clark?

  Yeah. Did you say Goat's Head Day?

• 48:50Speaker 02

  Yeah, which became Monday.

• 48:52Josh Clark?

  That's good stuff, buddy. Well, thanks again, Christina. If you want to be like Christina and send us an email, especially a great one like that, you can send it off to [email protected].

• 49:06Speaker 00

  Stuff You Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

• 49:21Josh Clark?

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