190. 9/11: Could the Attacks Have Been Prevented? (Ep 4)

By July 2001 the plan for 9/11 was almost complete… All that was missing was a day. How do you set the date the world changes? Listen as David and Gordon unpack the night before the 9/11 hijackers carried out their plot. ------------------- THE REST IS CLASSIFIED LIVE 2026 at The Rest Is Fest: Buy your tickets ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠to see David, Gordon and special guest Anthony Scaramucci live on stage at London’s Southbank Centre on 5 September: https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/whats-on/scaramucci-vs-the-rest-is-classified-team-america/ ------------------- Sign-up for our free newsletter where producer Becki takes you behind the scenes of the show: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠https://mailchi.mp/goalhanger.com/tric-free-newsletter-sign⁠-up⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ ------------------- Join the Declassified Club to go deeper into the world of espionage with exclusive Q&As, interviews with top intelligence insiders, regular livestreams, ad-free listening, early access to episodes and live show tickets, and weekly deep dives into original spy stories. Members also get curated reading lists, special book discounts, prize draws, and access to our private chat community. Just go to ⁠⁠therestisclassified.com⁠ or join on Apple Podcasts. ------------------- Get a 10% discount on business PCs, printers and accessories using the code TRIC10. Visit ⁠⁠⁠⁠https://HP.com/CLASSIFIED⁠⁠⁠⁠ for more information. T&C's apply. ------------------- EXCLUSIVE NordVPN Deal ➼ https://nordvpn.com/restisclassified Upgrade your online protection with an all-in-one security app! It’s risk free with NordVPN’s 30-day money-back guarantee 🌍 ------------------- Email: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠[email protected]⁠⁠⁠ Instagram: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠@restisclassified⁠ Video Editor: Joe Pettit Social Producer: Emma Jackson Assistant Producer: Alfie Rowe Producer: Becki Hills Head of History: Dom Johnson Exec Producer: Tony Pastor Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:03David McCloskey?

  For exclusive interviews, bonus episodes, ad-free listening, early access to series, first look at live show tickets, a weekly newsletter, and discounted books, join the Declassified Club at therestisclassified.com.

• 0:25Gordon Corera?

  By July 2001, the plan for 9/11 was nearly complete. All that was missing was a day. How do you set the date for the day the world changes? Well, welcome to The Rest Is Classified. I'm Gordon Carrera.

• 0:38David McCloskey?

  And I'm David McCloskey.

• 0:39Gordon Corera?

  And David, this is the fourth of our series on 9/11, and we got to the summer of 2001. The pilots have learnt how to fly the muscle. The men who are going to help take over the aircraft had arrived in the United States. The money, not that much of it, was banked. And these 19 hijackers are effectively hiding in plain sight across America. What remained was to turn all of that into an operation with specific planes, specific weapons, and a specific day. This is the episode where the plot becomes a countdown. But first, a word from our sponsors, HP.

• 1:22Gordon Corera?

  This episode is brought to you by HP.

• 1:24David McCloskey?

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• 1:36Gordon Corera?

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• 1:47David McCloskey?

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• 1:52Gordon Corera?

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• 2:03David McCloskey?

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• 2:10Gordon Corera?

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• 2:28Gordon Corera?

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• 3:12Gordon Corera?

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• 4:06Speaker 02

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• 4:54Gordon Corera?

  So David, last time, we looked in detail, really, at the Saudi muscle. This time, should we go back to the planning of it, and particularly Mohammed Atta, who's the operational chief for 9/11 on the ground in the United States?

• 5:07David McCloskey?

  Well, we talked about the muscle last time. The muscle can only storm the cockpit or take over the plane. You need the pilots. And remember that we have four pilots in the US at this point in time. Mohammed Atta, the, really, the mastermind, the operational planner inside the US. Sheihi, Jara, and Hani Hanjor. They're really the most valuable piece of this plot, as seen from KSM's vantage point. The muscle, as we talked about, are mostly lying low. They're opening bank accounts, they're hanging out at the gym, and they're just trying to kind of stay off the radar. That is in contrast to the pilots,

• 5:50David McCloskey?

  who are moving and training, in particular, at a very frenzied pace. And in particular, Atta, who is the leader. He has a long checklist of stuff that he needs to tick off. He needs to log enough simulator time to feel confident actually flying the plane, however briefly he's going to pilot it. He needs to be confident. He needs to study how best to board the planes, how to seize the plane in flight. He needs to work through all of that. Again, with the muscle, remember, they've had their training at an Al Qaeda camp in Afghanistan. But again, you know, you need to stay fresh. He needs to basically intake and absorb all of the arriving muscle operatives who are, have trickled in over the course

• 6:35David McCloskey?

  of the spring and summer of 2001. And crucially, he needs to schedule the attacks. He needs to set a date. He needs to actually get specific flights. And as we'll see, so much of the planning for this is going to rest on the fact that he needs the moment when the planes strike to be as tight as possible. Because he doesn't want long gaps where there could be a response or planes grounded. So he's got to really time this thing very effectively. Now, for all of these logistics, Mohammed Atta is in touch with Ramzi bin Al Sheeb, who's kind of the logistical coordinator.

• 7:09Gordon Corera?

  Who was going to be part of the plot, but who's been left behind, effectively.

• 7:12David McCloskey?

  Correct. And who is serving as the communications and kind of logistical conduit between Mohammed Atta and KSM. So let's go to the pilots. Atta and Sheihi had earned their FAA licenses, the Federal Aviation Administration, the pilot's licenses, effectively, in late 2000. And they had moved on to practicing on large jet simulators. Because just being able to fly a small plane, which is the stepping stone to learning how to pilot an airline, is not the same.

• 7:40Gordon Corera?

  It's not the same as a 737, yeah.

• 7:42David McCloskey?

  Atta and Sheihi turn up in a suburb of Atlanta and spend a month renting small planes to fly off and on. They're staying at a discount motel. Jara, the kind of earthy Lebanese guy, who I think is harboring some doubts about what he's doing, and who has a girlfriend back in Germany. He is still in Florida. He keeps taking extra lessons, practicing flying into the summer.

• 8:06Gordon Corera?

  Bit of tension with Atta, possibly, as well? Seems to be the one, maybe, least happy about what's happening.

• 8:12David McCloskey?

  Yeah, because, again, I think Atta, who's in charge of this entire group in the States.

• 8:18Gordon Corera?

  Stern, you know.

• 8:18David McCloskey?

  Very stern, very austere. You know, seems to harbor absolutely no doubts about what he's doing. But importantly, is also needing to keep tabs on everybody to understand if people are dedicated. Because ultimately, I mean, put yourself in the shoes of any one of these men. They don't know the specifics of what they're about to do.

• 8:38Gordon Corera?

  But they go to a pretty good idea.

• 8:38David McCloskey?

  They understand that in a few months, they are going to die.

• 8:41Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 8:41David McCloskey?

  And psychologically, that could be a period, especially since they've come out of these camps. They're, they are still socially isolated in their own little pockets. But they're in the wider world. They could, in theory, get in touch with anybody they might want to in back home in Saudi. And so Atta, I think, really has to watch his team to see if he's going to get any defectors.

• 9:05Gordon Corera?

  And Jarrah, we talked about, had been going to see his girlfriend, or he's still in touch with his girlfriend as well. So he's the, he's the one who looks most likely to maybe drop out or have an issue.

• 9:15David McCloskey?

  Yeah, he flies back to Germany to see her, sees her in Lebanon. Jarrah's father has a heart operation in February of 2001, I think, which has rattled him. And KSM and Bin Al Sheib, who were both later captured by the US, will acknowledge in their detainee reporting that Jarrah was probably straining against Atta's authority. And I think KSM, in this period, he gets, he gets so worried that Jarrah might withdraw. And remember, Jarrah isn't a random Saudi muscle. He's one of the pilots.

• 9:48Gordon Corera?

  Yeah, he's vital.

• 9:49David McCloskey?

  He is absolutely vital to the plot. So I think KSM grows really worried that Jarrah might withdraw. And KSM, I think, is so worried that he probably begins to prepare a substitute pilot. Now, we won't go right now in depth on this thread, but we'll return to it later. What KSM does is he starts funneling $15,000 to someone named Zacharias Musawi. In July, Musawi puts down a deposit for Boeing 747 simulator training in Minnesota. And I think this is essentially a backup plan on KSM's part in case he needs another pilot.

• 10:28Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 10:28David McCloskey?

  We'll come back to Musawi later. On July 20th, Jarrah's girlfriend buys him a one-way ticket from Miami to Dusseldorf, Germany. All four of his previous trips home to see her had been round trip. This is a one-way ticket. He leaves on July 25th, and Atta himself drives Jarrah to the airport, which is unusual and had not happened in other cases when Jarrah had gone home. When Jarrah's back, he meets Bin Al Sheib, the logistical coordinator.

• 10:59Gordon Corera?

  In Germany, yeah.

• 11:00David McCloskey?

  In Germany. And keep in mind, I say logistical coordinator, these two guys are friends. They've known each other in Hamburg for years. They're very close. And we don't know exactly what was said in this conversation. But the commission, the 9/11 commission, calls it an emotional conversation between Jarrah and Bin Al Sheib.

• 11:21Gordon Corera?

  Which makes it sound like Bin Al Sheib is convincing Jarrah to go ahead with it. Maybe that is the moment where Jarrah maybe reveals his doubts, but he's convinced to go through with it.

• 11:30David McCloskey?

  And he goes back. He returns to the States. So he buys another one-way ticket and will, will return back to Florida. Hani Hanjor, the Saudi pilot, a bad pilot by all accounts. He's going to pilot the plane that will hit the Pentagon. Al Qaeda didn't have a lot of pilots, right? So they had to settle with Hanjor. And his instructor at one of his Arizona flight schools had advised him to quit. Watching him on a Boeing 737 simulator, this flight instructor is like, this guy's terrible. Hanjor doesn't stop. He goes to a Phoenix flight school called Jet Tech. The staff are so troubled by his poor English, because English is the language of international aviation. And Hanjor's is substandard.

• 12:12Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 12:13David McCloskey?

  And it's so bad, in fact, that they wonder if his FAA pilot's license has been forged. They actually call the FAA, and the FAA says, oh, this is, this is real. And maybe this guy just needs a language tutor. So they, they let it drop. Hanjor spends the summer of 2001 rehearsing for the Pentagon run. And, and he actually asks to fly the Hudson corridor, which is this kind of low altitude lane that goes up the river, I believe the East River, past the World Trade Center. But he was judged so poor a pilot that he couldn't do it solo.

• 12:53Gordon Corera?

  I think this all raises a really interesting question, which is how, how is it possible with pilots who are either really poor, like Hanjor, or who've had relatively little training, that they could be confident they could fly those jets into a target? And I guess the answer is they don't need to do the hard stuff about flying. Because the hard bit of flying is taking off and landing.

• 13:18David McCloskey?

  Right.

• 13:18Gordon Corera?

  And they're not going to need to do that.

• 13:19David McCloskey?

  Right.

• 13:20Gordon Corera?

  They just need to know how to fly it once it's already in the air. A much more limited skill, which, which they can learn even if they're not great or don't have that much time.

• 13:30David McCloskey?

  Yeah. And there's a trained pilot who said that, you know, once, once you learn the cockpit and how to steer in flight, change heading, speed, altitude, et cetera. It's, it's, it's really not that hard on a modern airliner. And in many respects, it's actually easier to do those things once in flight on a modern airliner, 737, than it is on a small Cessna, let's say. And this pilot said, you know, pretty much any clear day, if you have a licensed private pilot with a little simulator time, they'd be able to fly a jet into a large building.

• 14:07Gordon Corera?

  And this is the crucial thing. Atta, the other pilots, they are not learning how to take off and land. Which is the giveaway that they are doing something very different and learning something different. I mean, to some extent, you wonder whether this tells you what the plot was, because this is different from another kind of hijacking. It also, you kind of think maybe, I mean, some people did find it a little bit odd that this was happening, but.

• 14:32David McCloskey?

  I think of the Musawi, Zacharias Musawi case, it was like, this guy's showing up and saying,

• 14:36Gordon Corera?

  Why is he doing it?

• 14:37David McCloskey?

  I'm not interested in takeoff or landing. Just show me how to do it in flight.

• 14:39Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 14:40David McCloskey?

  And the instructors were like, that's odd.

• 14:42Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 14:43David McCloskey?

  But again, you know, it's, in retrospect, you think, well, why didn't someone say something? But it just, I think at the time, it just kind of looks like odd behavior, you know? It, it doesn't necessarily look, look nefarious.

• 14:56Gordon Corera?

  So that's the learning how to fly. The next question is, what are their targets? And how are they going to decide what flights they're going to take to reach those targets?

• 15:05David McCloskey?

  Yeah. So they're going to end up casing exactly the, the type of flight that they're going to hijack. So the, the three Hamburg cell pilots will each take cross-country surveillance and casing runs, essentially. Shay flies New York to Las Vegas by way of San Francisco in late May. Jarrah goes Baltimore to Las Vegas via Los Angeles in early June. And Atta flies Boston to Las Vegas via San Francisco at the end of June. They go on first class and they fly on the exact model of jet that they intend to hijack on 9/11. And remember, the, the transcontinental aspect of these flights is really important because it means that those flights will be loaded with fuel.

• 15:50David McCloskey?

  And I don't think, and we'll come back to this in the next episode. I don't think that the hijackers believed that the buildings would come down.

• 16:03Gordon Corera?

  No.

• 16:04David McCloskey?

  But they wanted.

• 16:05Gordon Corera?

  A fuel bomb.

• 16:06David McCloskey?

  They wanted a fuel bomb. And so to make that bomb as potent as possible, they wanted to be on a plane that had the most fuel.

• 16:13Gordon Corera?

  Yeah, which means a long flight.

• 16:14David McCloskey?

  A long flight.

• 16:15Gordon Corera?

  And of course, domestic flights, less security. You don't have all the visas and passport things. So they, they picked their flights carefully. They're casing this out. And I guess they can, they can work out how to get to the cockpit. They can work out how the crew moves, when the doors open. Do the crew take meals into the pilots? All these things are the, the bits of intelligence they're gathering from, from these casing flights.

• 16:41David McCloskey?

  And, you know, the target list, I think, is interesting to come back to. Because even in these last months of preparation before the attack, it's not settled. The World Trade Center and the Pentagon are settled. But there's an open question about whether the Capitol or the White House would be hit. So we'll come back to that. But there's this kind of, we're still, I think, in Atta's mind, he's, he's not yet, he's not yet sure about the target list. Atta had set Hasmi, one of the Saudi operatives, and Hanjor, the pilot, to look at the viability of a strike on the White House. And they rent small planes and flight reconnaissance runs over Washington,

• 17:23David McCloskey?

  including a flight toward Maryland that lets Hanjor approach Washington airspace. So they're, they're doing the work to case it out. But I think there's, there's, there's, on the operational team, a sense of what's possible. And then when you think about all the way in Afghanistan, Bin Laden, there's kind of some, there's going to be some tension over what the target should be.

• 17:41Gordon Corera?

  Because they might want to hit the White House. But actually, one of the issues with the White House is because it's smaller, isn't it? It's a harder target to hit than something like the Capitol or the Pentagon. Pentagon being one of the biggest office buildings in the world.

• 17:50David McCloskey?

  Right.

• 17:51Gordon Corera?

  The World Trade Center. So, yeah, there's issues there.

• 17:53David McCloskey?

  Now, there's a, a real hinge meeting in July of 2001. This is going to be the last face-to-face meeting between Atta and Bin Al Sheib, the logistical coordinator and kind of gateway to, to KSM. Atta flies to Madrid, Spain on the 8th of July. And then he drives out to meet Bin Al Sheib, and they, they spend several days together, traveling in towns along the coast. They had not seen each other since a meeting they'd had in Berlin in January. And, and this is where the operation is going to kind of take its, its final shape. Even getting there to Spain had been tricky. Because KSM had first sent Bin Al Sheib to Kuala Lumpur to meet Atta there.

• 18:35David McCloskey?

  Atta can't come. He's tied up. Bin Al Sheib waits around. Atta doesn't show. They cancel. And then Atta, finally in July, had proposed Spain. They, they don't want to meet in Germany because they studied together in Hamburg and they're worried they could run into someone they might know. And so they want to meet elsewhere. Bin Al Sheib has instructions from Bin Laden. And the instructions, again, it's like Bin Laden, the CEO, you know?

• 19:02Gordon Corera?

  Get on with it.

• 19:03David McCloskey?

  Just get on with it.

• 19:04Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 19:04David McCloskey?

  What, what is taking so long? I want to do this ASAP. It's an understandable, I think, concern because Bin Laden is thinking, I have 19 operatives in the US.

• 19:17Gordon Corera?

  The longer it goes, the more risk getting discovered.

• 19:19David McCloskey?

  Exactly.

• 19:20Gordon Corera?

  And he wants the White House.

• 19:21David McCloskey?

  And he wants the White House. And Bin Al Sheib says, look, the boss wants, wants the White House. And can you, can you confirm that you can do the White House? And I think this, this is a great insight into the sort of calculating engineering mind of Mohammed Atta. Terry McDermott, in his book, Perfect Soldiers, which focuses to a great extent on Atta, says that Bin Laden's impatience had been a running theme and Atta just won't be rushed. Atta's like, oh, no, no, there's, there's mechanics to this. We've got to work out what's possible. And KSM seems to back him and say, look, this guy's on the ground. He's the one who's got to make the decisions and run the team. Let's let him make the final decision.

• 20:00Gordon Corera?

  He says he needs, you know, five to six weeks.

• 20:02David McCloskey?

  Yeah.

• 20:02Gordon Corera?

  He says, I still need time to get the right flights, ensure we've got the right targets, ensure everyone's trained.

• 20:09David McCloskey?

  And to your point, Atta says the White House might be too hard.

• 20:12Gordon Corera?

  Too low.

• 20:12David McCloskey?

  It's too small. And again, he's the guy on the ground, you know? He's, what are they going to do? They're not going to fire him. Bizarrely, Bin Laden wanted the attack to take place on the seven month anniversary of the coal bombing, which seems like kind of a bizarre thing to link it to. And then also Bin Laden had seen that the then Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon was making a visit to the White House. So Bin Laden, he's thinking, well, maybe I could kill the American president and the Israeli prime minister at the same time. And Atta basically says, and KSM again supports him, says, no, no, no. It's, it's not ready yet. Bin Laden even goes to KSM and says, maybe we just blow up the planes, detonate the planes mid-flight. We don't have to crash them and anything.

• 20:57David McCloskey?

  That'll be easier. And KSM, remember who thought of this whole thing?

• 21:00Gordon Corera?

  His idea.

• 21:01David McCloskey?

  Is like.

• 21:02Gordon Corera?

  No, no, no, we go big.

• 21:03David McCloskey?

  We go big. We're going to, we, we want to hit the buildings. Just, just be patient. Bin Laden, in this period, is also like, he can't quite, he's so anxious and excited that he can't quite keep the secret to himself. And he starts to go around, he's kind of like dropping little hints in the camps.

• 21:19Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 21:19David McCloskey?

  In the Al Qaeda camps and safe houses and guest houses in Afghanistan, saying, you know, there's, there's something big is coming.

• 21:25Gordon Corera?

  Yeah. And there's, I think there's an Arab journalist who interviews him in this period, in the summer. And, and you know, Al Qaeda's military chief says, in the next few weeks, we'll carry out a big surprise and we'll strike or attack American and Israeli interests. You know, the coffin business will increase in the United States. I mean, they kind of can't resist boasting about, about it, even if it's not the specifics, that something is coming, something is coming. That is, that is, you know, the whispers which are coming out of Al Qaeda at this time. And that brings us back to our other lens on this, which is, you know, what's going on in the US intelligence community? Should they, could they pick up on some of these plans, preparations, even discussions about an attack coming from Al Qaeda?

• 22:10David McCloskey?

  It's worth setting up the, the US government and intel context in, in 2001 because it's a big year.

• 22:18Gordon Corera?

  Yeah, new, new president.

• 22:19David McCloskey?

  New president.

• 22:19Gordon Corera?

  Comes in, George W. Bush comes in January 2001. I mean, I remember this well. Al Qaeda and terrorism weren't his main priorities in foreign policy. I mean, domestic policy was anyway, George W. Bush, more experienced in domestic policy, not a big foreign policy president. But also, you know, they were focusing on things like missile defense and relations with Russia. You know, counterterrorism seemed, you know, was not the big focus for this administration.

• 22:45David McCloskey?

  Yeah.

• 22:46Gordon Corera?

  But then you've got these, you've got this continuity in some of the intelligence community who are like, we should be worried about Al Qaeda and we need to worry about this.

• 22:53David McCloskey?

  Which doesn't seem to have, have bubbled up into policy action in those first few months of 2001.

• 22:59Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 22:59David McCloskey?

  Because, you know, we spoke in the first episode about the various attempts, and there may have been up to four of them in the late 1990s, to actually go and try to capture or even potentially kill Bin Laden. And so there had been this kind of drumbeat of, you know, counterterrorism options. There had been, you know, an effort inside the CIA to actually do something about this. CIA has Alex Station, this unit that's dedicated to targeting Bin Laden. But, and this is, it's, it, this is true of any US presidential transition, where you have that continuity in the bureaucracy. The policy team comes in and says, well, hold on, we're sort of, A, trying to figure out how this works.

• 23:42Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 23:43David McCloskey?

  Because you have, and you know, Bush brought in a very experienced national security team, but still you're taking over the government.

• 23:49Gordon Corera?

  But they were experienced from a different age. You know, a lot of them remember the late eighties, early nineties, Cold War era. This, and I think there was this sense of like, what is this Bin Laden, Al Qaeda stuff you guys are going on about? I don't think they were quite grasping it. And you get these increased warnings, don't you, from CIA particularly, that something might be up and something might be coming.

• 24:07David McCloskey?

  Just to put a point on that loss of urgency. The most senior policy planning meeting at the White House is typically known as, as a PC, a principals committee meeting. There were 33 principals committee meetings held by the Bush administration before the nine 11 attacks. One of them was about Al Qaeda. So it gives you a sense in terms of the time and energy by the top national security team. It's just not there. George Tenet, who's the CIA director, in March, though, he's, you know, he's banging on about this because he's, he's a holdover from the Clinton presidency. A, a sort of, a fact that is, seems unthinkable.

• 24:47Gordon Corera?

  Today, yeah.

• 24:48David McCloskey?

  Today.

• 24:48Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 24:49David McCloskey?

  But George Tenet has stayed on. He sends a request to the White House for greater authorities. But the White House, again, is sort of saying, look, we don't want to run a process, a policy process on counterterrorism right now. We've got other things we're trying to worry about. And they don't say no, but they basically say later.

• 25:06Gordon Corera?

  Not yet.

• 25:07David McCloskey?

  And yet there's so much, when you, when you look at the, the intelligence analysis in 2001, there was a lot of warning.

• 25:16Gordon Corera?

  There's a lot of warnings that Al Qaeda is planning something. April, there's a, a report, isn't there? Bin Laden planning multiple operations. May, Bin Laden public profile, May pre-Sage attack. You know, another one talking about, in May, about the possibility Al Qaeda might hijack aircraft, but to secure the release of someone from prison. Another one, June, attacks may be imminent. There were these warnings, but they were quite unspecific.

• 25:45David McCloskey?

  Yeah.

• 25:45Gordon Corera?

  I think that's the, to me, the key factor about this is even as the summer goes on, and I think British intelligence as well was picking up indicators, signs, warnings that Al Qaeda was planning something. But A, not specific about where. For instance, you know, that it would be in the United States or what or when. And I think the assumption would have been it's going to be another embassy style bombings, you know?

• 26:11David McCloskey?

  Yeah.

• 26:11Gordon Corera?

  Like, like happened in 1998 in Africa, that maybe it's going to be something in the Middle East.

• 26:17David McCloskey?

  July is a big month. So in the same time period where Atta heads to Spain to meet with Bin Al Sheib to, you know, have one of those kind of final conversations to shape the plot, a lot of this threat reporting dries up. And it seems like there's a kind of operational security that starts to kick in in Al Qaeda, where they kind of go quiet in, in advance of the big attack. On the 10th of July, George Tenet takes the very unusual step of calling George Bush's national security advisor, Condoleezza Rice, and says, we need to meet today.

• 26:49Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 26:49David McCloskey?

  I need, I need like 15 minutes today. So he goes down to the White House and says, look, there are going to be multiple spectacular attacks. We probably won't have any warning. And the opening line of his briefing is apparently, there will be a significant terrorist attack in the coming weeks or months. And the head of the counterterrorism center, a guy named Kofa Black, who's his own colorful.

• 27:13Gordon Corera?

  Has a way with words, Kofa.

• 27:15David McCloskey?

  He says in the meeting, he goes, he's the guy there with Tenet, he says, we need to go on a war footing now. And Condi Rice basically says, I get it, but we're not running a process on these authorities now. We'll, we'll do it, but not now. And I think crucially, it's like, what do you do with this warning?

• 27:37Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 27:37David McCloskey?

  You know, I mean, I understand why they, why they give it, but if you can't say where the attack will be, who specifically might be planning it, you know, I think it does become harder to imagine from a policy standpoint, what you do, what you do to stop it. Now, the process does kind of get moving after this meeting, but it, it's slow. And, and the crucial authorities to actually go after and kill Bin Laden, they're not, they won't come until after nine 11.

• 28:06Gordon Corera?

  And then there is a, you know, presidential daily brief in August, where there's a line, Bin Laden determined to strike in US. So it's starting to kind of become clearer that maybe there is something, but determined to strike is different from knowing what the plot is. And what you get a sense of is the, you know, this is now summer, you know, and the US system is thinking, okay, let's start looking at this in September, basically. You know, that, that's what the White House is thinking. Okay, okay, okay, you know, maybe, maybe we should do something about this, but, but not yet.

• 28:36David McCloskey?

  I, I also find it fascinating that, that PDB, the, the August 6th PDB, Bin Laden determined to strike in US, which, by the way, I, I'm not sure if any other PDB has ever been fully declassified, but this was in its entirety. It was, it was declassified and made available to the public after nine 11. We spoke in one of our bonus episodes for this series with Michael Morell, who rose eventually to become the deputy director and acting director of the CIA and who was President Bush's PDB briefer, daily intelligence briefing guy on nine 11. And remember, he told us, he gave us the context behind this PDB.

• 29:13Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 29:14David McCloskey?

  Which is basically the Bush administration was like, looking at all this threat reporting and sort of getting like confused about what it all meant. And so Michael tasked this PDB to be created to kind of summarize everything and put it all in one place. So it's not, it's not like it was breaking new ground. And it seems like the way it was, you know, read by Bush and the people around him were like, got it. You know, we, you, this is more or less what you've been telling us for months. Thanks for putting it all in one place.

• 29:48Gordon Corera?

  Yeah, and it's a fascinating interview, I should say, with Mike Morell for our club members, which, which you can hear alongside this series. So what you get a sense of is the, the warnings are growing, but the CIA doesn't have the penetration inside Al Qaeda to know what is coming. And that's the problem. Something is coming, but no one knows quite what or quite when.

• 30:15David McCloskey?

  Tenet has a, a great phrase in his book that eventually becomes a, a title of one of the chapters in the nine 11 commission. In Tenet's account of the summary, he says, look, the system was blinking red. System is blinking red. We know something's coming. We have strategic warning. But what exactly is it? And we have the advantage of looking back at this with hindsight, obviously. But there are little potential clues that maybe, we'll talk about this more in the last episode, maybe could have been pieced together to help disrupt the plot or a part of it. There's one interesting example, which is in May of 2001,

• 30:59David McCloskey?

  when a CIA officer detailed to the FBI goes back into the cable databases to look at the cables that we've been talking about so many of these episodes on Khalid Al-Madar and Nawaf Al-Hazmi, the two Al Qaeda guys who had gotten into the US. They'll become part of the muscle for the plot. And they had settled in California in early 2000. And so this CIA officer and another CIA colleague, they go back and they reread these cables, including the ones that show Madar has a US visa and Hazmi had traveled to LA. And the CIA official who reviewed them essentially takes no action. And he concludes later, he's like, something bad was definitely up.

• 31:41David McCloskey?

  But in his own telling, the CIA is kind of playing what he calls zone defense. And he in particular is focused, he's a guy who's focused on Malaysia. So he's thinking about sort of a geographic context, not a who. And they never, again, they never sort of pull the thread here to figure out if these guys are still in the US or raise it with the FBI. So again, you have another set of people that look at these cables and kind of say, okay, what am I supposed to, what am I supposed to do with this?

• 32:11Gordon Corera?

  And we will go back and look at the end of the series at that question of intelligence failures and whether it could have been prevented. One of the astonishing things is that the new national security team, well, not that new by September. They've been in there since January, but the first meeting on Al Qaeda is going to be on September the 4th, 2001, a week before 9/11. And at it, I think, you know, around that time, White House Counterterrorism Coordinator, Richard Clark, who's been banging the drum on this.

• 32:43David McCloskey?

  And also a holdover from the Clinton.

• 32:45Gordon Corera?

  Another holdover, yeah. He sends a personal note to Condoleezza Rice, the National Security Advisor, before the meeting, writing, "Decision makers should imagine themselves on a future day when hundreds of Americans lay dead in several countries, including the US. What would those decision makers wish that they had done earlier? That future could happen at any time." And so there with, I think, Washington bracing for something, but not knowing what. Let's take a break and when we come back, we'll look as the plot moves into its very final stages.

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• 35:05Gordon Corera?

  So welcome back. We've looked at the warnings inside the US system. But let's go back to the hijackers, David, and their final preparations.

• 35:14David McCloskey?

  Yeah, Mohammed Atta is a kind of human switchboard in August because he's crisscrossing the country to coordinate with the teams. He's flying up to Newark to meet Hazmi and kind of finalize which flights each cell will take. And again, we talked about this before the break, you know, he's checking in on the men. He's got to figure out, do I have people who are going to bail at the last minute? Do I have defectors here? He's managing the logistics. He's got to look at flight schedules. Crucially, has to calculate the time from takeoff to target for each of the four planes to make sure that they will strike their targets in quick succession.

• 35:56David McCloskey?

  Because, and again, you think logically, if there's a significant gap between.

• 36:04Gordon Corera?

  The pilots might.

• 36:05David McCloskey?

  The first tower being hit in the second. It could be warning, planes get grounded, and the whole thing becomes much less impactful than he wants.

• 36:12Gordon Corera?

  So that's one part of the planning. But what about the date itself, 9/11? How is that chosen?

• 36:20David McCloskey?

  Yeah. So Atta had left Spain and is meeting with Bin Al Sheib with some ambiguity around the date. Atta basically said, we need more time and I will let you know what the date will be. He had told Bin Al Sheib he needed five to six weeks. He seems to be ready a little bit earlier than that, probably a month later, because all 19 of the tickets will be purchased between August the 25th and September the 5th. So in Atta's mind, everything is ready probably by the third week of August. Atta calls Bin Al Sheib on the topic in mid-August and he uses a kind of riddle code to communicate the date. And he says, two branches, a slash, and a lollipop.

• 37:03Gordon Corera?

  It's weird, isn't it? Yeah.

• 37:05David McCloskey?

  Two branches.

• 37:06Gordon Corera?

  11.

• 37:06David McCloskey?

  11, 1-1.

• 37:08Gordon Corera?

  Slash in the middle between the day and the month.

• 37:11David McCloskey?

  And a lollipop, a 9.

• 37:15David McCloskey?

  11 slash 9. So as not Americans, they're going to give the day and then the month. So that is the 11th day of the 9th month, September 11th. Bin Al Sheib calls back to confirm and then he relays the date to KSM through an old Hamburg associate who probably had no idea what it meant. And soon that that date will get to Bin Laden.

• 37:40Gordon Corera?

  So now as we get into September, the date is set. They're going to purchase the tickets for those specific flights. And I guess both the pilots and the muscle men will have to get in location for these flights from where they are because they're coming, as we said, from different parts of the United States, very carefully selected. So they need to move from their base to where they're going to fly from.

• 38:05David McCloskey?

  So the teams leave Florida and New Jersey and they start to coalesce around their departure cities. The crews, you know, essentially will converge around the airports that are going to serve their targets. They close bank accounts. They wire unspent money back to facilitators. I think it's worth kind of going through each flight as they organize. So there's the team that will hijack United Airlines Flight 175. That's going to depart Boston Logan and target the South Tower of the World Trade Center. This is Shehe's team. Shehe and his four muscle split up between two hotels in Boston. Shehe will meet Atta for a final time on the 9th of September.

• 38:50David McCloskey?

  Otherwise, this crew just sort of keeps to their rooms and waits. And then you can see even the impulse, the need for isolation in these last days where I'm sure Atta says, keep these guys.

• 39:03Gordon Corera?

  Under control.

• 39:04David McCloskey?

  Under control.

• 39:05Gordon Corera?

  Locked away, effectively.

• 39:05David McCloskey?

  Locked away.

• 39:06Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 39:07David McCloskey?

  So these guys are the second plane and they're timed to hit the South Tower while the world is watching the North Tower. Next up is American Airlines Flight 77. This is going to leave from Dulles, Washington Dulles. It's going to target the Pentagon. This is Hani Hundra's team. Hundra and four muscle have come down out of New Jersey and they've settled in Laurel, Maryland, which is just outside Washington. And again, they hang out this, you know, first week in September. They're in a motel. They go out pretty much only to go to the gym. And then on their last night, they'll move to a hotel that's just minutes from Dulles Airport itself. There's United Airlines Flight 93. This is departing Newark. It's the fourth plane.

• 39:52David McCloskey?

  This is Jarrah's team. Now, this is the smallest. There's only three muscle. It's sort of fact that will probably, it may play a role in the fate of this plane. They have gathered in Newark from their Florida base on September the 7th. Jarrah himself comes last.

• 40:07Gordon Corera?

  Which is interesting, isn't it?

• 40:08David McCloskey?

  It is interesting.

• 40:09Gordon Corera?

  What we know about him, yeah.

• 40:10David McCloskey?

  And just after midnight on September 8th, kind of going into the 9th, he's driving north on I-95 through Maryland and he gets pulled over for speeding.

• 40:20Gordon Corera?

  Ugh, I mean.

• 40:21David McCloskey?

  And then continues on to join his man at the hotel.

• 40:25Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 40:26David McCloskey?

  So many little what-ifs in the story of just if something, you know, if the glimmer in someone's eye sort of catches someone the wrong way, could this, you know, whole thing have been unrolled?

• 40:36Gordon Corera?

  United 93, that's the plane which was targeting Washington.

• 40:41David McCloskey?

  Yes.

• 40:41Gordon Corera?

  Some ambiguity about whether it was definitely targeting the Capitol. That was, that's the assumption after those discussions about whether it's going to be the Capitol or the White House. And Bin Laden wanted the White House, but probably the Capitol.

• 40:54David McCloskey?

  Yeah, I'm not sure it was ever settled.

• 40:57Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 40:57David McCloskey?

  What the target would be is in the own kind of code that the teams are using to communicate, Jarrah's assigned target seems to have been the Capitol. They use the code word law. Atta has argued for the Capitol on the grounds that it's easier than the White House.

• 41:14Gordon Corera?

  It could have been left up to Jarrah flying it to work out what, you know, what he was going to do.

• 41:18David McCloskey?

  Yeah. Bin Laden had wanted the White House. It's subsequently, documents that'll be captured by the US later point to the White House as the primary. But I think we actually just don't, don't know. The commission, the 9/11 commission's records show that, I mean, even in an exchange between Atta and Bin Al Sheib on September 9th, two days before the attacks, the commission wrote, "It still appears as though the White House would be the primary target for the fourth plane and the US Capitol as the alternate." So bit of ambiguity. In these same last days, the pilot. Of that plane, Jarrah, he's still connected to his girlfriend. And he had done something, he'd actually done something that Atta had forbidden him from doing, which is he sends his girlfriend a farewell letter. And the full text of this letter survives because German investigators got it.

• 42:04David McCloskey?

  And Terry McDermott in his book, Perfect Soldiers, actually reproduces it. Jarrah wrote it on his last night, on the night of September 10. And he wrote it at Days Inn in Newark. It's a very disturbing letter. Because it swings between this kind of love letter to his girlfriend, with whom he's been together for years. And it kind of martyrs justification for what he's about to do. Although he's never quite specific about what it is he is doing. It opens up. It says, hello, my dear Isol, my love, my life, my beloved lady, my heart, you are my life. And he gives these vows that he'll love her until eternity.

• 42:47David McCloskey?

  And then he kind of goes into this euphemistic language where he says, you don't need to be sad, because I'll be living somewhere else. You won't be able to see or hear me, but I will wait for you until you come to me. And then he says, everyone has his time and will go then. And then he gives this justification. I did not escape from you, but I did what I was supposed to. You should be very proud of me. It's an honor and you will see the results and everybody will be happy.

• 43:13Gordon Corera?

  He feels very different from the other hijackers. Maybe just because we have this record of him. But, you know, he's clearly trying to communicate something to someone, but without saying at that point, being able to give away anything about what his fate is going to be.

• 43:27David McCloskey?

  And he dates the letter, September 11, 2001.

• 43:30Gordon Corera?

  So that's three of the flights, isn't it? Let's do the fourth one as well, American Airlines Flight 11.

• 43:35David McCloskey?

  This plane is departing from Boston Logan and it is targeting the North Tower. This is the first plane that will hit and it is piloted by Mohammed Atta. Atta himself has spent the last days before the 11th of September, just in a flurry of activity. On September the 7th, he flies from Fort Lauderdale to Baltimore. So kind of check in on the Pentagon team. On the 9th, he goes up to Boston where Shahi had arrived. The two men are seen together at the hotel. Then on the 10th, and this is weird. He collects another one of the hijackers, one of the muscle. They drive north to Portland, Maine. And they spend their last night withdrawing cash from an ATM, eating pizza,

• 44:19David McCloskey?

  and then stopping at a convenience store before catching a predawn commuter flight that'll take them back to Boston to make Flight 11.

• 44:27Gordon Corera?

  That is weird. Why would you do that? Why would you try and catch, why would you need to catch another flight to do that and risk something being delayed? It's really weird.

• 44:34David McCloskey?

  It's really weird. And I dug into this to try to find an answer and I could not find.

• 44:40Gordon Corera?

  I mean, it makes it sound like they were meeting something or something was going. I mean, you know, it is definitely weird.

• 44:46David McCloskey?

  Now, the two brothers, Wael and Waleed, who we talked about in our last episode. In early September, they even, they call the airline to shift their seats to the side of the first class cabin with a clear line to the cockpit. And they're going to sit beside each other on American Airlines Flight 11 in seats 2A and 2B.

• 45:05Gordon Corera?

  So as we get to, I guess, the night of September the 10th, you know, just hours before this is going to take place. I mean, do we have a sense of what these men are thinking and what they're doing? I mean, it is worth, I mean, awful as it is, just trying to get into their mindset just for a moment, isn't it?

• 45:27David McCloskey?

  Yeah. I think this is, this is one of the hardest parts of the story for me personally to understand. I mean, even after looking at, you know, jihadi terrorism for years. It just, it still is very hard to grapple with because I think what they believe, what these men believed they were about to do the next morning was an act of worship.

• 45:50Gordon Corera?

  And head to paradise.

• 45:52David McCloskey?

  I mean, in part, we know this because of, you know, now a string of decades of testimony from other jihadis who have, you know, attempted to take part in these kind of operations or have told us in martyrdom videos what they intended. But we actually have testimony from the hijackers themselves. I mean, Jarrah in that letter to his girlfriend. Now, he says, we will live a very nice and eternal life for there are no problems and no sorrow and castles of gold and silver. Before they left Afghanistan, a lot of the muscle also recorded martyrdom videos. You know, one of the, one of the men from Assir, this sort of Saudi, you know, provincial backwater, spoke of the act, what he was going to do.

• 46:31David McCloskey?

  Not, it's not death, you know, but a beginning for him, this sort of anticipation of a new life in paradise. And then very interestingly, in the wreckage of 9/11, investigators are going to turn up copies of this kind of handwritten spiritual manual. And so it's an actual set of instructions.

• 46:49Gordon Corera?

  On how to prepare yourself.

• 46:51David McCloskey?

  And how to prepare yourself for the last night, the final hours. And it's probably written by this hijacker from Assir. It's a handwritten Arabic document. It's about five pages. And it's this kind of ritualistic guide for your final hours on earth. The FBI has actually released it publicly after the attacks. The document moves through kind of three phases. There's the last night, there's the journey to the airport, and then there's the moments on the plane. It's really disturbing. Because it reads like a kind of sacramental manual. And it has a lot of wedding imagery in it as well. So it's things like, you know, purify your heart and cleanse it of stains. Forget and be oblivious to that thing called the world.

• 47:34David McCloskey?

  For the time for playing has passed and the time has arrived for the rendezvous with the eternal truth. There's no mention of death, really. It's a very worshipful, it's like, it really is the wedding imagery as well. It feels like a celebratory act.

• 47:50Gordon Corera?

  Yeah, it's, you will begin a happy and contented life and immortal blessing with the prophets. In other words, you know, this is just the beginning of your new life. As you said, a bit like a wedding, you know, this is the start of your new happier life. Once you get through this next step, this next, you know, ceremony, which is, which is the, well, the killing of thousands of people.

• 48:11David McCloskey?

  And it prescribes specific scripture, the war chapters of the Quran. It says, read the surahs of repentance and the spoils, contemplate their meeting, and the bounties God has prepared and established for the martyrs.

• 48:23Gordon Corera?

  And it does go back to, you know, what we talked about in a previous episode, which is that these are people, particularly the muscle, who've been schooled in a certain worldview. And I think maybe it's hard for us to understand that. But if that's what they had grown up with, this makes more sense to them in that context of that's what they'd seen and been isolated into. Maybe a bit harder to understand with your Jarrah's and your Atta's who'd lived in the West and, you know, maybe had seen something else. But as we said, they'd isolated themselves mentally, even as they were living in other places to kind of prepare themselves. And it tells each man to spend the night before imploring in prayer for victory and strength. But there's also quite practical suggestions in the manual. So it's not just the spiritual, it's also the practical.

• 49:07David McCloskey?

  Basically, it says, you know, for the jet, here's what you should have, you know, suitcase, clothing, knife, tools, identity papers, passport, all your papers. Inspect your weapon before setting out. And then there's this instruction to dress like the first Muslims going to war, who apparently kind of pulled their clothes tightly about them. And it says, you know, this is, this is the way of your pious ancestors. So it actually says, pull your shoelaces tight, wear tight socks. You know, there's very specific prescriptions on how they should even, even dress for this. And it, it closes the night's instructions with the morning prayer and ablutions. It basically tells the man, you know, don't leave your apartment without washing for the angels seek forgiveness for you as long as you have prepared ablutions. Now, the document is also, it's very practical, it's spiritual, it's like a liturgy.

• 49:52David McCloskey?

  It's not a political.

• 49:54Gordon Corera?

  There's no ideological, there's no like, we hate America because of this or that, or this is why you're doing it, is there? It's purely spiritual and practical. And it's very interesting, I think.

• 50:03David McCloskey?

  And I think, I think what has happened here is these, these men feel that they are taking part in a great religious drama. So the idea that they are murdering thousands of people, which is what they're doing, what they're going to do, it's not even relevant to them.

• 50:25David McCloskey?

  Right? This is a path to paradise for them. The promise that these guys are drawing on, it doesn't come from the Quran, but it comes from a hadith, a saying attributed to the Prophet, which kind of lays out the blessings that are reserved for a martyr. And there's a very interesting book on this by a professor at Rice University named David Cook. It's called Martyrdom in Islam. And it's interesting because the modern conception of jihad or suicide or quote unquote martyrdom operation is kind of a modern invention.

• 51:06David McCloskey?

  It is a way that I think ideological entrepreneurs inside the sort of jihadist movement like Bin Laden have been able to kind of turn the conception of what martyrdom is on its head. Because you think typically the conception would be death in battle.

• 51:28Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 51:29David McCloskey?

  Right? But what Bin Laden and these guys have been able to do is actually construct an ideological framework in which committing suicide and killing thousands of people is jihad and is martyrdom. And thus-

• 51:47Gordon Corera?

  You get all the benefits of martyrdom.

• 51:48David McCloskey?

  You get all the benefits of martyrdom from doing this. And the benefits are important to these guys. You're forgiven of your sins at the first flow of your blood.

• 51:58Gordon Corera?

  You go straight to paradise, don't you? Yeah.

• 52:00David McCloskey?

  And it is interesting because you remember we said last time how there were these rumors about how some of the muscle had been drinking in the States or visiting strip clubs in Daytona Beach. And I kind of, I take the opinion that a lot of that is-

• 52:13Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 52:14David McCloskey?

  It's not true.

• 52:15Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 52:15David McCloskey?

  There is one piece of this, though, that I do think is quite authoritative. And it comes again out of McDermott's book, where he says that some of the Boston muscle on their last night as they're waiting, you know, they're going to board at Logan Airport the next morning, they actually phoned around on the night of September 10th, trying to arrange for prostitutes before eventually deciding it was too expensive and abandoning it and hiring nobody. And I think you can make sense of that in the context of this belief, which is, it doesn't matter what I do tonight because as soon as I die tomorrow, the act of martyrdom is going to get me into paradise and I will be forgiven.

• 52:59Gordon Corera?

  It's a fast track. It's a fast track, straight there, without any kind of intermediate phases. I mean, we sometimes, I mean, we should talk about this, you know, talk about 72 virgins or wives. I mean, that's, I think that's sometimes made a bit more of in Western accounts of this is that's their motivation. Because it kind of goes back to, you know, we talked about Atta and this kind of weird sexuality, whether there's some weird sexual motivation to some elements of this. I think it's there in the mix, isn't it? The idea that you're going to, you're going to be, you know, you're going to have all these wives in heaven. But it's not the single motivation.

• 53:34David McCloskey?

  It's not the single motivation, but you can see the desire for extremely sexually repressed young men who have been separate from women their entire lives. You know, you can see the expression of that in phoning around on September 10th.

• 53:51Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 53:52David McCloskey?

  Trying to find prostitutes. Like, I think that the, and I do remember actually sitting in a lecture on sort of Salafi jihadist ideology when I was at the CIA and it was given by, you know, academics who were on contract with the Counterterrorism Center. And they made the point that, you know, just because in kind of our popular understanding of this, we've overemphasized the sexual component. It doesn't mean it's not there.

• 54:20Gordon Corera?

  Right.

• 54:21David McCloskey?

  It's very much there because in this hadith, you were married to 72 wives among what's called the wide-eyed Horees, the virgins of paradise. And so I think these guys are basically, it's part of the package deal.

• 54:33Gordon Corera?

  Yeah.

• 54:33David McCloskey?

  Is, I'm forgiven of all my sins. And you can imagine how guys who maybe are walking around with a sort of deep kind of scorecard of guilt and shame over sin in their lives are saying, well, look, this will be forgiven.

• 54:47Gordon Corera?

  Yeah, if I do this.

• 54:48David McCloskey?

  I'm going to live an eternal life in paradise. And the things that I have sort of abstained from in this life, which I may desperately want, will be given to me. So to say all this, just to make the point, the disturbing point, I think, for most of our listeners, that the way that we think about what these guys are about to do has no bearing at all on what they thought. They had a completely different way of understanding what they were doing, as disturbing as it is to us.

• 55:23Gordon Corera?

  So there we are, September the 10th. The tickets are bought, the weapons are packed, the teams are in their hotel rooms near the airport, and they are spiritually prepared. There've been years of planning, training, money and travel, and it's narrowed to these 19 individuals waiting for the morning of September 11th, 2001. Let's stop there. Next time, we'll look at the day itself.

• 55:51David McCloskey?

  Just a reminder, of course, you can listen to that episode and the rest of the series right now by joining the Declassified Club at therestisclassified.com.

• 56:02Gordon Corera?

  See you next time.

• 56:03David McCloskey?

  See you.

• 56:09Speaker 06

  How to sell your car? First, go to carmax.com, then- Wow, this offer's great, but is this just an estimate? Nope, it's worth real money. Oh, I like that. Hold on. Is my phone going to ring off the hook with sales calls now? Not at all. You have a week to think on it, pressure free. Okay, but then I have to drop it off? Or you can just schedule an at-home pickup. That is kind of amazing. Get a real offer today at carmax.com.

• 56:34Speaker 06

  Offers are good for seven days. At-home pickup not available in all locations. Distance restrictions and a fee may apply. Para los grandes, para los chicos, para los bajos y los altos, los pacifistas, los valientes, para los optimistas y los pesimistas, los que valoran lo de adentro, para los que están lejos, los que no vende lejos, y los que no vende cerca, para los introvertidos y los extrovertidos, para los que piensan y los que hacen, para los que nos mostraron el camino. Coca-Cola, para todos. Compra una Coca-Cola en una tienda cerca de usted.

• 57:09Speaker 04

  Walden University is where working professionals like you get the W. With Walden's Tempo Learning, which is available in select programs, you earn your degree at your own pace. No set weekly deadlines, no rigid schedules. Gain practical skills through real-world scenarios. Learn from faculty with real-world experience and count on support from your very first class all the way to your career. Walden University, set a course for change. Ready to start? Visit waldenu.edu today. Certified to operate by CHEV.